other missionary, one of the predecessors of this ecclesiastic, whom we found settled at San Fernando as president of the missions, related to us an event, which I recorded in my journal, and which excited in our minds the most painful feelings. If, in these solitary scenes, man scarcely leaves behind him any trace of his exist. ence, it is doubly humiliating for a European to see perpetuated by the name of a rock, by one of those imperishable monuments of nature, the remembrance of the moral degradation of our species, and the contrast between the virtue of a savage, and the barbarisin of civilized man!

landed, and took shelter in the woods, but
the president of the missions ordered the
Indians to row to the shore, and follow the
traces of the Guahibi. In the evening
she was brought back. Stretched upon
the rocks (la Piedra de la Madre), a cruel
punishment was inflicted on her with
those straps of manatee leather, which
serve for whips in that country, and with
which the alcades are always furnished.
This unhappy woman, her hands tied be-
hind her back with strong stalks of mava-
cure, was then dragged to the mission of
Javita.

our curiosity; but at our return from the Rio Negro, we learnt, that the Indian mother was not allowed time to cure her wounds, but was again separated from her children, and sent to one of the missions of the Upper Oroonoko. There she died, refusing all kind of nourishment, as the savages do in great calamities.

'Such is the remembrance annexed to this fatal rock, to Piedra de la Madre.'

of the caoutchouc, which he observed
Our author gives a curious account
at the mission of San Balthasar, on the
Atabapo.
He says,―

'She was there thrown into one of the caravanseras, that are called Casa del Rey. Here we saw, for the first time, that It was the rainy season, and night was white and fungous substance, which I profoundly dark. Forests, till then be- have made known by the names of dupilieved to be impenetrable, separated the cho and zapis. We immediately perceiv mission of Javita from that of San Fer-ed that it was analogous to the elastic renando, which was twenty-five leagues dis- sin; but, as the Indians made us undertant in a straight line. No other part is stand by signs, that it was found under known than that of the rivers; no man ground, we were inclined to think, till we ever attempted to go by land from one arrived at the mission of Javita, that the village to another, were they only a few dapicho was a fossil caoutchouc, though leagues apart. But such difficulties do different from the elastic bitumen of Dernot stop a mother, who is separated from byshire. A Pomisana Indian, seated by her children. Her children are at San the fire in the hut of the missionary, was Fernando de Atabapo; she must find employed in reducing the dapicho into them again, she must execute her project black caoutchouc. He had spitted seve of delivering them from the hands of ral bits on a slender stick, and was roastChristians, of bringing them back to their ing them like meat. The dapicho blackfather on the banks of the Guaviare. The ens in proportion as it grows softer, and Guahibi was carelessly guarded in the ca- gains in elasticity. The resinous and aro

In 1797, the missionary of San Fernando had led his Indians to the banks of the Rio Guaviare, on one of those hostile incursions, which are prohibited alike by religion and the Spanish laws. They found in an Italian hut, a Guahiba mother with three children, two of whom were still infants. They were occupied in preparing the flour of Cassava. Resistance was impossible; the father was gone to fish, and the mother tried in vain to flee with her children. Scarcely had she reached the savannah, when she was seized by the Indians of the mission, who go to hunt men, like the whites and the negroes in Africa. The mother and her children were bound, and dragged to the bank of the river. The monk, seated in his boat, waited the issue of an expedi-ravansera. Her arms being wounded, thematic smell which filled the hut, seemed

