ABELARD, standard of impartial philosophy planted by, i. 52 Aberdeen, injunction of the synod of, respecting witches, i. 139 Abgarus, king of Edessa, portrait and letter of Christ to, i. 238 Abimelech, Bossuet on the name, ii. 202 note
Abyssians, their superstitions respecting potters and blacksmiths, i. 84 note Acontius (Acanacio), his life and writings, ii. 55 note
Actors, stigma attached to them in an- cient times, ii. 327, 330, 349. At- tempts of Nero to relieve them, 327 note. The actor Aliturus and the actress Eucharis, 327 note. St. Genetus, the patron saint of actors, 330 note. Actors, how regarded by the Church, 347. The sacra- ments denied to them, 349, 350. The stigma upon actors removed in a great degree by Voltaire, 352. Removal of their disqualifications by the French Revolution, ii. 352 Adam, the sin of, according to the Cabalists, i. 48 note
Adonis, Greek statues of, i. 255 Adrian VI., Pope, his bull against witchcraft, i. 7
Eons, origin of the central doctrine of the, of the Gnostics, i. 23 note Aerolites probably worshipped in an- cient Greece, i. 254
Agobard, St., archbishop of Lyons, opposes the popular belief in sorcery, i. 45, 46. His efforts in dispelling superstition, 241. His work de- nouncing the idolatry of image worship, 241
Agricultural interests, their conflict with manufacturing interests, ii. 369.
Mediæval preference for agriculture, 370. The superior productivity of agriculture asserted by Adam Smith, but refuted by Ricardo, 375, 378 Agrippa, Cornelius, regarded as a sorcerer, i. 97. Notice of his career, 98 note
'Ακρόλιθοι, the ancient Greek wooden statues with marble heads so called, i. 254 note
Albigenses, massacre of the, in the twelfth century, i. 52. Success of persecution shown in the case of the, ii. 5. Period of the massacre, 33. The crime instigated by a pope, 41 Alcazar of Seville, architectural beauties of the, i. 246 Alexander II., Pope, his liberality to the Jews, ii. 299
Alexander III., Pope, confirms the 'Truce of God' as a general law of the Church, ii. 115 note Alexander IV., Pope, his bull confiscat- ing the goods of heretics, ii. 40 note Alexander VI., Pope, his liberality to the Jews, ii. 299 note
Alexander VII., Pope, on money-lend- ing, ii. 281 note
Alexandria, the introduction of pictures forbidden by some Christians of, into their churches, i. 243 Alexandrian or Neo-Platonic school, its theories, i. 23. Its influence over early Christianity, 23 note Alhambra, character of the ornamenta- tion of the, i. 246, 247 note Aliturus, the Jewish actor, ii. 327 note Allegiance, Oath of, despotic maxims embodied in the, ii. 197. Abolition of this clause, 197 note Ambassadors, probable origin of resi- dent, ii. 320
Ambrose, St., miracle related of, i. 80. His protest against the execution of some heretics, ii. 26 America, cases of witchcraft in, in the seventeenth century, i. 130. Pro- testant persecutions of the Catholics and Quakers in, ii. 46. Slavery in, compared with that of the Greeks and Romans, 254
Amsterdam, one great cause of its pro- sperity, ii. 310
Amulets, value attributed by fetishism to, i. 211
Amulo, archbishop of Lyons, his view of Gotteschalk's opinions as to double predestination, i. 424 note
Amusements, public, influence of wealth and luxury upon the character of, ii. 324 Anabaptists, persecution of, in England, under Queen Elizabeth, ii. 43. And in Switzerland, 46. Position assigned to them by Bossuet, 59. Their no- tion of the sleep of the soul between death and judgment, 82 note. Calvin's book against it, 82 note Anæsthesia, a symptom of some of the forms of madness, i. 114 Ancyra, Council of, condemns the be- lief in lycanthropy, i. 82 Angel, St. Augustine on the meaning of the word, i. 24 note. Pagan genii identified with guardian angels, 221. One assigned by the Talmud to every star and every element, 310. This notion represented in old Christian painting and sculpture, 310 note. Gradual decline of this belief, 310. Angels universally believed to have cohabited with the daughters of the antediluvians, 373 Angelico, Fra, his character and that of his works, i. 259 Anglicanism, the old Puritan's descrip-
