Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics

Front Cover
David Havelock, Sonoko Kuwano, Michael Vorländer
Springer Science & Business Media, Oct 26, 2008 - Science - 1950 pages
Acoustics has a special relationship with signal processing. Many concepts in signal processing arise naturally from our general experience with sound and vibration and, more than in many other fields, acoustics is concerned with the acquisition, analysis, and synthesis of signals. Consequently, there is a rich resource of signal processing expertise within the acoustics community. There are many excellent reference books devoted to signal processing but the objective of the Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics is to bring together the signal processing expertise specific to acoustics and to capture the interdisciplinary nature of signal processing within acoustics. It is also hoped that the handbook will promote networking and the interchange of ideas between technical areas in acoustics. The handbook comprises 104 Chapters organized into 17 Parts. Each Part addresses a technical area of acoustics, reflecting the general demarcations of specialization within the acoustics community. An expert with broad knowledge of signal processing within their respective technical area was invited to act as a Section Leader for each Part of the handbook. These Section Leaders contributed substantially to the handbook project by helping to define the contents and scope of each chapter, finding an appropriate contributing expert author, and managing the review and revision of material. Collectively with the Editors, they form the Editorial Board for the handbook.
 

Contents

Multichannel Sound Reproduction 747
746
Virtual Acoustics
761
Audio Restoration
773
Audio Effects Generation
785
Perceptually Based Audio Coding
797
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 819
818
Speech Communication and Telephone Networks
821
Methods of Determining the Communicational Quality of Speech Transmission Systems
831

Digital Sequences
87
Geophysical Parameter Estimation
89
Cetacean Bioacoustics with Emphasis
104
Filters
107
Adaptive Processing 125
126
AUDITORY SYSTEM AND HEARING
145
Anatomy Physiology and Function of the Auditory System
147
Physiological Measures of Auditory Function
159
Auditory Processing Models 175
174
Speech Intelligibility
197
Signal Processing in Hearing Aids
205
PSYCHOACOUSTICS
213
Methods for Psychoacoustics in Relation to LongTerm Sounds
215
The Method of Continuous Judgment by Category
220
Information Processing in Hearing Summary
226
Masking and Critical Bands
229
Description of Masking Effects
230
Critical Bands in Psychoacoustical Experiments
233
Approximations of Auditory Filter Bandwidth
234
Limits of the Critical Band Concept
236
Modeling Auditory Masking
238
Aspects of Modeling Pitch Perception
241
Pitch of Tonal Stimuli
244
Pitch of Random Stimuli
248
Calculation of Loudness for Normal and HearingImpaired Listeners 251
250
Calculation of Loudness for Normal and HearingImpaired Listeners 251
254
Conclusions
260
Psychoacoustical Roughness
263
Roughness in Dependence of Signal Parameters
264
Roughness Calculation
265
MUSICAL ACOUSTICS
275
Automatic Music Transcription
277
Musical Sounds and F0 Estimation
278
Auditory ModelBased MultipleF0 Analysis
281
Sound Separation Using Sinusoidal Modeling
284
Statistical Inference Within Parametric Signal Models
289
Unsupervised Learning Techniques
292
Summary and Conclusions
298
Music Structure Analysis from Acoustic Signals
305
Computer Music Synthesis and Composition 333
332
Singing Voice Analysis Synthesis and Modeling
359
Instrument Modeling and Synthesis
375
Digital Waveguide Architectures for Virtual Musical Instruments
399
Modeling of Musical Instruments 419
425
FiniteDifference Formulation
427
Turbulent k Model of FluteLike Instruments
428
Multiphonics in Blown Instruments in Terms of a SplitPhase Pressure Description
431
TimeDependent Model of a Classical Guitar Body
436
Guitar BackPlate Timbre Brightening by Stress Bending
440
Church Bell Clapper TimeDependent Striking Force
442
SPEECH
447
Display and Analysis of Speech
449
Speech Production Sampling and Quantisation
450
Display of Speech Waveforms
455
Analysis of Speech Waveforms
463
Conclusion
481
Estimation of Speech Intelligibility and Quality 483
482
Estimation of Speech Intelligibility and Quality 483
485
Estimators of Speech Quality in Telecommunications
492
Conclusion
514
Gaussian Models in Automatic Speech Recognition
521
Introduction
522
Background
525
Training Regularized Gaussian Decompositions
532
Training Shared Regularized Gaussian Decompositions
541
A Generalized EM Procedure
549
Conclusions
550
Speech Synthesis
557
Concatenative TexttoSpeech Synthesis
558
Prosody Modification
565
Smoothing
570
Estimation of Unit Selection Costs
573
Voice QualitySpeaker Modification and Other Open Issues
575
Further Reading and Relevant Resources
581
Speech Coders 587
586
AUDIO ENGINEERING
621
Transducer Models
623
Loudspeaker Design and Performance Evaluation
649
PA Systems for Indoor and Outdoor
669
Beamforming for Speech and Audio Signals 691
690
Digital Audio Recording Formats and Editing Principles
703
Audiovisual Interaction
731
Efficient Speech Coding and Transmission Over Noisy Channels
853
Echo Cancellation
883
Noise Reduction and Interference Cancellation 897
896
Noise Reduction and Interference Cancellation 897
898
Terminals and Their Influence on Communication Quality
909
Networks and Their Influence on Communication Quality
915
Interaction of Terminals Networks and Network Configurations
921
17
938
33
970
53
983
Community Response to Noise
1005
Summary 1018 PART IX ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL
1021
Forward Control in SingleChannel Systems
1029
Forward Control in Multichannel Systems
1057
Feedback Control Systems
1081
STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICS
1106
Intensity Techniques
1109
Nearfield Acoustical Holography 1129
1128
Actuator Design and Deployment
1141
Materials Testing 1167
1166
BIORESPONSE TO VIBRATION
1183
Uses and Applications of Somatosensation
1215
Sensory Substitution
1231
TRANSDUCERS FOR ACOUSTIC
1245
65
1247
Dynamic Pressure Microphones 1267
1266
Dynamic Pressure Difference Microphones
1275
The Microflown Particle Velocity Sensor
1283
Microphone Calibration 1293
1292
Piezoceramic Accelerometer
1313
Laser Doppler Velocimeter
1329
Basic Construction
1333
Applications
1337
Capacitive Sensors
1339
Some Useful Advice for Capacitive Sensors
1343
Applications
1344
ENGINEERING ACOUSTICS 1347
1346
ENGINEERING ACOUSTICS 1347
1349
Challenges to Improving Dynamic Speakers
1350
Superconductive Loudspeakers
1351
Electrostatic Loudspeakers
1354
OneBit Driving
1356
Summary
1362
Sinusoidal Representation of Acoustic Signals 1365
1367
Sinusoidal Model for Rapidly Changing Signal
1370
TimeScale and Pitch Modification
1379
Room Transfer Function
1381
Distribution of Eigenfrequencies
1382
Chaotic Properties of Ray Tracing and Eigenfrequency Distribution
1386
Distribution of Zeros
1388
Phase Response of Room TF
1390
Control of Magnitude and Phase for Artificial Reverberation Rendering
1398
Spatial Information of Sound Fields
1403
DOA Estimation
1404
Four Closely Located Point Microphones Method
1408
Sound Field Measurement Using a Laser
1411
Summary
1417
INFRASONICS
1423
Infrasound Event Detection Using the Progressive MultiChannel Correlation Algorithm
1425
Ray Tracing in an Inhomogeneous Atmosphere with Winds 1437
1436
Ray Tracing in an Inhomogeneous Atmosphere
1439
Infrasonic Data Processing at the Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Comprehensive NuclearTestBan Organization
1461
The Design and Performance of Infrasound NoiseReducing Pipe Arrays
1473
Processing Infrasonic Array Data
1487
Infrasound Propagation
1497
SEISMOLOGY 1521
1520
Structure and Elastic Properties of the Earth
1523
Seismic Wave Propagation
1535
Seismic Data Acquisition
1545
Signal Models in Seismic Processing
1559
87
1571
Seismic Migration Imaging
1585
107
1592
125
1830
131
1884
Modeling of Musical Instruments 419
1916
21
1936
List of Important Abberviations 927
1940
1
1941
Dynamic Pressure Microphones
1944
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About the author (2008)

