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on a chevron Or, 3 etoiles Gules, between as many fleurs-de-lis Argent.

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On another tablet :

To the memory of Mary, widow of Henry More of Millichope, gent. daughter and sole heiress to Richard Sheppard, of Balcot in the parish of Tugford, gent. obit. 1705.

On a monument against the east end of the north aile :

In memory of Margaret, 46 years wife of Thos. More, esq. fourth daughter of Richard Leighton, of Leighton, esq. and coheiress to her brother Richard Leigh

ton, esq.
She had four sons and four
daughters, of which seven survived her;
but her third son, Leighton More, Lieu-
tenant of the Burford man-of-war, who
spent his life in the service of his coun-
try, and signalized himself in many ac-
tions in the West Indies and Mediterra-
nean, died before her, with the character
of a most gallant Englishman, and pious
Christian. She was a pattern of piety,
humility, modesty, and practices of all
virtuous actions. An affectionate wife, a
tender mother, a prudent economist, inof-
fensive neighbour, and endowed with all
Christian principles, which she zealously
instilled into all her children.

An inoffensive pious life she spent,
And heaven to gain was solely her intent.
Obijt Julij 12, 1757, æt. 66.

Arms. More, as before; impaling, Quarterly per fesse indented Or and Gules.

Inscription on a table, which supports a weeping figure, leaning on an urn, backed by a pyramid:

Sacred to the memory of Katherine More, daughter of Thos. More, esq. of Millichope, and relict of Robert More of Linley, esq. who departed this life on the 23d day of December, 1792, aged 67. To those unacquainted with her virtues, let this stone record that the poor have lost a steady and valuable friend, the world an example of religion and piety.

On a brass plate, against the north wall, having, on the top over the inscription, emblems of mortality, the Trinity, &c. In the left corner, the following arms, Argent, a saltire Sable.

Richardus Baldwin de Munsloe, philosophus, medicus, spagiricus, misterijsque Nature in gremio absconditis indagator exquisitus, vitam cum morte commutavit 8'vo die Maij, anno ætatis suæ 73, anno D'ni 1689.

On a brass plate, against the east end of the church, outside:

The remains of the late Rev. Mr. Samuel Hammond, A.B. are underneath

deposited, who in full hope and assurance of a blessed immortality, died universally lamented 23d of Jan. 1763, aged 33 years; to whose memory Mrs. Sarah Hammond, his once happy wife, inscribed this plate, an unsuccessful testimony of his worth, and her affection.

Suscipit Christus, agnoscit Deus;
Euge fidelis servus!

On a tablet, against the north wall of the chancel :

Edward Stedman, gent. of Aston, died Nov. 12, 1777, in the 71st year of his age. ford, son of the above, died March 28th, -John Stedman, gent. late of Rindle1804, in the 70th year of his age.

Arms. Argent, a chevron Gules between three boars' heads couped Sable.

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On a large tablet against the north wall, is represented a corpse in a winding-sheet; over it, "Can these bones live? O Lord God, thou knowest.' Ezek. xxxvii. 3. Under the corpse, a triangle, emblematic of the Trinity, at the angles, "Watch,-Fast,-Pray." On one side a hour-glass; on the opposite side, a Death's head and bones:

To the memory chiefly of his dear father William Churchman, of Holloway, in this parish, who there dyed Sept. 23, 1602, whose body is interred in this ile.

Also in remembrance of Roger Churchman his grandfather, William Churchman his great uncle, and Andrew Overton his uncle, by the mother, to whose care was committed his education, who was buried in St. Peter's ye Poore in London; and of all the rest of his ancestors that sleep in this dust, William Churchman, Priest, ye only sonne and heyre of the first named William, caused this heer to be affixed, Sept. 23, anno 1602. I in the hower of his power, one dead by Christ do rise,

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And wee whose bones rot under stones, our dust he'el not despise.

