Eloquent and insinuating, he was the favourite of the people, whose grievances he affected to pity, and with whose leaders he intrigued." Hallam, ibid. p. 54, 55.

(d) The counties of Champagne and Brie belonged to the crown of Navarre, since it had been inherited by the counts of Champagne. These were ceded to Philip VI. in exchange for the counties of Angouleme and Mortain, with some other districts; and in the beginning of the reign of John Angouleme was exchanged for Mante and Meulan, both in Normandy, as were also the counties of Evreux and Mortain, with some other places belonging to the king of Navarre. Abrege de l'Hist. tome 3. p. 382; tome 4. p. 10.

(e) "There stood in his way Jane, the daughter of Lewis X, three of Philip the Long (Philip V.), and one of Charles the Fair (Charles IV.). Aware of this, Edward set up a distinction, that, although females were excluded from succession, the same rule did not apply to their male issue; and thus, though his mother Isabel could not herself become queen of France, she might transmit a title to him. But this was contrary to the commonest rules of inheritance: and if it could be regarded at all, Jane had a son, afterwards the famous king of Navarre, who stood one degree nearer to the crown than Edward." Ibid. p.

47. The argument from proximity of blood appears thus to have been liable to strong objections.

(f) Poitou, Xaintonge, Rochelle, Agenois, Perigord, Limosin, Querci, Reuergue, Angoumois, the counties of Bigorre, Gaure, Ponthieu, and Guines, and the towns of Montreuil and Calais. Abrege de l'Hist. tome 4. p. 78.

(g) Henault, vol. 1. p. 253. The pretension which he had to the crown, being nearer than that of Edward, hindered the English monarch from giving him an effectual support. Abrege Chron. tome 4. p. 114, 115.

(h) Henry count of Transtamare, illegitimate brother of Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, was in the year 1364 the leader of a revolt, provoked by the numerous outrages which had procured for the king his dishonourable appellation. The revolt was supported by the kings of Aragon and Navarre. Abrege de

l'Hist. tome 4. p. 107.

(i) "Though an historian sixty years later (Juvenal des Ursins) asserts that the French commissioners attended at Bruges, and that those of Edward made default, it is certainly rendered improbable by the actual appointment of commissioners made by the king of England on the 15th of November (the meeting of Bruges was appointed to be held on the thir

tieth of that month in the year 1361); by the silence of Charles V. after the commencement of hostilities, who would have rejoiced in so good a ground of excuse; and by the language of some English instruments, complaining that the French renunciations were withheld." Hallam, vol. 1. p. 58, 59.

(k) The dukes of Anjou, Berri, Burgundy, and Bourbon.

(1) This was first noticed in the year 1392, at which time the king was twenty-four years old. Abrege de l'Hist. tome 4, p. 298.

(m) Joan of Arc, a village of Lorraine, was the daughter of a labourer, and had been always employed in keeping cattle. Duclos supposes that Agnes Sorrel, the celebrated mistress of the king, who is described as more interested than himself for his glory, had devised the plan of engaging this young woman to pretend a divine commission for the deliverance of France. Life of Lewis XI. vol. 1. p. 5. But Mr. Southey argues in favour of his heroine, that if she had been acquainted with any such plan, she could not with that knowledge have performed an enterprise, for which the sincerity of a real enthusiasm was necessary. Joan of Arc, pref. Her enthusiasm too was of a very regulated kind, since when she had accomplished the two things, for which she had proclaimed herself divinely commissioned, by

raising the siege of Orleans and crowning the king at Rheims, she demanded permission to retire, and was with difficulty induced to continue her exertions in the public cause. The credit which she obtained with the court is attributed by historians to two proofs which she exhibited of her inspiration: one of these was that she discovered the king in disguise, though she had never before seen him; the other that she demanded to be armed with a sword, which was found in an ancient tomb, when a search had been made agreeably to her direction. In corroboration of the argument of Mr. Southey it may be added, that Mr. Hallam (vol. 1. p. 78, 79, note) has assigned cogent arguments from dates, for depriving Agnes Sorrel of the glory of having been instrumental in the deliverance of her country, by dissuading the king from despairing of the kingdom when Orleans was besieged, though the tradition is as ancient as Francis I. The truth seems to be that Agnes had rendered herself popular by using her influence in a generous patronage of merit, and so obtained in return more credit than she could justly claim.

(n) In that year the French landed at Sandwich, and carried away some plunder. Abrege de l'Hist. tome 5. p. 236.

(0) Calais and Guisnes were recovered by the French in the year 1558.

(p) They had not the power of convening

the states general, though the commissioners sent, to the bailiwicks had that of assembling the provincial states. Mably, liv. 5. ch. 2.

(4) The king engaged to reform the coinage, and not to make any alteration of it in future; the extortions practised by the officers of the crown were proscribed; the administration of various inferior tribunals was regulated and restrained; and military officers were required to complete their companies. Ibid.

(r) Still however, retaining the prejudices and passions of the feudal government, the lords, while in the requests and remonstrances which they presented to the sons of Philip IV, they left to the king the power of publishing laws, reserved to themselves the right of disobeying, if the laws should prove disagreeable to them. In the reigns of these princes accordingly began to be entertained the opinion, that the king is the legislator, but that he ought to govern according to the laws; by which was meant that he could make new laws, but could not abrogate the old. It is probable that, as often as Philip VI. assembled the states, the prince and the nation reciprocally declared their wants, and that the king published in his own name the regulations required by his people; hence, as the ordinances appeared to be the work of the prince alone, the states appear to have begun to think, that they possessed only the power of making remonstrances. Ibid. note 4.