pulled down St. Andrew's Cathedral. when Will Dowsing broke stained-glass windows, and tore up monumental brasses, they doubtless honestly believed that they were doing God service; but Somerset and Northumberland sought neither God's honor for man's profit, but simply the filling of their own coffers. All this went on during the whole reign of Edward, and under Elizabeth it re-appeared only in a very mitigated form

Now, how far had Edward personally any share in either the evil or the good-if there was any good-of his reign? It is clear that the two must stand together. We may, if we please, say that a boy of his age could not be responsible for either, or we may, if we please, make him responsible for both. But it is not fair, without distinct evidence in each particular case,oe acquit him of all the evil and to reckon all th good to his personal credit. In one case there does seem to be such distinct evidence; the foundation of the Grammar-schools, which were to a great extent endowed out of the revenues of the suppressed colleges, does seem to have been Edward's own act and deed. It was a form of munificence which was most natural to occur to a boy-king who loved his books; it was one which has borne lasting and most profitable fruit, and which may fairly be set against many of the mischiefs and disgraces of his reign. For this at least the memory of Edward is worthy of the personal honor in which his advisers are entitled to no share at all.

through the whole reign of Edward, and in a still more odious form than that in which it had gone on in the days of Henry. Henry did his sacrilege, like everything else, in a grand way; Somerset and Northumberland did theirs in a paltry way. For the monasteries to undergo a sweeping reform. and for large portions of their wealth to be transferred to other uses, was the necessary dictate of sound policy. even if no changes of a strictly theological kind were to follow. Had Henry carried out in their fullness those schemes of which he only carried out a small portion, there can be little doubt that the Church would have been as distinct a gainer as the State. A large foundation of Bishoprics and Colleges was designed by a prince who was rapacious with one hand and liberal with the other, and it was doubtless owing to his being beset by men who shared his rapacity, but not his liberality, that only so small a portion of his scheme was accomplished. But Somerset and Northumberland sought nothing but their own enrichment. No prey was too small for them, as no prey was too sacred for them. Henry spared Peterborough for the sake of his outcast wife, and Westminster for the sake of his royal ancestors Somerset deprived Westminster of its Bishop, and contemplated the destruction of Minster itself. Probably in no generation before or after would any Englishman have entertained such an idea for a moment. Henry seized Abbeys and hanged their Abbots if they refused to surrender. This was doing business in an imperial sort of fashion, But the counsel- Our truest picture of Edward is to be found lors of Edward were always nibbling at smaller in the Journal still extant in his own hand, and game. The Abbeys were gone, but scattered which Burnet printed in his collection. It gives up and down the land there remained a number us the picture of a boy of unhealthy precocity of Colleges and Hospitals-foundations for the of mind, clever by nature and brought up in a relief of aged persons or for the more solemn kind of hot-bed of education. He had been performance of divine worship in this or that trained to be a king in days when to be a king parish church. Henry had received Parlia- meant really to govern, and at nine years of mentary authority to deal with these founda- age he was as serious about it as a privy-countions, but he had exercised it very sparingly. cillor of seventy. The puzzling Homeric phrase Somerset came down upon them with a swoop. about the Evvέopos Baileys seems to have Then came the systematic bullying of Bishops been designed specially for him. We feel sure into illegal surrenders of their estates-a prac- that from the day when, in his sixth year, the tice which Elizabeth found too profitable to two well learned men, Mr. doctour Cox and give up, but which she had the grace to legal-John Chicke Mr. of art," began to bring him ize and in most cases to salve over by some pre-up in learning of tongues, of the scripture. of tended equivalent. Henry had hanged the Ab- philosophy, and of all liberal sciences." his bot of Glastonbury, and granted the Abby to whole mind was full of the Pope and the Emhis brother-in-law. But this was not enough for peror. the affairs of the realm and the reformamy Lord Protector, till he had frightened the tion of the Church. Whether he had any influneighboring Bishop into surrendering his pal-ence on affairs or not, he certainly watched ace, and the most valuable of his manors, and every thing that happened with an eye preterhad, with a singular scruple in favor of legality, naturally keen for such a child. No wonder got an Act of Parliament to alienate the estates that such premature exertion of mind soon wore of the Deanery. And when the locust, and the out a naturally feeble body. There is no discaterpillar, and the cankerworm, and the pal- tinct evidence that Northumberland poisoned merworm had thus crawled over monasteries, him, but, if he did, we can not fancy that he colleges, and bishoprics, the parish churches deprived him of many years of life. still remained. They had bells which might be melted into cannon; they bad chalices which might be sold for much, or which, unsold, would look well on a Protector's sideboard; they had copes and altar-cloths which might adorn a Protector's couches and tables; they had walls which, when convenient, might be pulled down 10 provide materials for a Protector's palace. In all this there was neither worldly policy nor zeal; it was simply avarice and havoc in their basest form. When a mob of Scotch fanatics

