Academy was very large. The two la-
dies who became members (Angelica
Kauffmann and Mrs. Moser) were both
Swiss.*

The unlucky incorporated society, deprived of its share of the St. Martin's Lane casts, etc., and shut out from the Academy, furnished a studio over the cyder-cellars in Maiden Lane, struggled on till 1807, and then ceased to exist.

The first officers of the new society were Joshua Reynolds, president; Moser, keeper; Newton, Secretary; Penny, professor of painting; Sandby, professor of architecture; Wale, professor of perspective; W. Hunter, professor of anatomy; Chambers, treasurer; and Wilson, librarian. Goldsmith was chosen professor of history at a later period.

The catalogue of the first exhibition of the Royal Academy contains the names of only one hundred and thirty pictures: Hayman exhibited scenes from "Don Quixote;" Rooker, some Liverpool views; Reynolds, some allegorized portraits; Miss Kauffmann, some of her tame Homeric figures; West, his "Regulus" (that killed Kirby) and a Venus and Adonis; Zuccarelli, two landscapes.

In 1838 (the first year of the National Gallery), there were, including busts and architectural designs, 1382 works of art exhibited. Among the pictures then shown were-Stanfield's "Chasse Marée off the Gulf-stream Light;" a great coarse picture of "The Privy Council," by Wilkie; portraits of men and dogs, by

Landseer; "The Pifferari." "Phryne," and "Banishment of Ovid," by Turner; "A Bacchante," by Etty; "Gaston de Foix," by Eastlake; Allan's "Slave market," Leslie's "Dinner scene from the Merry Wives of Windsor;" "A view on the Rhine," by Callcott; Shee's portrait of Sir Francis Burdett ; portraits by Pickersgill; Maclise's "Christmas in the Olden Time," and "Olivia and Sophia fitting out Moses for the Fair;" "The Massacre of the Innocents," by Hilton ; and a picture by Uwins.†

Angelica Kauffmann and Biaggio Rebecca helped to decorate the Academy's old council-chamber at Somerset House. The paintings still exist. Rebecca was an eccentric, conceited Italian artist, who decorated several rooms at Windsor, and offended the worthy, precise old king by his practical jokes. On one occasion, knowing he would meet the king on his way to Windsor with West, he stuck a paper star on his coat. The next time West came, the king was curious to know who the foreign nobleman was he had seen "Person of distinction, eh? eh ?"—and was doubtless vexed at the joke.

Rebecca's favorite trick was to draw a half-crown on paper and place it on the floor of one of the ante rooms at Windsor, laughing immoderately at the eagerness with which some fat Bubb Doddington of a courtier in full dress, sword and bag, would run and scuffle to pick it up.‡

his

Fuseli took his place as Keeper of the Academy in 1805. Smirke had been * The original thirty-six Academicians wereelected, but George III., hearing that he Benjamin West, Francesco Zuccarelli, Nathaniel was a democrat, refused to confirm the Dance, Richard Wilson, George Michael Moser, appointment. Haydon, who called on Samuel Wale (a sign-painter), J. Baptist Cipriani, Fuseli in Berners Street in 1805, when Jeremiah Meyer, Angelica Kauffmann, Charles Catton (a coach and sign-painter), Francesco he had left his father the bookseller at Bartolozzi, Francis Cotes, Edward Penny, George Plymouth, describes him as "a little Barrett (Wilson's rival), Paul Sandby, Richard white-headed, lion-faced man, in an old Yeo, Mary Moser, Agostino Carlini, William flannel dressing-gown tied round his Chambers (the architect of Somerset House), and rope, Joseph Wilton (the sculptor), Francis Milner New-waist with a piece of ton, Francis Hayman, John Baker, Mason, Cham- head the bottom of Mrs. Fuseli's workberlin, John Gwynn, Thomas Gainsborough, basket." Dominick Serres, Peter Toms (a drapery-painter for Reynolds, who finally committed suicide), Nathaniel Hone (who for his libel on Reynolds was expelled the academy), Joshua Reynolds, John Richards, Thomas Sandby, George Dance, J. Tyler, William Hoare of Bath, and Johann Zoffani. In 1772 Edward Burch, Richard Cosway, Joseph Nollekens, and James Barry (expelled in 1797) made up the forty, -Wornum's Preface to the Lectures on Painting."

upon

Elsewhere the impetuous Haydon sketches him vigorously. Fuseli was about five feet five inches high, had a compact little form, stood firmly at his easel, painted with his left hand, never

+ Royal Academy Catalogues, Brit. Mus. Smith's "Nollekens," vol. i. p. 381.

held his palette upon his thumb, but kept it upon his stone slab, and being very near-sighted and too vain to wear glasses, used to dab his beastly brush into the oil, and, sweeping round the palette in the dark, take up a great lump of white, red, or blue, and plaster it over a shoulder or a face; then prying close in, he would turn round and say, "Dat's a fine purple! it's very like Correggio ;" and then all of a sudden burst out with a quotation from Homer, Tasso, Dante, Ovid, Virgil, or the Niebelungen, and say, "Paint dat!" "I found him," says Haydon, "a most grotesque mixture of literature, art, scepticism, indelicacy, profanity, and kindness. He put me in mind of Archimago in Spenser."*

When Haydon came first to town from Plymouth, he lodged at 342, Strand, near Charing Cross, and close to his fellow-student, the good-natured, indolent, clever Jackson. The very morning he arrived he hurried off to the exhibition, and mistaking the new church in the Strand for Somerset House, ran up the steps and offered his shilling to a beadle. When he at last found the right house, Opie's "Gil Blas" and Westall's "Shipwrecked Sailor Boy" were all the historical pictures he could find.

