placed in square brackets. I have increased the bibliography (1) by adding the titles of standard American, Eng. lish, German, French, and Italian works; (2) by mentioning translations of foreign books referred to in the text and notes; (3) by giving the names of important philosophical journals published in this country and abroad; (4) by placing at the end of the volume a list of the best modern works on logic, epistemology, psychology, anthropology, ethics, aesthetics, the philosophy of history, the philosophy of religion, jurisprudence, politics, etc. I have also pre pared an index.

FRANK THILLT UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURL

May, 1896.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

§ 1. PHILOSOPHY, METAPHYSICS, AND SCIENCE

§ 2. Division

$ 3. SOURCES

.

THE AGE OF METAPHYSICS PROPER, OR PHILOSOPHY

OF NATURE

(B. C. 600-400)

§ 4. THE ORIGIN OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY

.. 17

$ 5. The School Of Miletus. THALES, ANAXIMANDER,

ANAXIMENES

21

$ 6. THE PROBLEM OF BECOMING

24

A. The Negation of Becoming

87. ELEATIC PHILOSOPHY. XENOPHANES, PARMENIDES,

MELISSUS, ZENO, Gorgias

24

.

.

B. The Apotheosis of Becuming

$ 8 HERACLITUS

. 33

$ 10.

C. The Explanation of Becoming

Paga

$ 9. The PYTHAGOREAN SPECULATION

37

EMPEDOCLES

41

$ 11. ANAXAGORAS

48

$ 12. DIOGENES OF APOLLONIA, Archelaus, LEUCIPPUS, DE-

53

.

MOCRITUS

Second Period

THE AGE OF CRITICISM, OR PHILOSOPHY OF MIND

.

$ 13. PROTAGORAS

59

$ 14. Socrates

63

$ 15. ARISTIPPUS AND HEDONISM. - ANTISTHENES AND CYNI.

EUCLIDES AND THE SCHOOL OF MEGARA : 7.

CISM.

A. The Negation of Matter. - The Apotheosis of Thought

.

16. PLATO

(1) THE IDEA.

(2) NATURE

(3) The Highest Good

$ 17. Aristotle.

(1) First Philosophy

(2) SECOND Philosophy, OR THE PHILOSOPHY OF

NATURE.

75

81

91

98

104

108

.

118

.

B. The Apotheosis of Matter. - The Negation of the

Thought-Substance

$ 18. EPICURUS

134

.

C. The Apotheosis of Will

$ 19. STOICISM

$ 20. THE SCEPTICAL REACTION. PYRRHONISM

§ 21. ACADEMIC SCEPTICISM. ..

$ 22. SENSATIONALISTIC SCEPTICISM

$ 23. THE SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT

$ 24. ECLECTICISM

$ 25. PLOTINUS AND Neo-PLATONISM

26. THE LAST NEO-PLATONIC POLYTHEISTS.

JAMBLICHUS, PROCLUS

II. PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

first Period

THE REIGN OF PLATONIC-CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

185

188

.

.

$ 27. CHRISTIAN PLATONISM

$ 28. ST. AUGUSTINE

§ 29. THE DEATH STRUGGLES OF THE ROMAN WORLD.

BARBARISM. THE FIRST SYMPTOMS OF A New

PHILOSOPHY.

$ 30. SCHOLASTICISM

$ 31. Scotus ERIGENA

$ 32. ST. ANSELMUS

$ 33. REALISM AND NOMINALISM

$ 34. ABELARD

$ 35. Hugo OF ST. VICTOR .

& 36. THE PROGRESS OF FREE THOUGHT

198

201

204

210

219

.

.

222

.

$ 37. GROWING INFLUENCE OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE 235

$38. THE PERIPATETICS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 239

$ 39. ST. THOMAS OF AQUIN

241

$ 40. Duns Scotus .

246