One thing strikes one throughout the whole journa'-namely, its strangely unimpassioned character, so utterly unlike childish and youthful compositions in general. Either the boy was absolutely without feeling, or he thought it unkingly to express any sort of feeling. Was he not moved in any way by the execution of two uncles, one through the agency of the other-two uncles who, whatever their crimes, had not been personally unkind to him? It is not enough to say, with Mr. Froude, that he thought

them guilty. An ingenuous boy who thought his nearest kinsmen guilty would surely feel some painful emotion at the thought. But Edward if he felt any, expresses none, and that in a Journal which is by no means meagre, but which goes very much into detail. So, again, the burning of Joan Bocher, into which the prevalent Protestant legend makes him overpersuaded by Cranmer, is recorded by him in the most matter-of-fact way in the world. He clearly had no more objection to burning people than his father and sister; like Mr. Froude, he only differed from them as to who were the prop-ed on to explain, but he found it much easier to er people to burn. He had clearly a high idea of his own kingly dignity and greatness, and a firm conviction that the final cause of "Church stuff" was to fill the King's pocket and to adorn the King's house. He kept a keen look-out after the smallest and meanest sources of revenue, and he entered into puzzling speculations about the coinage which we will leave to profess d financiers to examine.

Altogether it seems plain that Edward had the true Tudor spirit in him, a spirit which his education would certainly tend rather to foster than to subdue. Had he lived really to reign, and had he enjoyed health to act for himself, we can well believe that his rule would have been as imperious as that of Henry or Elizabeth. He would probably have stuck to business from the very beginning, and not have wasted much time upon the sports and pageants which were the delight of the early years of his father. Sometimes, to be sure, he condescends to mention such things. He tells us, in a strain as cool as if he were recording the beheading of an uncle or the burning of a heretic, of the bearbaitings with which the French ambassadors were regaled, and of a still beastlier sport which graced the marriage of Robert Dudley and Amy Robsart :-" After which marriage there were certain gentlemen which did strive who should first take away a goose's head which was hanged alive on two cross-posts." At another time, "a challenge was made by me that I, with sixteen of my chamber, should run at base, shoot, and run at ring, with any seventeen of my servants gentlemen in the court." "The first day of the challenge at base, or running, the King won." Two days after, "I lost the challenge shooting at rounds, and won at rovers.

Mr. Froude, as his readers doubtless know, has made large use of this Journal. It may therefore be as well to mention that the greater part of his quotations from it are inaccurate. We have tested him not only by Mr. Pocock, whose text we feel sure accurately represents the original manuscript, but to which Mr. Froude of course could, not refer, but also by the first folio edition of Burnet. And we find some mistake or other, great or small in nearly every extract. Mr. Froude not only torments us with that vague sort of reference which is the scholar's abhorrence, but when the passage is got at, we find him pursued by an incapacity, like that of a Frenchman, for copying a plain piece of print without some error or other. For instance, in Froude v. 237, we find, within inverted commas, as an extract from the Journal, "the lords fearing the rage of the people, so little quieted." The real words are "so lately quieted," making quite another sense. A little way on (p. 256) "bolts and bars" become "bolts and locks."