tion, of which he partook not the danger. Had the mother made too violent a resistance, the Indians would have killed her, for every thing is permitted when they go to the conquest of souls (à la conquista espiritual), and it is children in particular they seek to capture, in order to treat them, in the mission, as poitos, or slaves of the Christians. The prisoners were carried to San Fernando, in the hope that the mother would be unable to find her way back to her home, by land. Far from those children who had accompanied their father on the day in which she had been carried off, this unhappy woman showep signs of the deepest despair. She attempted to take back to her family the children who had been snatched away by the missionary, and fled with them repeatedly from the village of San Fernando, but the Indians never failed to seize her anew; and the missionary, after having caused her to be mercilessly beaten, took the cruel resolution of separating the mother from the two children, who had been carried off with her. She was conveyed alone toward the missions of the Rio Negro, going up the Atabapo. Slightly bound, she was seated at the bow of the boat; ignorant of the fate that awaited her, but she judged, by the direction of the sun, that she was removed farther and farther from her hat and her native country. She succeeded in breaking her bonds, threw herself into the water, and swam to the left bank of the Atabapo. The current carried her to a shelf of rock, which bears her name to this day. She

Indians of Javita had loosened her bonds,
unknown to the missionary and the al-
cades. She succeeded, by the help of
her teeth, in breaking them entirely, dis-
appeared during the night, and at the
fourth rising sun was seen at the mission
of San Fernando, hovering around the hut
where her children were confined. "What
that woman performed," added the mis-
sionary who gave us this sad narrative,
the most robust Indian would not have
ventured to undertake. She traversed the
woods at a season when the sky is constant-
ly covered with clouds, and the sun, dur-
ing whole days, appears but for a few mi-
nutes. Did the course of the waters direct
her way? The inundations of the rivers
forced her to go far from the banks of the
main stream, through the midst of woods
where the movement of the waters is al-
most imperceptible. How often must she
have been stopped by the thorny lianas,
that form a network around the trunks
they entwine! How often must she
have swam across the rivulets, that run
into the Atabapo! This unfortuuate wo-
man was asked how she had sustained
herself during the four days! She said,
that, exhausted with fatigue, she could
find no other nourishment than those great
black ants called pachacos, which climb
the trees in long bands, to suspend on
then their resinous nests.' We pressed
the missionary to tell us, whether the
Guahibi had peacefully enjoyed the hap-
piness of remaining with her children;
and if any repentance had followed this
excess of cruelty. He would not satisfy

to indicate, that this coloration is the effect of the decomposition of carburet of hydrogen, and that the carbon appears in proportion as the hydrogen burns at a low heat. The Indians beat the softened and blackened mass with a piece of Brazil wood, ending in form of a club; he then kneaded the dapicho into balls of three or four inches in diameter, and let it cool. These balls exactly resemble the caout chouc of the shops, but their surface remains in general slightly viscous. They are used at San Balthasar, in the Indian game of Tennis, which is so celebrated among the inhabitants of Uruana and Encaramada; they are cut into cylinders to be used as corks, and are far preferable to those made of the bark of the cork tree.'

Mr. Humboldt afterwards found, that the dapicho is the result of an extravasation of the sap from the roots, which takes place when the trees have attained a great age, and the interior of the trunk begins to decay; and he was shown some of it at the depth of two or three feet between the roots of two trees, known by the name of jacio and the curvana. The first is the trevea of Aublet, or siphonia of the modern botanists, known to furnish the caoutchouc of commerce in Cayenne and the Grand Para; the seconde has pinnate leaves, and its juice is milky, but very thin and almost destitute of viscosity. [. (To be continued.)