EDWARD LORD LYTTELTON, eldest son of Sir Edward Lyttelton (one of the Justices of the Marches, and Chief Justice of North Wales,) was born at Munslow in 1589. He had his university learning at Christ Church, Oxford, and studied the law in the Inner Temple, where he became so eminent, that the City of London chose him their Recorder, and Oxford their Counsellor; and the King his Solicitor-general; after which, his merit so much recommended him to the King's favour, that he conferred on him the honour of knighthood, and made him Chief Justice of the Common Pleas ;

1833.] On the Cromlechs and British Monuments of Cornwall.

and soon after raised him to the highest station of his profession, by entrusting him with the keeping of the Great Seal, to which his Majesty added the honour of a Baron, creating him Lord Lyttelton, Baron of Munslow, in the County of Salop, being then in high esteem for his knowledge of the law, and his signal fidelity and loyalty. When the war between King Charles I. and the Parliament became a formidable concern, not thinking it safe to remain about London, he first sent the Seal to the King, then at York, and soon after went there himself, where he served his Majesty with the greatest fidelity, till the time of his death. He died at Oxford in 1645, and was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, where a monument records his memory.

His works are, Arguments and Law points; Reports in the Common Pleas and Exchequer; and his Speeches in Parliament.

At Hagley Hall, co. Worcester, is a good portrait, three-quarter length, of Lord Keeper Lyttelton, Baron Munslow. D. PARKES.

MR. URBAN,

New Kent-road,
Jan. 17.

1 HAVE lately, by favour of a friend, perused an interesting volume, entitled "Illustrations of Stone Circles, Cromlechs, and other remains of the aboriginal Britons in the west of Cornwall, from drawings made on the spot in 1826, by William Cotton, esq. M.A." only twenty-five copies of which have been printed by the author, as 'donum amicis.'

My attention was forcibly arrested by the following important passage in the work, relative to the use and intent' of those curious monuments called Cromlechs. Mr. Cotton says, "some have agreed that they served as altarstones in the Druidical sacrifices; and others have been inclined to consider them as sepulchral monuments, and the tombs of the warriors of a far distant age. To this latter opinion Dr. Borlase adds the weight of his judgment; he made several excavations under them for the purpose of ascertaining the fact, but without success. In Cornwall, he tells us, and elsewhere, we find many kistvaens, that is, an inclosed area about the size of a human body, formed of stones set upright in the ground; these certainly

11

once inclosed the bones of the dead. The cromléh is nothing more than a kistvaen, consisting of larger side stones and covered with a mass of extraordinary magnitude on the top, as the cromlehs of Molfra and Chûn. Thus the dead body was protected and fenced in on every side. Since Dr. Borlase's time, however, the question has been fairly set at rest, and the fact proved to be as supposed. In the 14th volume of the Archæologia, an account is published of the discovery of a cromleh a few years previously to the year 1802, in the parish of Lanyon, buried under a heap of earth, within which, on excavating the ground under the covering stone, the bones of a human skeleton were found, with appearances which left no doubt of its having been an ancient sepulchre."-p. 31.

Mr. Cotton has therefore laid it down as an axiom, in my opinion erroneously, that all cromlechs are sepulchres.

The ingenious author of the Ercyclopædia of Antiquities, under the head of "Kistvaen," and "Cromlech," vol. II. p. 508, defines the kistvaen "to be three large stones placed on their edges like three sides of a box, and a cover at the top for the reception of corpses." He states, on the authority of that eminent Celtic antiquary Sir Richard Colt Hoare, a fact which, by means of kistvaens, proves that cromlechs were altars : "Five kistvaens are placed in a circle with a cromlech in the centre. Bones have been found under each of the kistvaens, but none under the cromlech."-ibid.

The cromlech on Cevyn Bryn, called Arthur's Stone, which I have described in the 23d volume of the Archæologia, Appendix, p. 421, "has eight perpendicular supporters; immediately under it is a spring of clear water, which has obtained in Welch the name of our Lady's well. A spring thus situated shows that the monument is not sepulchral." Near Mare Cross, Glamorganshire, is an ancient cromlech called the Old Church, probably from these rude structures, abandoned as the scenes of idolatrous rites, having formed points of assembly for congregations of primitive British Christians.

