to all the others. In this way only can a sistent, complete and just system of law to the wants of a civilized people.

51. Are Constitutions and Laws establishe authority?

Both are ordained by the authority of the they are established at different times, and ferent agents. Constitutions, like house made first. They are generally drafted by a of delegates elected by the people for that s and their work is always afterwards submitted of the people; a majority of whom must v of it, or it cannot be adopted. Laws, howeve wards made by the legislators, who are elected or two for that purpose, in the manner and at prescribed in the Constitution. But the w Legislatures is not submitted to the popular in very few contingencies. If they pass acts w to be unequal, unjust or contrary to the Co or to the public will, the next Legislature will repeal or amend them, or they will be declare stitutitional by the judges. In these ways the people always controls the making of the laws. 52. Why are the Americans peculiarly a la people ?*

A. Because they are generally intelligent en know that society cannot exist without obedient for law.

51. How are Constitutions made? Do they derive their authority people? How? How are laws made? How are bad laws cotton does the public will control

can a uniform, conof laws be adapted stablished by the same

y of the people, but es, and through difhouse frames, are fted by a convention or that service only, ubmitted to the vote must vote in favor however, are after

e elected every year
r and at the times
the work of the
opular vote except
s acts which prove
the Constitution,
re will generally
declared uncon-
the will of the

ys laws.

a law-abiding

gent enough to bedient respect

authority from the

otton rid of? How

B. Because they know that if their obedi voluntary, it must be compelled by force; an armies, spies, informers and large bodies of made necessary, the republic must give way to C. Because the laws, being all made to ples jority of the people, oppress no one, and are f the law-breakers, to whom all laws are offensi these it may be said:

"No rogue e'er felt the halter draw

With good opinion of the law."

53. Into how may different departments may laws be divided?

Into six, viz:

A.

Criminal Law, which defines all kinds and offenses against the public or "State. crimes and offenses include every act which ma mitted against the lives, liberties, rights, pro reputation of individuals, and the criminal law prescribes the punishments for each of such a are called "public wrongs."

B. Civil Law, which prescribes the rights and property, and the remedies for those wh justly deprived of them by what are called wrongs."*

C. Maritime Law, which relates to life, li property on the high seas, and on lakes and rivers.

D. Military and Martial Law, for the go of the army and navy, and places in a state o or insurrection.

*See Blackstone's Com., Books III and IV.

E. Revenue Law, which enjoins whe how the various taxes must be paid for the government.

F. The Law of Nations, which regu duct of different nations towards each oth cumstances of peace or war. (This can ha American law, except so far as America, in other civilized nations, is bound by it.)

54. What are the rights which are secured vidual by the Constitutions and laws of the Un

A. The right of personal liberty, secu jury to his life, his limbs, his body, his hea reputation.

B. The right of locomotion, or moving fr place, or traveling at his own pleasure.

C. The right of property, and the right to in his house, papers and effects from un searches and seizures.

D. The right to worship God according to
conscience.

E. The right of free opinion on all subjects
F. The right of free speech.

G. The right of free press.

H. The rights of free communication and tion.

I. The right of free assembly.

J. The rights of petition and instruction.
K. The right to keep and bear arms.

L. The right of trial by jury, and other ri accused persons.

M. The right to appeal to the courts for pro to all his rights of person or property.

54. Name the personal rights which

American lewa?

enjoins when, where, and paid for the support of the

which regulates the conds each other in all cirThis can hardly be called _merica, in common with by it.)

are secured to every indis of the United States. erty, secured from indy, his health, and his

moving from place to

ure.

he right to be secure from unreasonable

cording to his own

1 subjects.

-ion and associa

otion.

other rights of

for protection

y individual by the

Judiciary and Police

Departmental Government

All power flows downward from him. Firs are his court, or his ministers, generally among the nobles. Under these are the g the nobility. Next comes the State Church, the King and nobles, and patronized by army, governed wholly by the King and noble used in persecuting the enemies of the Churc the great means of tyrannizing over the ped the judges and police, all appointed by the K pendent on him, contribute their efforts to 1 The departmental government is the local ma all the cities and villages ruling the people by authority, so that even in their own local affairs obey the royal commands. Under all this hea helplessly lie the masses, supporting the whol labor, yet having no acknowledged rights; lia dragged into the army, subject to have sold tered in their houses, their property seized, thei outraged, and themselves made the victims of price of tyranny. All history is filled with the crimes and oppressions of the governing classes but little to tell of the people, except that they belled, though generally in vain, against the continually heaped upon them. This system, o versal throughout Europe, has during the past been gradually passing away. Under its false an ful teachings no liberty and very little happiness all possible to the people.

56. Now this diagram represents the American in which the people are on the top, and all powe

56. Describe the diagram representing the American system. Does p from or to the people? Is the Republican system only one Goye