"A sum of money" in p. 273 should be "a some
money," but the mistake here is Burnet's and not
Froude's. But in the same extract, where Ed-
ward says that Beaumont "did buy land with my
money," Mr. Froude makes nonsense of it by
turning it into "buy land with my own money.'
In p. 282 again, the grammatical inaccuracy "to
any should " is King Edward's own; but Edward
wrote, and Burnet copied, "Yorke, master of one
of the mints at the Tower." That there should
be more than one mint at the Tower was a fact
that Mr. Froude might have been reasonably call-
get rid of it altogether by changing the difficult
words into "Master of the Mint at the Tower,"
with all the dignity of official capitals. Edward
records the marriage of “Lord Lisle, the Earl of
Warwick's son," " and of "Sir Robert Dudley,
third son to the Earl of Warwick." Mr. Froude,
incapable of attending to such small matters, calls
them "Lord Ambrose Dudley" and "Lord Rob-
ert Dudley" respectively. In p. 339 (a page in
which Mr. Froude confounds Gardiner and Good-
rich) among the "garnish of vessels out of Church
stuff" we read of "reliques of Plessay."
are "reliques of Plessay?" We do not know, but
it is Mr. Froude's business to tell us, and not to
get rid of the question by leaving the words "of
Plessay" out. In the next page, the phrase, very
characteristic of a young Tudor, "on my frontier
at Calais" is softened into "over the frontier."
In p. 373 a "base company' "should be a "bare
company," and so on-a blunder wherever a blun-
der could be made room for.-Saturday Review.

What

The Poems of Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. 1865. Many of these poems are gems in their way. They are mostly very brief, so that the little volume of Blue and Gold contains some seventy poems in all. Interludes, lyrics, ballads, and sonnets. The longest by far, is "Judith," which possesses a good deal of lyrical beauty and force.

SCIENCE.

Recollections of the Meeting of the British Association at Birmingham, SEPTEMBER, 1865. By a Lady Associate. [Written for the ECLECTIC.]The sun never shone more brightly for a whole week together than it did during that of the British Association Meeting at Birmingham-not a cloud-not a shower-nobody put up an umbrella on their way to and from the section rooms or on the enjoyable excursions, unless indeed it be those who would ward off the scorching rays of the brilliant sun. At Bath, last year, we had scarcely a fine day, but it was a glorious meeting. We missed many faces at the meeting of 1865, which tended to make that of 1864 one of the most perfectly successful gatherings ever held by the Association. Who among that company can ever forget the intense excitement caused by Dr. Livingstone's lecture in the theater, on September 19, when we waited for more than an hour before the doors were opened, caring neither for being crushed or pushed, so that we could get a seat somewhere, to listen to that wonderful story, which he told so well. For the hundreds who turned away disappointed from the doors of the theater, that same lecture was being given at the

time by Mr. Clement Markham in section E, and Dr. Livingstone, after quitting one lecture-room amidst deafening applause, had to turn to another to receive the congratulations of those awaiting him. It was the first time he had appeared at any public meeting since his return, and he shed a brightness and created an interest which no rainy days could damp. In that Queen of cities we had a most memorable meeting, very fondly do we linger over the remembrance of those happy days, but the present, and not the past, is what we have to say a little about. A very simply told tale will ours be, not intended for the eye of one scientific man or learned woman.

forts to accomplish purposes which we approve. In all instances our elastic system responds quickly to pressure, and returns the friendly impulse. If we look back on the work of previous years, it is easy to mark the especial action of the Association, in fields which hardly could be entered by any other adventurers. Many of the most valuable labors, of which we are now reaping the fruits, were undertaken in consequence of the reports on special branches of science which appear in the early volumes of our transactions-reports in which particular data were registered for confirming or correcting known generalizations or for establishing new ones.