tion of, ii. 44 note. Servility and enmity of, to public liberty, 193. Lord Macaulay on the subject quoted, 193 note. 'Homilies on Wilful Re- bellion' quoted, 194, 195. Every reaction supported by it, 197. Ex- ceptional position of Hooker, 199. Predisposition of Anglicanism to- wards despotism, 201. Anglican notions on allegiance to the sovereign de facto, 204 note. Its treatment of the theatre, 354 Anglo-Saxons, their measures for alle- viating the condition of slaves, ii. 260
Animals, belief in the connection be. tween evil spirits and, i. 81. Use made of animals in Christian sym- bolism, 81 note. Ascription of intel- ligence to animals in the middle ages, 82 note. Mystic animals among the Celts, 82 note. Innkeepeers who were said to have turned their guests into animals, 83 note. The higher forms of animal beauty appreciated by the Greek sculptors, 250 note. Descartes' doctrine of animals, i. 377 note. Stahl founds the psychology of animals, 377 note
Antony, St., miracles related of, i. 152, 154
Anthropomorphism, the second stage
of religious belief, i. 212. The go- vernment of the universe then as- cribed by men to beings like them- selves, 212. But, unable to concen- trate their attention on the Invisible, they fall into idolatry, 213. Progress of anthropomorphism, 223. Couclu- sion of the anthropomorphic impulse shown by St. Peter's at Rome, 283 Antiphons, legendary origin of, ii. 342 Antipodes, controversy in the early Church as to the existence of the, i. 293. Correct doctrine stumbled upon by the Manichæans, 293. Existence of the Antipodes denied by the Fathers, 293, 294 And by Cosmas in his Topographia Christiana,' 294. Their existence asserted by St. Vir- gilius, 299
Apelles, painted Lais, i. 268 Apocalyptic subjects in Christian art, i. 262
Apollo, in Greek statues, the type of male beauty, i. 255
Apparitions, the belief in, one of the corner-stones of the psychology of the Fathers, i. 371. Predisposition of the Greeks to see ghosts, 371 note Apparitions seen by the ancients, 373 Apples, the supposed especial power of the devil over, i. 4 note Aquatic deity, pagan representation of an, adopted by Christian art, i. 221 Aquinas, St. Thomas, his belief in the power of the devil, i. 72. On the connection between spirits and ani- mals, 83 note. On infant baptism, 395 note. His notion of the locality of hell, 378 note. His remarks in favour of persecution, ii. 2. His assertion of the right to rebel against unjust
sovereigns, 158. His views re- specting usury, 285. His remarks on the Jews, 301. His Histriones' quoted, 332 and note Arabs, influence of their works on the intellectual energies of Christendom, ii. 323
Arcadius, the emperor, suppresses the works of Eunomius, ii 127, 128 Archers, English, their skill, ii. 231 Architecture, the only form of art open to the Mahomedans, i. 246. The Alhambra and Alcazar of Seville, 246. The works of Greek archi- tects at Ravenna, Venice, &c., 257. Introduction of the form of the cross in the ground plan of churches, 263 note. Transition which took place in architecture, 277. Period of the origin of Gothic architecture, 278. Fitness of Gothic as Christian archi- tecture, 279. Hutchinson on the causes of the ancient preference of Gothic to Roman Architecture, 280 note. Style altered by Brunelleschi, 281. Superiority of Gothic archi- tecture for distances, and its influence on the stage, ii. 344
Arians, ascendency of the, in the East,
in the reign of Valens, i. 36. Their persecutions, ii 14. Intolerance of the Spanish Arians, 14 note. Perse- cuted by Constantine, 15. Persecu- tions of, under Elizabeth, ii. 43 Aristocratical system, its influence in consolidating the doctrine of here- ditary merit, i. 392
Aristotle, his position in the Church in
the middle ages owing to the early heretics, i. 415 note. His views re- specting the exercise of mechanical arts, ii. 252. And respecting slavery, 254. On the sterility of money, 284 Arras, trials at, in 1459, i. 3 note Art, the most faithful expression of religious realisation, during the con- tinuance of idolatry, i. 214. Influ- ence of the national religions on the art of the ancients, 214. The art of the Catacombs, and its freedom from idolatry, 216. Effect of Pagan tra- ditions upon Christian art, 216. Its freedom from terrorism in early times, 218. Its great love of sym- bolism, 219. Symbol of the peacock, 219. And of Orpheus, 220. Ex- amples of the introduction of pagan gods into Christian art, 220 note.
