Evelyn) in forme of lattice-work which the fontanier caused to ascend out of the earth by degrees, exceedingly pleased and surprised me."

To what lengths the imaginations of our grave city fathers will enable them to go, in devising new forms for the fountains which we soon hope to see playing in every park and square, we cannot guess. Examples, it seems, of almost everything upon the earth and under the earth might be obtained from the records of olden time. Speaking of such, Mr. Ewbank remarks:

Giving the reins still more to their imaginations, these artists were hurried into singular puerilities. They made the fluid to spout from the sides of ships, the mouths of birds, and other incongruous figures. Swarms of heathen deities were also pressed into their service; and not content with a Triton blowing water through his shell, or Neptune pouring it from an urn, figures of the latter were made to rise from the bottom of deep basins, and drawn by spouting dolpl.ins and accompanied with Amphitrite and a legion of sea nymphs, sailed over his fluid domains to allay the tempest that called him up!

out ai."

Old treatises on water-works are full of such things. In "Art and Nature," Neptune is figured "riding on a whale, out of whose nostrils, as also out of Neptune's trident the water may bee made to spin thorow small pin holes." Other devices consisted of "divers forms and shapes of birds, beasts, or fishes; dragons, swans, whales, flowers, and such like pretty conceits, having very small pin holes thorow them for the water to spin The 15th and 16th plates of Decaus' Forcible Movements represent the mechanism of "an engine by which Galatea is drawn upon the water by two dolphins, going in a right line and returning of herself, while a Cyclope plaies upon a flajolet." And the 17th and 18th plates shew Neptune drawn by sea horses, preceded and followed by Tritons sailing round a rock on which Amphitrite is reposing, and from which, water is gushing forth.

The author then proceeds to give us a description of fountains in modern times.

Of modern street fountains many curious ones are to be seen in Italy, France and Germany, while descriptions of others, no longer extant, may be found in Misson, Blainville, and other writers of the last century. Thirty folding plates, representing

some of the most remarkable, are attached to Switzer's Hydrostatics. A colossal statue of Jupiter Pluvius, in a singular stooping position, was designed for a fountain at Tratolino, by John of Bologna. The extremities are of stone, but the trunk is formed of bricks, overlaid with cement that has acquired the hardness of marble. A number of apartments are constructed within it-one in the head is lighted through the eye-balls, which serve as windows. To add to the extraordinary effect, a kind of crown is formed by little jerteux that drop on the shoulders and trickle down the figure, shedding a sort of supernatural lustre when irradiated by the sun. One hand of the figure rests on the rock as if to support itself, while the other is placed on the head of a lion, from the mouth of which the principal stream issues.

A fountain designed by Michael Angelo is described by Sir Henry Wotton as แ a matchless pattern," being "the figure of a sturdy woman, washing and winding linen clothes; in which act she wrings out the water that made the fountain, which was a graceful and natural conceit in the artificer, implying this rule, that all designs of this kind should be proper."

Of remarkable fountains at Nuremberg, Blainville has noticed several. Of one he observes, " Its basin is an octagon, in the middle of which stands a large brass pillar; from its chapiters project six muzzles of lions, each of which spirts water into the air out of a twisted pipe. On the cornish are the six cardinal virtues, which squirt water from their breasts. On this pillar stands a less one, fluted, upon which are six infants, every one of whom leans on an escutcheon bearing the arms of the empire, those of Nuremberg and other towns; they are all of them sounding trumpets, out of which water jets in plenty. On the top of this second pillar, is a fine statue of Justice, with her sword in one hand, and her balances in the other; she likewise sends water from her breasts, and supports herself upon a large ostrich which spouts water most bountifully. All this is in brass surrounded with an iron grate carved and gilt." (Travels, i, 197.)

Another at Augsburgh he thus describes: "In the middle of the basin is a double pedestal, at the foot of which are several sphinxes and statues, jetting water into the basin, some by the mouth, others by their breasts, and three by trumpet marines. On the four corners of the first pedestal, are four fine statues big as life; their feet rest upon four very large shells into which they pour water, some out of vases, others in another fashion. Upon the top of the second pedestal is a Hercules combatting the Lernean Hydra." (Ibid. 291.)

Old writers represent, Brussels as well supplied with water

150 years ago, as Rome itself. There were twenty public fountains at the corners of the principal streets, and all adorned with statues. In the herb market were figures of four beautiful females "squeezing water out of their breasts"-a favorite,device, and another equally popular was adopted in a splendid fountain near the Carmelite church in the same city: "Tout pres de cette Eglise est le Manneke-pis, c'est la statue d'un garçon, elevée sur une colonne; du haut, de laquelle il jette de l'eau, comme s'il pissoit, par sa pipe, jour et nuit, dans un bassin qui est au pied de la colonne. C'est une des sept merveilleuses fontaines de la ville." (Le Curieux Antiquaire, tome i, 175.)

