The objective case expresses the object of an action, or of a relation; and generally follows a verb active, or a preposition; as, John assists Charles; they live in London. English substantives are declined in the following man

AN ADJECTIVE is a word added to a substantive, to express its quality; as, an industrious man; a virtuous woman; a benevolent mind.

In English the adjective is not varied on account of gender, number, or case. Thus we say, a careless boy, care

less girls.

The only variation which it admits is that of the degrees of comparison.

There are commonly reckoned three degrees of comparison; the positive, comparative, and superlative.

The positive state expresses the quality of an object, without any increase or diminution; as, good, wise, great. The comparative degree increases the positive in siguification; as, better, wiser, greater.

The superlative degree increases the positive to the highest degree; as, best, wisest, greatest.

PRONOUN.

A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word; as, the inan is happy, he is benevolent, he is useful.

There are three kinds of pronouns, viz. the personal, the relative, and the adjective pronouns.

Personal Pronouns.

There are five personal pronouns; viz. I, thou, he, she, it; with their plurals, we, ye or you, they.

Personal pronouns admit of person, number, gender, and

case.

The persons of pronouns are three in each of the numbers, viz.

I, is the first person

Thou, is the second person

He, she, or it, is the third person
We, is the first person

Ye or you, is the second person
They, is the third person

The numbers of pronouns, like those of substantives, are two, the singular and the plural; as, I, thou, he; we, ye, they.

Gender has respect only to the third person singular of the pronouns, he, she, it. He is masculine; she is feminine; it is neuter.

Pronouns have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.

The objective case of a pronoun has, in general, a form different from that of the nominative or the possessive case. The personal pronouns are thus declined.

Relative pronouns are such as relate in general to some word or phrase going before, which is thence called the antecedent: they are who, which, and that; as, the man is happy who lives virtuously.

What is a kind of compound relative, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that which; as, this is what I wanted; that is to say, the thing which I wanted.

Who is applied to persons, which to animals and inanimate things; as, he is a friend who is faithful in adversity; the bird which sung so sweetly is flown; this is the tree which produces no fruit.

That, as a relative, is often used to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to both persons and things; as, he that acts wisely deserves praise; modesty is a quality that highly adorns a woman. Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined:

Who, which, what, are called interrogatives, when they are used in asking questions; as, who is he? which is the book? what are you doing?

Adjective Pronouns.

Adjective pronouns are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of pronouns and adjectives.

The adjective pronouns may be subdivided into four sorts, namely, the possessive, the distributive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite.

1. The possessive are those which relate to possession or property.

There are seven of them; viz. my, thy, his, her, our, your, their.

2. The distributive are those which denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately and singly. They are each, every, either; as, each of his brothers is in a favourable situation; every man must account for himself; I have not seen either of them.

3. The demonstrative are those which precisely point out the subjects to which they relate this and that, these and those, are of this class; as, this is true charity; that is only its image.

This refers to the nearest person or thing, and that to the more distant: as, this man is more intelligent than that. This indicates the latter, or last mentioned; that the for

mer, or first mentioned: as, wealth and poverty are both temptations; that tends to excite pride, this discontent.

4. The indefinite are those which express their subjects in an indefinite or general manner. The following are of this kind: some, other, any, one, all, such, &c.

VERB.

A VERB is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer; as, I am, I rule, I am ruled.

Verbs are of three kinds; active, passive, and neuter.

A verb active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon; as, to love; I love Henry.

A verb passive expresses a passion or a suffering, or the receiving of an action; and necessarily implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon; as, to be loved; Henry is loved by me.

A verb neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but being, or a state of being; as, I am, I sleep, I sit.

To verbs belong number, person, mood, and tense.

Number and Person.

Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the plural; as, I love, we love.

In each number there are three persons; as,

Mood or mode is a particular form of the verb, shewing the manner in which the being, action, or passion, is represented.

There are five moods of verbs, the indicative, the imperative, the potential, the subjunctive, and the infinitive.

The indicative mood simply indicates or declares a thing; as, he loves; he is loved: or it asks a question; as, does be love?

The imperative mood is used for commanding, exhort

ing, entreating, or permitting; as, depart thou;

let us stay; go in peace.

mind ye;

The potential mood implies possibility or liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, it may rain; he may go or stay; I can ride; he would walk; they should learn.

The subjunctive mood represents a thing under a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c.; and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and attended by another verb; as, I will respect him, though he chide me; were he good, he would be happy; that is, if he were good.

The infinitive mood expresses a thing in a general and unlimited manner, without any distinction of number or person; as, to act, to speak, to be feared.

The Participle is a certain form of the verb, and derives its name from its participating, not only the properties of a verb, but also those of an adjective; as, I am desirous of knowing him; admired and applauded, he became vain; having finished his work, he submitted it, &c.

There are three participles, as, loving, loved, having loved.

Tense.

Tense, being the distinction of time, seems to admit only of the present, past, and future; but some grammarians, to mark it more accurately, make it to consist of six variations: it will be sufficient however to consider it only in three points of view.

The present tense represents an action or event as passing at the time in which it is mentioned; as, I rule; I am ruled; I think; I fear.

The past tense represents the action or event, as having taken place, I did rule, I was ruled, I thought, I feared.

The future tense represents the action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time when; as, the sun will rise to-morrow; I shall see them again.

The conjugation of a verb is the regular combination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, moods, and tenses.

The conjugation of the verbs at large would only be perplexing and tedious to the young beginner, and has no doubt often proved a great barrier to the progress of grainmatical knowledge. The verb to love, therefore, is only