Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, Second EditionCompletely revised and updated, Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, Second Edition presents a treatment of ecotoxicology ranging from molecular to global perspectives. The authors focus first on lower levels of organization and then extend their discussion to include landscape, regional, and biospheric topics, imparting a perspective as broad as the the problems facing practicing professionals. See what's new in this edition: The authors detail key contaminants of concern, explore their fate and cycling in the biosphere, and discuss bioaccumulation and the effects of contaminants at increasing levels of ecological organization. They cover regulatory aspects of the field in separate chapters that address the technical issues of risk assessment and discuss key U.S. and European legislation in the appendices. Complete with study questions, a detailed glossary, and vignettes by various experts exploring special topics in ecotoxicology, Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, Second Edition is an ideal introductory textbook for both undergraduate- and graduate-level courses, as well as a valuable reference for professionals. |
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Contents
Introduction | 8 |
II Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise | 8 |
III Ecotoxicology | 11 |
A Synthetic Science | 12 |
IVB Science Technology and Practice | 14 |
IVB2 Technological Goal | 16 |
IVB3 Practical Goal | 18 |
V Summary | 19 |
Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals | 173 |
IC Test Types | 174 |
II DoseResponse | 175 |
IIB Fitting Data to DoseResponse Models | 177 |
IIC Incipiency | 182 |
IID Mixture Models | 183 |
III Survival Time | 194 |
IIIB Fitting SurvivalTime Data | 195 |
Selected Readings | 20 |
Environmental Contaminants | 21 |
II Environmental Fate of Contaminants | 24 |
IIA Contaminant Partitioning | 25 |
IIB Degradation | 26 |
III Major Classes of Contaminants | 27 |
IIIA1 Aluminum | 28 |
IIIA5 Copper | 29 |
IIIA10 Zinc | 30 |
IIID Organic Compounds | 33 |
IIID1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | 34 |
IIID2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls | 35 |
IIID3 Polybrominated Biphenyls | 37 |
IIID6 Chlorinated Phenols | 38 |
IIID9 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins PCDD and Dibenzofurans PCDF | 40 |
IIID10 Organophosphate Insecticides | 41 |
IIID12 Pyrethroid Insecticides | 42 |
IIID13 Aromatic Herbicides | 43 |
IIIE Organometallic Compounds | 45 |
IIIF Emerging Contaminants of Concern | 46 |
IIIF2 Alkylphenols | 47 |
IV Summary | 50 |
Bioaccumulation | 51 |
Uptake Biotransformation Detoxification Elimination and Accumulation | 53 |
II Uptake | 55 |
IIB Reaction Order | 58 |
IIIB Metals and Metalloids | 59 |
IIIC Organic Compounds | 61 |
IVB Modeling Elimination | 64 |
V Accumulation | 69 |
VI Summary | 72 |
Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation | 75 |
IB Bioavailability | 76 |
II Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability | 78 |
IIA2 Bioavailability from Solid Phases | 79 |
IIB Organic Contaminants | 82 |
IIB2 Bioavailability from Solid Phases | 85 |
III Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation | 86 |
IIIB Allometry | 87 |
IIIC Other Factors | 89 |
IV Summary | 93 |
Selected Readings | 94 |
Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer | 95 |
II Qualifying Bioaccumulation from Food | 96 |
IIB Trophic Transfer | 97 |
IIB2 Estimating Trophic Transfer | 99 |
III Inorganic Contaminants | 102 |
IIIB Radionuclides | 107 |
IV Organic Compounds | 108 |
V Summary | 110 |
Toxicant Effects | 111 |
Molecular Effects and Biomarkers | 113 |
II Organic Compound Detoxification | 114 |
IIB Phase II | 116 |
III Metallothioneins | 117 |
IV Stress Proteins | 123 |
V Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response | 124 |
VI DNA Modification | 126 |
VII Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts | 127 |
VIII Summary | 129 |