with | Soon as the nuptial pomp was celebrated,

- says,→→

their gradation from the old-fashioned All books not within the routine of school- more in use) has three various titles— regime of Margraves, Landgraves, and study were strictly proscribed. Schiller pimp, pump, and puff, from which come Counts of the Empire to the glittering meditated and attempted escapes, in the compounds, Haus-pimp, Haus-pump, independence of Grand Dukes and which he failed-and read and ruminated Haus-puff, (house-credit) the credit Kings. The Dowager Queen of Wir- sian. Young, Goethe, and, above all, lord. at night over the works of Plutarch, Os- which a student receives from his landThe costume of the students, temburg, formerly Princess Royal of Shakspeare, till his favourite authors fell, meant for a revival of the alt Deutsche England, lives retired at Ludwigsburg, one by one, into the hands of the inspec-kleidung (old German dress), is as motley where she is much esteemed for her tors. The histories of Greece and Rome and as barbarous as their dialect. The benevolence. Some interesting traits still remained to him, and his ardent long hair flowing on their shoulders, in the character of her husband, the imagination constantly dwelt among their frock-coats without shirts, thick coarse late king, are related, particularly a patriots and heroes. He now composed woollen trowsers, small red caps, a pipe monument of royal attachment, which the dialogue between the Shades of Bru- in the mouth, and a zeigenhainer (thick tus and Cæsar, which Charles Moor used sort of bludgeon) in the hand, give them he raised to the memory of his favour to sing in The Robbers; while employ-much more the air of troops of banditti or ite minister, Count Zeppelin. Speak-ed on the play, he used to recite scenes travelling mechanics, than of scholastic -ing of that monarch, our author and speeches, to the great delight of his youths who hear lectures on the pure school-fellows. One day, as he was de-esthetic, and who are to be the future You must not set the late king down claiming, with great energy, the scene statesmen, pastors, and judges of their for a mere despot of the common-place (now omitted) in which Francis Moor, country. Their wild and irregular lives kind. Napoleon, no mean judge of talents, tortured by suspicion, says to Moses, generally unite in a strange manner a sort once said to him, "Je ne voudrais pas" Ha! what know'st thou none?-reflect of coarse dissipation-smoking at taverns, voir votre Altesse à la tête de cent mille-death, heaven, eternity, damnation, waltzing at public gardens, hazard playhommes:"-the king (then duke) replied hang on the words of thy mouth;" the ing, and rambling about to bathing places with spirit and brevity," Sire, cinquante Inspector opened the door, inquiring, in and beer-houses, with romantic notions of mille me suffiroit. He was a man of an angry tone, what boy was in such a honour, and an inordinate enthusiasm on strong intellect and cultivated taste, but passion and swearing so dreadfully.-The all political and moral subjects.-Kant's yet a tyrant, and confessedly wanting in youthful audience all laughed; and when mystics, Kotzebue's sentiment, and Gopersonal courage.-His person and man- the Inspector departed, Schiller bawled ethe's fanciful originalities share their adners were imposing, and he possessed that out the next words of the part with dou- miration along with the less refined enjoyascendency over those around him, which ble emphasis-" Ein confiscirter kerl,"— ments of tobacco and nine-pins. In their violent temper alone, without some mas-"a confiscated fellow !" He wrote an grand carousals they sing a song, called culine traits of character, is insufficient to able probation essay on the connection "the Sovereign" (ler Landesvater), in produce. He often made reparation to between the physical and intellectual na- praise of their country and their prince, those he had injured. A lady, who used ture of Man," which procured him a li- during which they stick their hats upon to be much in the circles and card-parties cence as a regimental physician on quit- the points of their hiebers (swords), and at Ludwigsburg, told me she never met ting the academy.-In this essay, he swear to remain brave Burschen to all with a man" qui possedoit mieux l'art de quoted a passage from The Robbers, then eternity. Their funeral processions are parler." The queen was as much in awe in manuscript, calling it, "A popular conducted with great pomp and ceremony of him, as attached to him. His reign English Drama, called The Robbers."- -they often hire a string of carriages for was severe and despotic; but, with the The play was soon after acted at Man- the occasion-officers with appropriate exception of the havoc of hunting, and heim, with great applause; and Schiller dresses and titles regulate the ceremonysome other arbitrary follies, its severity commenced other dramatic works, and and a long and elaborate eulogiura is profell principally where, in spite of its un- very soon left Stutgard and his profession. nounced over the grave. When they wish to pardonable injustice, it did least harm---He repaired to Manheim, and devoted pay particular honour to a brother Bursch, on the noblesse. He cut down many of himself entirely to literature and the they give him a few rounds of formal vitheir undue privileges, made many serve drama.' vats, and then depute an officer, called a as common soldiers in his army, and vexIn an account of the German Uni- Chapeau d'honneur, in full dress, to acpressions. His more feeble neighbours, ed them by tyrannical seizures and op-versities, we meet with the following, quaint him in a set speech of the honour on the other hand, purchased their flattery and support at the expense of their meaner subjects. There was, in short, some. thing like grandeur, mixed with much littleness, in his pride; and some nobleness of nature mollified his intemperance of disposition.'