Sir Joshua read his first discourse in 1769. Barry commenced his lectures in 1784, ended them in 1798, and was expelled the Academy in 1799. Opie delivered his lectures in 1807, the year he died. Fuseli began in 1801, and delivered twelve in all.

It was on St. George's Day, 1771, that Sir Joshua Reynolds took the chair at the first annual dinner of the Royal Academy. Dr. Johnson was there, with Goldsmith and Horace Walpole. Goldsmith got the ear of the company, but was laughed at by Johnson for professing his enthusiastic belief in Chatterton's discovery of ancient poems. Walpole, who had believed in the poet of Bristol till he was laughed at by Mason and Gray, began to banter Goldsmith on his opinions, when, as he says, to his surprise and concern, and the dashing of his mirth, he first heard that the poor lad

had been to London and had destroyed himself.

It was while Reynolds was lecturing at Somerset House that the floor suddenly began to give way. Turner, then a boy, was standing near the lecturer. Reynolds remained calm, and said afterwards that his only thought was what a loss to English art the death of that roomfull would have been.

When Mr. Wale, the Professor of Perspective, died, Sir Joshua was anxious to have Mr. Bonomi elected to the post, but he was treated with great disrespect by Mr. Copley and others, who refused to look at Mr. Bonomi's drawings, which Sir Joshua (as some maintained, contrary to rule) had produced at Fuseli's election as Academician. Reynolds at first threatened to resign the presidency.

Turner's name first appeared with the title of Professor of Perspective attached to it in the catalogues in 1808. His lectures were bad, from his utter want of language, but he took great pains with his diagrams, and his ideas were often original. On one celebrated occasion Turner arrived in the lecture-room late and much perturbed. He dived first into one pocket and then into another; at last he ejaculated these memorable words: "Gentlemen, I've been and left my lecture in the hackney-coach!"†

He de

In 1779, O'Keefe describes going to Somerset House to hear Dr. William Hunter lecture on anatomy. scribes him as a jocose little man, in "a handsome modest" wig. A skeleton hung on a pivot by his side, and on his other hand stood a young man half stripped. Every now and then he paused, to turn to the dead or the living example.‡

Fuseli succeeded Barry as Lecturer on Painting, in 1799, and became Keeper on the death of Wilton the sculptor, in 1803. He died in 1825, aged eightyfour, and was buried in St. Paul's, between Reynolds and Opie. Lawrence, Beechey, Reinagle, Chalon, Jones, and Mulready followed him to his stately grave. The body had previously been laid in state in Somerset House, his pic

Thornbury's "Life of Turner," vol. ii. p. 107 (a careless book, but still containing much * Life of Haydon. By Tom Taylor. Vol. i. curious, authentic, and original anecdote). O'Keefe's "Life," vol. i. p. 386.

p. 30.

tures of "The Lazar House" and "The Bridging of Chaos" being hung over the coffin.

When Sir Joshua died, in 1792, his body, chested in a black velvet coffin, lay in state in a room hung with sable in Somerset House. Burke and Barry, Boswell and Langton, Kemble and John Hunter, Townley and Angerstein came to witness the ceremony.

Macmillan's Magazine.

CAWNPORE.*

How fast events drift down the torrent of Time! To us, who had come to be as it were our present selves when the Indian Mutiny took place, it seems as if it had happened but yesterday. It is only when we are struck by finding the little children who were then pitied as orphans grown into men beginning life on their own account, or when we hear of the generals who commanded in the field as aged veterans enjoying their hardly earned honors, that we realize that what seems so fresh is a thing of history. There we were, in the midst of our usual occupations, a few of us more anxious than usual for kindred far away. But the first dismay and alarm of the mutiny had subsided, relief was on the way, and we trusted to British courage to hold out till it should arrive. The world was in the full enjoyment of the Manchester Exhibition, and chiefly occupied with discussing the new lights that systematic arrangement had cast upon ideas of the history of art, or bewailing the inconveniences of crowded trains, overfull stations, and lodgings obtained by a happy accident. Then came the exclamations of newspaper readers in the trains, revealing to their companions a sense that something more than usually frightful had taken place. Then there was an eager asking of questions and borrowing of papers. Gentlemen satisfied their first curiosity, and advised their lady-friends to abstain from reading, in the hope that what was so horrible might yet turn out untrue.