David Havelock studied Mathematics and Physics as an undergraduate at Carleton University and obtained his M.Sc in Mathematics at the University of Bristish Columbia. After a period of employment in the areas of seismology and then submarine detection, he joined the Division of Physics at the National Research Council and completed his Ph.D. in Systems Engineering at Carleton University. While there, he has worked in Photogrammetric, Computer Imaging, and (since 1989) Acoustics. While in the Acoustics and Signal Processing Group of the Institute for Microstructural Sciences at the NRC, his main areas of research have been microphone arrays and outdoor sound propagation. He is a fellow of the ASA, past Chair and founding member of its Technical Committee on Signal Processing in Acoustics and was Technical Program Chair for the joint ASA, EAA, DEGA meeting in Berlin, 1999. He is married and has two wonderful daughters.

Sonoko Kuwano was born on 19 December 1944 in Japan. She is a Professor of the Laboratory of Environmental Psychology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University. She is also a Professor of the Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University. She graduated from Osaka University with a B.A. degree in Psychology in 1967, and received a Ph.D. in Engineering in 1983 from the University of Tokyo. Her interests are psychological evaluation of environmental noise, cross-cultural study of noise problems, evaluation of sound quality of machinery noise and perception of non-steady state sounds. She was a guest researcher of the Institute of Electroacoustics (Institute of Man-Machine Communication) at the Technical University of Munich in 1985, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1995 and 1997. She is a member of Board of International Commission for Acoustics and a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America. She was the President of the Acoustical Society of Japan (ASJ), the Vice-President of INCE/Japan and the President of Japanese Society for Music Perception and Cognition. She was a co-editor of Handbook of Ergonomics published in 2003, a member of the editorial board of Dictionary of Acoustics edited by ASJ and the editor of the proceedings of many international congresses such as Inter-noise 94 and the third ASA and ASJ Joint Meeting. She has been a member of many committees on environmental problems in central or local governments in Japan, such as the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Osaka Prefecture, etc. She won a Sato Paper Prize of ASJ in 1983 and 1987.

Michael Vorländer is Professor at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. After university education in physics and doctor degree (Aachen, 1989 with a thesis in room acoustical computer simulation) he worked in various fields of acoustics at the PTB Braunschweig, the National Laboratory for Physics and Technology. First research activities were focused on psychoacoustics and electroacoustics. In 1991 he became head of the PTB laboratory of room and building acoustics. In 1995 he finished the qualification as university lecturer (habilitation) with a thesis on reciprocity calibration of microphones in reverberation chambers. In 1996 he accepted an offer from RWTH Aachen University for a chair and Director of the Institute of Technical Acoustics. Michael Vorländer is member of the German Acoustical Society, DEGA, of the German Physical Society, DPG, and fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, ASA. He is actively involved in the European Acoustics Association, EAA, as President of the term 2004 – 2007 and Vice-President in the term 2007-2010. Also he served in several positions as conference chairs such as the General Co-chair of Acoustics08, the 2nd joint meeting of ASA and EAA in Paris. His main interests are virtual acoustics (auralization), architectural acoustics, binaural technology and acoustic measurements. Michael Vorländer is married and has three sons.