After an account of Danekker, the sculptor, which we quoted in a preeeding number, we have the following particulars of the early life of Schiller:

not very creditable, details respecting

the students:

conferred on him.'

A singular picture of German manners appears in the following anecdote:

Their language and costume are as unlike those of the rest of the world as their boisterous manners and extraordinary privileges. A glossary of about three or four hundred words is published at Gottingen, for the benefit of the young freshmen, or die fuchsen (the foxes), as they are called, who come uninitiated in their barbarous slang. A drinking party is called a commersch; and the qualms which follow it the next morning, for which a His father was a major in the Wirtem- noble bard recommends the specific of burg service; and Schiller, who was in- "Hock and Soda-water," are expressivetended for a regimental physician, pur-ly termed a Katzenjammer (cat's misery.) sued his studies here for nine or ten years, during which I think he was cotemporary with Danekker-At this school he composed The Robbers.-The seminary was governed by strict military regulations, which naturally irritated and oppressed the proud and daring spirit of Schiller.credit (being, I presume, a commodity her two former ones; and all parties

'A friend of mine received a note from a lady of her acquaintance, proposing to come and pass the evening, but happening to expect, among other visitors, the two former husbands of this lady, who had been twice divorced, out of regard for her feelings, she wrote a feigned excuse, begging her to postpone her visit. The divorced lady, however, immediately returned for answer, that she suspected the real ground of the excuse, and was grateful for my friend's considerate kindness; Young ladies, not arrived at that age, but she begged also to assure her it was which the students consider interesting, quite superfluous, and that there would go by the elegant appellation of Back- be no one in her party that she should fisch; and the fair sex in general are call- not have pleasure in meeting. She aced by the more poetical one, Flor (Flow-cordingly came, and brought her present er): ready money is called Baria; but and third husband, to make a trio with

Until that face so dear,
With angel look, so still and mild,
Bent o'er the valley near.
And then he laid him joyful down,
And slept with solace sweet,
Rejoicing when the morning beam

- The mountain of Rolandseck, one
of the most picturesque scenes on the
Rhine, takes its name from Roland,
the nephew of Charlemagne, who, ac-
cording to the tradition of the country,
lived here in melancholy seclusion.
The history of his love and constancy
form the subject of a very pretty bal-Still listing, without plaint or pain,
lad, by Schiller, of which our author
gives the following translation:-

:

ROLAND AND HILDEGONDA.
A BALLAD.

"Sir Knight, a sister's truest love For thee this heart doth know; Then ask, I pray, no other love,

It only wakes my woe. Unmov'd I look upon thee, knight, -Unmov'd I see thee fly,

I wis not why that gentle tear

Is glist'ning in thine eye-"

Her speech he heard with silent grief,
And sore his heart did bleed;
Then quick he press'd her in his arms,
Then bounded on his steed-
Then summon'd he his brave men all
That dwelt about the Rhine;
The cross upon each valiant breast,
They sped to Palestine.

There, deeds of high renown were wrought
By every warrior's sword;
Their helmets' crests in battle gleam'd
Amidst the paynim horde-
And most at Roland's dreaded name,
Quail'd each Moslem chief;
But Roland's heart was fastly bound
Within its chains of grief.

Again his eye should greet;
And thus full many a day he sat,
He sat through many a spring,

To hear the casement kling.

Until that lovely form appear'd,

Until that face so dear,

With angel look, so still and mild,
Bent o'er the valley near;
And there one morning fix'd he sat,
A pallid corpse upright;
But to the casement turn'd he still
His dim and clouded sight.'