But we must leave the Town Hall, and on Thursday be ready by eleven o'clock for the section room. Which of the seven shall it be? Mathematics or chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, physiology, economic science, and statistics or mechanical science. All these are going on in rooms A, B, C, D, F, and G. But section E is devoted to Geography and Ethnology, and to that room we will resort-the Midland Insti

For the benefit of those who never attended one of these great scientific meetings, I may say that the payment of one pound makes you an associate for the year; the ticket is obtained at the reception room, and in this room members write letters and receive them, as there is a regularly organized post office; they may read all the daily papers, procure tickets for the various excursions and entertainments which are going on, receive each day a journal at 8 a. m. of the sectional proceed-tute. ings, and also a list of those members who have Sir Henry Rawlinson was the President. The registered their addresses, so that every one may first paper read was on "The result of surveys in know who's who, and who's where. A list of all Palestine." The Palestine exploration business places of interest which might be seen by visitors is just now exciting very considerable interest in on presenting Association tickets was also print- the scientific world. A fund has been formed for ed, and given to every one. Among those places, the purpose of promoting the exploration of the the list of which was very long, were the interest- Holy Land. Mr. George Grove is the Honorable ing Museum of the Midland Institute, the Patho- Secretary, and if you want to know more on this logical Museum, and those of Dudley and War- very important subject, you have only to address wick. Three news-rooms were thrown open, and a note to him at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, if any one could find time for a game at chess, and he will gladly send all particulars. This pathey had to show their ticket, and they were ad- per was followed by letters from Mr. S. Baker to mitted to the Chess Club. The Working Men's Sir R. Murchison, on the discovery of the second Industrial Exhibition, the Exhibition of the So- source of the Nile, the Lake Albert Nyassa, 270 ciety of Artists, Aston Hall and Park, the Bo- miles long. It was half expected that Mr. Baker tanical Gardens, the Borough Gaol and Lunatic might have arrived before the meetings closed. Asylum, could be visited by an associate: as well Had he done so it would have added greatly to as manufactories of every description-guns, their interest, but our expectations were disap swords, nails, needles, and fish hooks; screws, pointed. His letters bore testimony to the truth locks, steel pens, and pins; iron tube, flint glass, of all the statements made by Captain Speke. papier machie, plate glass, electro plate and iron Poor Speke! His death was the only thing which works; also the beautiful medieval metal work- dimmed the brightness of the Bath meeting. The ing and stained glass works of Messrs. Hardman, other paper of Thursday, which caused an animaso nobody need be dull or lack employment. ted discussion, was one by Professor Vámbéry on There was not a shining hour when the busy "The origin of the Hungarians." This wonderbee" might not be employed in "gathering ful man has done what no other European travelhoney." er ever attempted. He, too, told us last September what he had suffered for the sake of prosecuting geographical inquiry when traveling in Central Asia, disguised as a Holy Musselman beggar, and without him the meeting at Birmingham would have been devoid of much of its interest, so far as the geographical section is concerned.

The soirée at the Town Hall that evening was a brilliant affair. A wonderful collection of things was brought together. Nothing' was more beautiful than Breeze's instantaneous stereoscopic views

The opening address was delivered on Wednesday by Professor Phillips, president, in the Town Hall. What a glorious address it was! How much it contained of the doings of others, and how little of his own! I wish somebody would solve the problem-are true modesty and true greatness divisible? Professor Phillips is the beau ideal of a man of science, and he made the most charming and excellent president. One short extract from his address will show the object of such meetings as the present:-"If it be asked moonlight;-the evening star;-sea birds on what share in the discoveries and inventions of the wing;- and the dashing spray;-all so novel the last thirty-three years is claimed for the Brit- and exquisitely done, that they must be seen to ish Association? Let us answer fearlessly-we be believed in. The original models of the enhad a part in all. In some of them we took the gine of James Watt, a huge file-cutting machine foremost place, by the frequency of our discussions, a strange business to be carried on in that gay the urgency of our recommendations, the employ-scene-Blakely shot and shell, microscopes and ment of our influence, and the grant of our funds. spectroscopes. Photographs were taken by magFor others we gave all our strength to support the nesium light in the committee room. The great Royal Society and other institutions in their ef- organ was grandly played by Mr. Stimpson, and

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