Masks of the sun and moon as em- blems of the resurrection, 221. The Pagan genii of the seasons as guar- dian angels, 221. The symbol of the fish (ἰχθύς), 221. And of the stag, 222. Other subjects taken from Old Testament symbols, 222. Causes of the growing tendency to represent directly the object of wor- ship, 223. Portraits of God the Father, 223. Materialisation of every spiritual conception from the sixth to the twelfth centuries, 224. In- fluence of Gnosticism over Chris- tian art, 224. Progress of the re- presentation of the Creator in art, 226. Influence of the Apocryphal Gos- pels, 230. Probable Gnostic origin of the conventional cast of features ascribed to Christ, 230. Influence of painting and sculpture in strength- ening Mariolatry, 233. Architecture the only form of art open to the Mahomedans, 246. Character of Christian art in the middle ages, 247. Gold and silver carving, and ivory diptychs, 248 note. Illumin-
ation of manuscripts, 248. Influence of medieval modes of thought upon art, 249 note. Period in which the ascetic ideal of ugliness was most supreme, 252 note. The Abbé Pas- cal on mediæval art, 252 note. The work of Bishop Durandus, 252 note. Greek idolatry fading into art, 253. Its four stages, 254. A corresponding transition in Christendom, 256 Greek influence on Christian art, 256. In Italy, 257 note. Effects on art of the tradition of the personal deformity of Christ, 259. The Byzantine style broken by a study of ancient Greek sculpture, 258. Christian school of Giotto and Fra Angelico, 259. general efflorescence of the beautiful produced by the revival of learning in Europe, 260. Apocalyptic sub- jects, 262. Progress of terrorism in art, 263. Religious paintings re- garded simply as studies of the beau- tiful, 265. Causes of this seculari- sation of art, 266. Influence upon art of sensuality, 268. And of ori- ental robes, 270 note. Influence of the discovery of many great works of pagan sculpture, 271. History of Greek art after the rise of Chris- tianity, 272. The types of Christian
replaced by those of Pagan art, 274. Reaction in favour of spiritualism led by Savonarola, 275. Rapidity of the secularisation of art after the death of Savonarola, 276. Never afterwards assumed a commanding influence over the minds of men, 277. Transition which took place in ar- chitecture, 277. Intellectual im- portance of the history of art, 284 Ascetism. See Monasticism
Asses, Feast of, ii. 336. Origin of the, 337 note
Astrologers, called Mathematici, i. 45
Astrology, revival of the passion for, in the middle ages, i. 51. M. Comte's remarks on, as a science, 303. Peter of Apono's attempt to construct a system of religions by the aid of, 503 note. Cardan and Vanini's ho- roscope of Christ, 303 note. Bodin
on the influence of the stars over the developement of societies, 303. Astronomy displaces the ancient notion
of man's position in the universe, i. 302. Beauty of the suggestion of Dr. Chalmers respecting insignificance of the earth, 304 note. Views of the ancient astronomers as to the motion of the celestial bodies, 305 note. Cause of the growth of the science of astronomy, 309. Coper- nicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Tycho Brahe, 309. Descartes' theory of vortices, 309. Comets, 310. Halley's prediction of their revolution, 312. Laplace on the argument of design derived from the motions of the pla netary bodies, 319 note
Atheism, Glanvil's character of, in his
time, i. 126 note. Loose senses in which the word atheism has been used, 126 note Atmospheric disturbances attributed to the power of the devil, and of witches, i. 76
Augury, how punished by the Emperor Constantius, i. 31
Augustine, St., on the meaning of the word angel, i. 24 note. Regarded lycanthropy as a fable, 82, 83 note. On the miracles worked by the re- lics of St. Stephen, 178 note. His defence of Genesis against the Manichæans, 290. His opinion of incorporeity of the soul, 372 note. His remarks on the existence of mice,
376 note. His view of infant bap- tism, 396. His views as to the con- demnation of all external to the Church, 414. The theory of predes- tination substantially held by St. Augustine, i. 422. The theology of persecution systematised by him, ii. Notice of his character and in- fluence, 22-24. His aversion to the effusion of blood, 25. Condemns re- ligious liberty, 26 note
Authority, examination of the basis or principle of, on which all political structures rest, ii. 149 Averroes, influence of, over the whole intellect of Europe, i. 53. Renan's essay on, 53 note. Orgagna's picture of, at Pisa, 53 note. Impulse given to psychology by the school of, 374 Avitus, St., his verse on infant baptism quoted, i. 398 note
Ayala, Balthazar, his defence of tyran- nicide under some circumstances, ii. 177
BACCHUS, in Greek statues, a
type of disgraceful effeminacy, i.
Bacon, Lord, his view of witchcraft, i.
115. Influence of his philosophy on its decline, 119. On the cause of the paralysis of the human faculties in the middle ages, 302. Enlighten- ment of his age, 313 note. His in- ability to grasp the discoveries of the astronomers of his time, 313 note. Causes of his influence, 441, 443. Carpings of the Tractarian party at the inductive philosophy of Bacon,
Bacon, Roger, his persecution, i. 302. Influence of Arabian learning over him, ii. 323
Bagpipes, praised by Julian in one of his epigrams, i. 278 note
Ballot, the, advocated by Harrington in the seventeenth century, ii. 160 note Baltimore, Lord, upholds religious liberty, ii. 58
Bamberg, great number of witches burnt at, i. 4
Baptism, fetish notions in the early Church respecting the water of, i. 209. Unanimity of the Fathers con- cerning the non-salvability of unbap. tised infants, 394. Opinion as to a special place assigned to unbaptised infants, 395. The baptism of
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