The following traditionary story, on
the banks of the Rhine, we recommend
as a good subject for our melo-drama-
tic writers to work upon;

ing his bride to the altar. In spite of his father's displeasure, and the ill-concealed tears of his mistress, he assembled his little troop, and joined the Emperor's army at Frankfort.

The old knight, dying soon after, the elder brother returned from Rhense to take possession of his ancestor's castle. Love was now ready to revive more strongly than ever in his breast; but he overcame himself, and scrupulously treated the young lady with the kind protection of a brother. Two years had elapsed, when the news arrived that the younger brother was returning from Palestine, accompanied by a beautiful Grecian dame, to whom he was betrothed. This intelligence pierced his deserted mistress to the heart; and, according to the custom of the age in such disappointments, she resolved to take the veil. The elder son was indignant at this conduct of his brother; and, when a courier arrived at the castle to announce his approach, he threw down his glove, bidding him take that for answer.

'The crusader arrived with his fair Grecian at the castle of Sternfelds, his paternal inheritance, and a bloody war took place between the brothers, which they were on the point of concluding by single combat, when the young lady interposed and pacified them. She afterwarqs quitted the abode of her infancy, and took the veil.

'Near the little village of Hirtzenach, between St. Goar and Boppart, the ruins of the two old castles of Liebenstein and Sternfelds stand close together, on a fine mountain covered with vines on the right bank of the river. Their grey mouldering towers nod at each other with a sort of rival dignity; and they go by the name of the Two Brothers.-Tradition says they were formerly inhabited by an old knight, who had two sons equally dear to him; and a rich and beautiful young orphan was Sadness and mourning now reigned in also brought up under his protection. Her the castle of Liebenstein-while joy and charms increased with her years; and, as dissipation occupied the inhabitants of was very natural, the young knights both Sternfels. The beauties of the Grecian fell in love with their fair play-fellow.dame, and the graces of her conversation, When she arrived at a marriageable age, the father proposed to her to choose between his two sons; but she, knowing the sentiments of both, was unwilling to grieve either by preferring his rival. The elder son, however, believing that her heart a little inclined to his brother, resigned his pretensions, and besought her to declare in his rival's favour. The old knight gave the young couple his She whom thou seek'st now wears the veil, blessing, but their union was delayed.And is bright Heaven's bride;..

A long long year his pain he bore,
Till all his joy was lost;
And refuge finding none from woe,
He left the armed host.
A ship well dight with ready sail
By Joppa's strand there lay,
And he for that dear land embark'd'
In which she breathed the day.
And at her castle gate anon

Low the pilgrim knock'd,

-Ah! with a thunder's sound
Was that gate unlock'd-

For yestermorn, with holy ritęs,

Was she to God allied."

And then for ever he forsook

His father's castle door

His armour never more he plied,
...He strode his steed no more.
Down from the Donjon rock he roam'd,
A stranger everywhere;
For now his noble limbs were hid
In cloth of coarsest hair.

<And now a lonely hut he built,

Amid that lov'd countree;
Whence looking through the linden shade
The convent he might see;
And station'd there from morning dawn,
Till evening purple shone,
With hope upon his pensive eye,
Still he sat alone.

Still look'd he on the convent walls,
Still hopeful did he look
Upon the casement of his love,
Until the casement shook;

The elder brother saw without envy, but
not without melancholy, the happiness of
his rival. The charms of this beloved
object increased in his eyes every day,
and to fly from her presence he joined the
prince, residing at Rhense, and was ad-
mitted into his suite.

attracted around her all the gay knights of
the neighbourhood; and she was by no
means scrupulous in receiving their ho-
mage. The elder brother saw the disgrace
of his brother before he himself was aware
of it, and soon found an opportunity to
convince him of his wife's infidelity. The
young knight would have sacrificed her
to his vengeance, but she found means to
escape. His elder brother pressed him in
his arms as he was abandoning himself to his
"Let us live henceforth
despair, saying,
together without wives, to do honour to
the grief of our first love, who is now
passing the brightest days of youth in a
convent." The younger brother agreed,
and they remained bachelors and insepa-
rable friends for the rest of their days.
Their race expired with them-and their
old ruined castles, which still retain the
name of "The Brothers," remind the
traveller of their history.”

