Ecological MethodologyEcological Methodology, Second Edition provides a balance of material on animal and plant populations, and teaches students of ecology how to design efficient tests in order to obtain maximum precision with minimal work. |
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Page 98
... bias . The direction of the error is consistent , but unfortunately undercounting is not a constant bias because it usually gets worse the more animals there are to count and the faster they have to be counted . This can be complicated ...
... bias . The direction of the error is consistent , but unfortunately undercounting is not a constant bias because it usually gets worse the more animals there are to count and the faster they have to be counted . This can be complicated ...
Page 99
... bias correction . We can define Σ X1 = Number of animals in small groups ( < 10 ) not photographed ΣX2 = Number of ... bias If all animals are photographed in the larger groups , then Y = ΣX1 + Σ X4 If some animals cannot be photographed ...
... bias correction . We can define Σ X1 = Number of animals in small groups ( < 10 ) not photographed ΣX2 = Number of ... bias If all animals are photographed in the larger groups , then Y = ΣX1 + Σ X4 If some animals cannot be photographed ...
Page 387
... bias in the percentage overlap measure , and this negative bias is reduced but not eliminated as sample size increases ( Figure 11.2 ) . This negative bias at high levels of overlap seems to be true of all measures of niche overlap ...
... bias in the percentage overlap measure , and this negative bias is reduced but not eliminated as sample size increases ( Figure 11.2 ) . This negative bias at high levels of overlap seems to be true of all measures of niche overlap ...
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Common terms and phrases
abundance aphids Appendix assumptions bias calculations capture Caughley census zone Chapter chi-square clumped coefficient of variation confidence interval confidence limits defined density estimate distance ecological ecologists END-OF-FILE Enter equal catchability equation estimate of population estimate population example Figure finite population FORMAT 2X formula frequency distribution index of dispersion line transect mark-recapture marked animals method n₁ nearest neighbor negative binomial distribution niche breadth niche overlap normal distribution null hypothesis Number of animals Number of individuals number of quadrats number of samples number of species observed obtained parameters Petersen plot Poisson distribution population density population estimate problem Program proportion quadrat counts random points random sampling ratio READ recaptures regression sample size sample sizes sampling unit Schnabel Seber second sample simple random sampling spatial pattern standard error statistical statistical population stratum study area survival rate Table techniques Total number transformation variable variance