Arthur's stone, the Cromlech before mentioned, had been originally a

Druid altar; and the lucid fountain which rises under it was perhaps subsequently used for Christian baptism. At any rate, here is a striking instance of a cromlech, which was not sepulchral, and had indeed in its construction little correspondence with the places of interment called kist

vaens.

Cromlechs of this sort, and kistvaens, are, I verily believe, as distinct from each other as the altars in our churches are from the altar tombs.

And here, I cannot pass over the authority of Llwyd, which corroborates so decisively the conclusion, that simple cromlechs are not sepulchral. In the Additions to Pembrokeshire, written for Camden's Britannia, he says, "there are in this county several such circular stone monuments; but the most remarkable is that called y Gromlech, near Pentre Evan in Nevern parish, where there are several rude stones pitched on end, and in circular order; and in the midst of the circle a vast stone placed on pillars." He adds, that there were eight supporters to this cromlech; the same number indeed as sustained Arthur's stone, but that only three of these, when he wrote, were in contact with the flat superincumbent stone. The interpretation of the word cromlech he gives as now generally received, crum, crooked or bending; llech, a flat stone. He informs us the Irish called one of their chief idols Cromeruach, which remained till St. Patrick's time; at his approach it fell to the ground, and the minor surrounding idols sunk into the earth up to their necks! What were these, he plausibly conjectures, but a circle of stones surrounding some idolatrous object of a similar nature? and if that be granted, he proceeds, "we shall have little reason to doubt but that our cromlech, as well as all other such circular stone monuments in Britain and Ireland (whereof I presume there are not less than a hundred remaining), were also intended for the same use. This relation of idolatrous worship at Cromerach seems much confirmed by the

general tradition concerning such monuments in Scotland. I find that in several parts of that kingdom, they are called chapels and temples, with this further tradition, that they were places of worship in the time of heathenism, and did belong to the Drounich," which he interprets the Druids. In the same parish of Nevern, Llwyd further informs us, is another monument called Llech y Drybedth (or_rather Tripeth), the stone with three feet, and by some the altar stone. This stone he describes as channelled for the reception and conveyance of some liquid offering. Enough, perhaps, has been cited to show that such cromlechs were certainly altars.

No great error, however, after all, is perhaps chargeable on Mr. Cotton; for the term cromlech may have been indiscriminately applied by the Celts themselves to altars as to tombs. Just indeed as we say altar and altar-tomb. The altar cromlech, supported by its rude stone pillars; the tomb or kistvaen - cromlech by its flat tabular stones, inclosing the place of sepulture, on three or four sides. Several of these kistvaen-cromlechs, then, are represented in Mr. Cotton's Sketches in Cornwall, and but one altar-cromlech, that of Lanyon. Under this Borlase himself on searching found no sepulchral remains. The smaller kistvaen, or real sepulchral chest, was sunk in the earth, and was merely of capacity sufficient to receive the human skeleton, or one or more urns. The larger kistvaen or kistvaencromlech was elevated over this, above the surface of the ground, forming a rude but magnificent altar tomb. When the kistvaen was heaped over by a pile of earth or stones, the tumulus was styled a cairn. The remarkable remain at Aylesford in Kent, Kit's Coty House, seems to have been a kistvaen-cromlech. There were formerly two of these monuments at a small distance from each other. One has fallen down, and has been removed. A few years since the kistvaen belonging to it seems to have been discovered.*

* It may be well to preserve, from the Maidstone Journal of July 4, 1822, the account given of the discovery at the time it took place. "On Friday last, as some workmen were ploughing in a field belonging to Mr. George Fowler, situated about a quarter of a mile from Kit's Coty House, the ploughshare was impeded by something, which had repeatedly been the case before. The men, in order to ascertain

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