One extract more, and we have done ; it is an anecdote related by a Lyonese merchant, with whom our author travelled to Aix-la-Chapelle:

'Just at this time, St. Bernard was preaching the cross on the banks of the Rhine. There was not a chateau near the river that did not send a knight to Frankfort, where the Emperor Conrad presented the saint to the people, who all took the cross. Almost every castle along the river, from Basle to Cologne, mounted a streaming flag with the holy symbol Sometimes the old gentleman gave us of our Saviour's sufferings; and the river and roads in the country were thronged some amusing particulars of the famous with joyous companies flocking towards siege of Lyons, in the defence of which he Palestine. The young intended bride-had taken a part, and had narrowly escaped groom caught the general flame, and re-the guillotine. He was also at Lyons solved to visit the Holy Land before lead- when the Duke of Tarentum and

A

Monsieur repaired there to attempt
to stop Bonaparte's progress from Elba to
Paris. He saw the troops drawn up in the
Grande Place, and reviewed by the Duke
and Monsieur. The men had had three
francs each given to them; and it was
hoped the exhortations of the marshal
so far, that they attracted the notice of
would excite universal devotion to the
the senate; and in the reign of Trajan, a
cause. His royal highness and the duke Having said so much of the necessi- decree was passed obliging the parties in
rode through the ranks again and again; ty of a work like the present, it only every cause to make oath, before it was
and the marshal, after repeated addresses, remains for us to notice the manner in tried, that they had neither given nor pro-
and exhausting every topic calculated to which it has been executed. The ob-mised any gratification to their advocates;
rally loyalty, called to the men to give a
permitting them, however, to remunerate
token of their attachment by saluting the ject of the author has been to give a
them after judgment was obtained. This
prince with vive le roi! Scarcely three concise account of the state of society edict was not intended to deprive the
voices broke the dismal silence. The in ancient Rome, clothed in plain lan- lawyers of the just fruits of their labours,
marshal turned away in despair, the tears guage, divested as far as possible of but was a necessary check on the merce-
streaming from his eyes-and the Count Latin terms, and pruned of all sub-nary cupidity of knaves, whose exactions
d'Artois and he shortly afterwards left jects which offend against delicacy; brought disgrace on an otherwise honour.
Lyons. The gay Frenchman assured me and he modestly claims no other able profession. It did not prevent bar-
that be, and almost all present, were merit than that of having attentively risters of eminence from accumulating
moved to tears by this cruel scene.
colonel of cavalry or half pay, a friend of compared various authorities, and of very large fortunes; the younger Pliny
mentions one Regulus, who, notwithstand-
our companion's, resided near Lyons, with having recorded such facts only as are standing he lived in great splendour, and
his wife, to whom he was much attached. either incontestibly established or ge- was not, it would seem, much indebted to
On hearing of Napoleon's approach, henerally received. That he has succeed- the goodness of his character, realized a
Jet fall some hints of an intention of joined in the task we hesitate not to say; sum equivalent to 400,0001. of our mo-
ing him, on which his wife indignantly and his work presents a popular view ney. Nor, if the accusation of Persius be
broke forth, "Aton age, mon ami, et tu of the manners of the Romans, which not unfounded, were they very delicate in
ne connois pas le chemin d'honneur? Pen- will not only be of the greatest ser- the mode of acquisition:-
ses y bien. Si tu le quittes, tu ne me verras vice to persons completing their edu-
plus de ta vie." The colonel, persuaded
by his wife, fully resolved to serve his cation, but will be found extreme-
King, and left her with a vow never toly useful in refreshing the memo-Though Umbrian rustics, for his sage advice,
forget her injunctions; but, on arriving ries of those who may long ago have
at Lyons, the cries of vive l'Empereur? quitted the study of Roman history for
'and the sight of the tri-colour cockade, other pursuits. We shall now make a
were too much for his firmness; and nei- few extracts, which will not only con-
ther his spouse, his vow, nor his honour, firm our observations on the work, but
had influence enough to prevent his flock-will, we trust, form an interesting page
ing with his comrades to the standard of in our journal. Much has been said,
tion of that invariable resignation to mo. and with great truth, of the rapacity of
mentary impulses which forms the con- lawyers, but if antiquity could justify
sistent inconsistency of the French cha- them, they might refer us to the Ro-
racter. Military glory, that vainest and mans for a precedent. The bar was so
most delusive of feelings, appears to be distinguished a profession, that many
the only one to which they have ever been Romans of the highest rank acted as
pleaders, and consecrated their talents
to the gratuitous service of their fellow
citizens; but this apparent liberality