Shakespeare often alludes to the figures of Old English fountains. In Winter's Tale, Act iv. Scene 1, he compares the old shepherd to " a weather bitten conduit of many king's reigns;" that is, to a statue from which the water flowed. Henly in com→ menting on the passage observes: "Conduits representing a human figure were heretofore not uncommon. One of this kind a female form, and weather beaten still exists at Hoddesdon in Herts." In As You Like It,' Rosalind says, she will weep "like Diana in the fountain"-an allusion to that erected at Paul's Cross, where, after the religious images had been destroyed, "there was set up a curious wrought tabernacle of gray marble, and in the same an alabaster image of Diana, and water conveyed from the Thames, prilling from her naked breast."

Drayton, a poet contemporary with Shakspeare, alludes to fountains and their basins in his Quest of Cynthia.

At length I on a fountain light,
Whose brim with pinks was platted,
The banks with daffodiles dight

With grass like sleave was matted.

And Spencer in the Fairy Queen

And in the midst of all a fountaine stood,

Of richest substance that on earth might bee,

So pure and shiny that the silver flood

Through every channel running one might see.

The classical reading of our author supplies him with the following interesting particulars on this subject:

The younger Pliny's description of his Tuscan villa contains the only detailed account extant of an ancient Roman garden. As might be supposed, fountains and jets d'eau frequently occur. The front of the house faced the south and had several porticos. The terrace was embellished with hedges of box,

At one end

and the lawn overspread with the soft acanthus. of the front portico, a dining room opened on the terrace, and opposite the centre of the portico there was a small area shaded by four plane trees, "in the midst of which a fountain rises, from whence the water running over the edges of a marble basin, gently refreshes the surrounding plane trees and the verdure underneath them." In the same vicinity he describes "a little fountain playing through several small pipes into a vase." Speaking of the view from the front windows of a spacious chamber, he observes, they look "upon a cascade, which entertains at once both the eye and the ear, for the water dashing from a great height, foams over the marble basin that receives it below."

After mentioning bathing rooms and other apartments, walks, meadows, groves, trees, etc., Pliny continues-"In one place you have a little meadow, in another the box is cut into a thousand different forms, sometimes into letters, expressing the name of the master, sometimes that of the artist; whilst here and there little obelisks rise, intermixed alternate with fruit trees; when on a sudden in the midst of this elegant regularity, you are surprised with an imitation of the negligent beauties of rural nature. In the centre is a spot surrounded with a knot of dwarf plane trees. Beyond these is a wall planted with the smooth and twining acanthus, where the trees are also cut into a variety of names and shapes. At the upper end is an alcove of white marble shaded with vines, supported by four small Carystian pillars. From the bench [or triclinium, a species of couch on which the Romans reclined to eat] the water gushing through several little pipes, as if it were pressed out by the weight of the persons who repose themselves upon it, falls into a stone cistern underneath, whence it is received into a fine polished marble basin, so artfully contrived that it is always full without ever overflowing. When I sup here, this basin serves for a table, the largest sort of dishes being placed around the margin, while the smaller ones swim about in the form of little vessels and water-fowls Corresponding to this is a fountain which is incessantly emptying and filling; for the water which it throws to a great height, falling back into it, is by means of two openings returned as fast as it received." This must have been either a modification of Heron's fountain, in which the water would appear to be returned, or some concealed force pump threw it

back.

Cato the censor, that terrible scourge of the luxurious Romans, rendered himself generally obnoxious by the reformations he introduced. Among other measures, "he cut off the pipes by which people conveyed water from the public fountains into

their houses and gardens," probably on account of its excessive waste in ornamental water-works. Plutarch has quoted an epigram, from which we learn that the physiognomy of this celebrated man, like that of Socrates and Phocion, was not very prepossessing.

With eyes so gray and hair so red
With tusks so sharp and keen,

Thou'l fright the shades when thou art dead,

And hell won't let thee in.

Langhorne's Trans.

To give an account of modern street and garden fountains would be an endless task. Descriptions of the most remarkable, as those in the gardens of Frescati and Versailles, are too common to need repetition here.

The next extract will give the reader some idea of the uses, besides those already hinted at, to which fountains. were applied in ancient times.

The old device of artificial music combined with fountains, is thus mentioned in the 17th Proposition of Worcester's Century of Inventions:-"How to make upon the Thames a floating garden of pleasure, with trees, flowers, banqueting houses and fountains, stews for all kinds of fishes, a reserve for snow to keep wine in, delicate bathing places and the like; with music made with mills, and all in the midst of the stream where it is most rapid.

Fountains were often placed within ancient public buildings as well as near them. They were common appendages to temples, and the custom, as mentioned in our first book, is still retained by the Turks and other Asiatics. Henry Blount visited Adrianople in 1624, and in describing the mosque, says, there were "tenne conduits with cocks on the north side, and as many on the south for people to wash before divine service; to which use also on the west side in the church-yard, are thirty or forty cocks under a fountain, so sumptuous, as excepting one at Palerino, I have not seen a better in Christendome.")-A Voyage into the Levant, Lond. 1638 )

During hot weather, Augustus the Roman Emperor slept (observes Suetonius) with his chamber doors open, "and frequently in a portico with waters playing around him."

"In the middle of the square of the Coliseum is a pretty remarkable piece of antiquity, (says Blainville,) though very little minded by most people. Here stood anciently a beautiful fountain, adorned with the finest marbles and columns; and on the