Alas! though some of the more savage details were happily contradicted, the main fact became day after day more appallingly certain; and, as letters and fragments of evidence came forth one after the other, the impression became the more sickening and oppressive as it was borne in on us that these were sufferers of ways and habits similar to ourselves, lately reading the same books, and with the same pleasures and interests as ourselves. We had read coolly enough of many a historical massacre; but once for all those fragments of Cawnpore records brought home to us the deadly agonies of many a nameless sufferer, whom we have passed lightly by in the historian's vague idiom, " They all were put to the sword." What that smooth monosyllabic sentence conveys we know better now than ever we did before.

And now, just when the catastrophe has passed into history, when the wound has ceased to be new, and yet the evidence is still accessible in its freshness, Mr. Trevelyan has given us the story of Cawnpore, gathering up and connecting those scattered notices which make contemporary history reach us in so confused and entangled a manner, drawing out the thread into a clear narrative, and, above all, telling the history with head, heart, and soul—a head to read its meaning, a heart to feel its piteous woefulness, and a soul to perceive that which exalts and makes its woefulness endurable. Sometimes the allusions may seem somewhat forced, and give an air of affectation and fine writing, but we believe that in many cases this recurrence to impressive phrases and scenes already engraven on the narrator's mind is one of the forms of reserve which strong feeling is prone to adopt, and which another kind of mind finds distasteful.

We already know how strong has been the "Competition Wallah's" uniform testimony against the hateful-we had well-nigh said brutal-vulgarism, that treats all natives as "niggers." In these days, when scarcely a family fails to have a son in one or other of the colonies in some capacity, civil or military, we surely have warnings enough to com

*Cawnpore. By G. O. Trevelyan. Macmillan bat as much as possible this unhappy

and Co.

form of slang, and, without falling into

unrealities of sentiment, to endeavor to bring back that tone-which for want of a better term we call chivalrous, though the ages of chivalry were mostly devoid of it-that regards especial forbearance and consideration as due to the inferior and helpless.

ance, the extent of which to a Hindoo mind we in Europe can scarcely estimate. Seereek Dhoondho Punth, better known as the Nana, was a fair specimen of the polish of which an untamed tiger may be capable. Intimate with all the officers of the cantonment, furnishing his palace at Bithoor with as much European splendor as he could achieve, yet all the time with deadly hate to England in his heart, he had obtained such trust from the General that his protection was requested. He "took up his quarters in the midst of the houses occupied by the civilians and their families; the Treasury, which contained upwards of £100,000, was put under the custody of his bodyguard; and it was even proposed that

That scorn meets with a more bitter requital than ill-usage might almost be said to be the moral of this book. To pamper a wild animal without gaining its affections is only to prepare it for destructiveness. And the earlier chapters of this lamentable tale are the description of how the creature was gratified with whatever could feed its pride and love of ease, but all flung to it with averted head and disdainful eye. Severity is a safer course than indulgence the ladies and children should be placed without kindness. These are things of in sanctuary in Bithoor Palace." system for which individuals can scarcely be censured, though individuals have greviously suffered for them. Yet we would retract our saying that individuals can scarcely be censured; for surely, whatever the hardening effect of example, habitual scorn and rudeness are no slight offence; and happily many a noble exception has upheld that the true gentleman is unfailing in courtesy even to the most mean and annoying of depend

ents.

Still

some questioned the safety of trusting the fold to the keeping of the wolf, and in a dilatory manner a species of defence was prepared. By an unhappy blunder, the magazine, with its river-protected side, was neglected; and a 'mud wall four feet high was thrown up round the buildings which composed the old dragoon hospital, and ten guns of various calibre were placed in position round the intrenchment.""

"I am sure I don't know."

"Call it the Fort of Despair!" said the Hindoo.

"No, no," answered the undaunted Englishman; "we will call it the Fort of Victory."

"What do you call that place you are From the causes of irritation we pass making out there?" asked Azimoolah, to the first flashes of the tempest, and to the Nana's confidant, of an English lieuthat much abused confidence which at tenant. one moment angers us as infatuation or almost judicial blindness, at another is touching by its warm affectionate reliance on the treacherous friends and fellowsoldiers whose hostility was discredited even when their muskets were loaded and their swords drawn. Among those who were most full of this fatal trust was Sir Hugh Wheeler, who "worshipped his Sepoys, spoke their language like one of themselves, and indeed had testified to his predilection for the natives of Hindustan by the strongest proof which it is in the power of man to give." When In this intrenchment the white women the danger began to become so apparent and children spent every night, while that even he could no longer close his day by day passed in expectation of the eyes to it, his first step was to telegraph outbreak of the Sepoys, which was sure to Lucknow; his second to "invoke the to come, sooner or later. Even then, assistance of a more dubious ally," that Sir Hugh Wheeler, full of a true unseladopted son of the old Mahratta, Bajee fish spirit of chivalry, sent back to Sir Rao, whose adoption Government had Henry Lawrence a reinforcement that refused to ratify-thus creating a griev- had been despatched to him from Luck¡

Alas! if brave hearts could have been rampart sufficient, it had been the Fort of Victory. Nay, so it was in the truest sense, for never was it the Fort of Despair. There were spirits there who were never without hope-either here or beyond.