&c. The labour that was required for fixed at ten thousand sesterces, about 801.
such a task, was considerably aggravat- sterling. But this wholesome regulation
ed, to ladies in particular, by the clas- was evaded: a swarm of venal petti-fog-
sical allusions and the learned quota-aw-suits for their private advantage, and
gers, the pests of society, fomented
tions in which the subject has been carried their depredations on the public
usually enveloped, and which deterred
them from the study.

his old leader. This is a curious illustra

true.'

We now quit, reluctantly we confess, one of the most pleasing volumes of its

'Envy not the sordid gains, Which recompense the well-tongued lawyer's

pains ;

Pour in their jars of fish, and oil, and spice,
So thick and fast, that, ere the first be o'er,

A second and a third are at the door.""
Gifford, sat. iii.
From a chapter on the amusements
their boxing matches and chariot-
of the Romans, we quote an account of

races:

Boxing, wrestling, and throwing the discus, or quoit, held a prominent share in their amusements; but chariot-driving took the lead before all others.

turn, it became a contest of much greater When boxing took a more serious danger than the modern pugilistic battles. The combatants wore gloves loaded with metal, and the issue of "the fight" was

kind, that we have met with in the was not altogether disinterested: it was often fatal to one or both of them

course of our critical labours, and we shall be much surprised if its circulation be limited even to a second edition.

12mo.

in fact the instrument of their ambi

tion:

exertion of their abilities ceased; and
their former clients being thus deprived of
legal advice, the practice of the law ne-
cessarily became mercenary, and was
thenceforward followed as a profession for

At length, when the emperors deprived the people of the right of electing their own magistrates, the chief motive Sketches of the Domestic Manners and which actuated patrons in the gratuitous Institutions of the Romans. pp. 347. London, 1821. ALTHOUGH every well-educated person is acquainted with Roman history, and many are well versed in Roman anti-profit. quities, yet few have an accurate idea of Roman manners; nor, until the appearance of the volume before us, was it to be obtained, but by ransacking the ponderous tomes of Kennet, Adams, Potter, and the elaborate commentaries on Pliny, Juvenal, and Persius,

The mere lawyers, however, placed so high a value on their assistance, that it became necessary to fix bounds to their rapacity; and they were not allowed to accept of more than certain specified fees, under penalty of being considered guilty of extortion, which subjected them to a forfeiture of four times the amount. The maximum of these fees was at first

"He threw

Of tough bull-hides: the space within is spread
With iron, or with heavy loads of lead."

Dryden's Virgil, Æn. v. Whether they were as expert as the pugilists of the present day, we have no means of ascertaining; but it is certain that the professors of the art were trained with equal regularity; and there can be little doubt of their prowess, as we are told of one of them having had his whole set of teeth knocked down his throat at a single blow!

Both horse and chariot-races, but especially the latter, were favourite diversions