Mining Development Scenario for Cobalt-rich Manganese Crusts in the Exclusive Economic Zones of the Hawaiian Archipelago and Johnston Island |
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acid pressure leach approximately autoclaves average base-case beneficiated berth bottom cargo coal cobalt refinery contain conveyor copper crew boat crust and substrate crust material crust thickness density depth discharge disposal dredge dry bulk electric elutriation engines environmental equipment estimated ferroalloy ferromanganese Figure flotation fluorapatite fragmentation fuel gases gypsum handling Hawaii Hawaiian Islands hazardous Honolulu hydrogen sulfide hydrometallurgical process Johnston Island kilns leach residue lift liquor major manganese crust manganese dioxide manganese nodules matte metal metallurgical processing million miner mining ship needed nickel nodules Oahu off-axis operation particles pipe pipeline potential probably process water processing plant pumping pyrometallurgical plant recovery reduce research vessel resource salts samples sea salts seamount seawater separation slag slurry smelting solids steam storage sulfide sulfuric acid sulfuric acid pressure t/hr t/yr Table tailings tanks terminal tonnes transfer transport ship trucks voyages waste