Cells Tissues and Organs | 131 |
II General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology | 132 |
IIB Inflammation | 133 |
IIC Other General Effects | 134 |
IV Cancer | 139 |
V Gills as an Example | 145 |
VI Summary | 148 |
Sublethal Effects to Individuals | 149 |
II Selyean Stress | 150 |
IV Development | 152 |
IVB Sexual Characteristics | 155 |
IVC Developmental Stability | 160 |
V Reproduction | 161 |
VI Physiology | 162 |
VII Behavior | 164 |
VIII Detecting Sublethal Effects | 168 |
IX Summary | 171 |
Selected Readings | 172 |
IIIC Incipiency | 198 |
IVB Abiotic Qualities | 200 |
V Summary | 201 |
Effects on Populations | 203 |
II Epidemiology | 204 |
III Population Dynamics and Demography | 207 |
IIIB General Population Response | 208 |
IIIC Metapopulation Dynamics | 210 |
IIID Demographic Change | 215 |
IIIE Energy Allocation by Individuals in Populations | 224 |
IV Population Genetics | 226 |
IVA Change in Genetic Qualities | 228 |
IVB Acquisition of Tolerance | 229 |
IVC Measuring and Interpreting Genetic Change | 231 |
V Summary | 233 |
Effects to Communities and Ecosystems | 235 |
IB Context | 236 |
II Interaction Involving Two or a Few Species | 238 |
IIB Competition | 240 |
IIIB Structure | 241 |
IIIB2 Approaches to Measuring Community Structure | 249 |
IIIC Function | 252 |
IV Ecosystem Qualities | 254 |
V Summary | 255 |
Landscape to Global Effects | 257 |
II Landscapes and Regions | 261 |
III Continents and Hemispheres | 263 |
IV Biosphere | 269 |
IVC Global Warming | 270 |
V Summary | 274 |
Suggested Readings | 275 |
Risk from Pollutants | 277 |
Risk Assessment of Contaminants | 279 |
IB Expressions of Risk | 282 |
IC Risk Assessment | 283 |
II Human Risk Assessment | 284 |
IIB Hazard Identification Data Collection and Data Evaluation | 285 |
IIC Exposure Assessment | 286 |
II E Risk Characterization | 288 |
II F Summary | 289 |
III Ecological Risk Assessment | 290 |
IIIA General | 291 |
IIIC Analysis | 293 |
IIIC2 Ecological Effects Characterization | 294 |
IIID Risk Characterization | 295 |
IV Conclusion | 300 |
Suggested Readings | 301 |
Risks from Exposure to Radiation | 303 |
IIA Types of Radiation | 304 |
IIB Concentrations Decay Constants and HalfLife | 305 |
IIC Radionuclide Detection | 306 |
IV Environmental Transport | 309 |
IVA Models Using Rate Constants | 310 |
IVC Models Using Equilibrium Conditions and DoseConversion Factors | 312 |
IVC2 Ingestion Pathway | 313 |
IVC3 External Irradiation | 314 |
V Derivation of Risk Factors | 315 |
VB1 Threshold Option | 317 |
VB2 Linear versus LinearQuadratic | 318 |
VI Risks to Humans from Exposure to Radiation | 319 |
VII Ecological Effects from Radioactive Contamination | 320 |
VIII Confidence in Risk Analyses | 322 |
IX Summary | 323 |
X Acknowledgments | 324 |
Summary | 325 |
Conclusions | 327 |
III Science Importance of Ecotoxicology | 328 |
Study Questions | 329 |
International System SI of Units Prefixes | 337 |
Miscellaneous Conversion Factors | 339 |
Summary of US Laws and Regulations | 341 |
Summary of European Union Laws and Regulations | 345 |
Derivation of Units for Simple Bioaccumulation Models | 349 |
Equations for the Estimation of Contaminant Exposure | 351 |
Glossary | 355 |
References | 385 |
433 | |
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Common terms and phrases
accumulation acid activity approach aquatic associated behavior bioaccumulation bioavailability biochemical biological biomagnification biomarkers Boca Raton cadmium cancer cells changes Chapter 13 Chapter 9 Chem chemical chromatid chromosome chronic compartment concentrations consequences contaminant damage described dioxins dose dose-response ecological risk assessment ecosystem ecotoxicology elimination endpoint energy enhanced Environ environmental Equation estimated example exposed exposure factors Figure fish freshwater function genetic global growth habitat human impact increase ingested interactions laboratory lethal levels Lewis Publishers measured melanism mercury metabolism metalloids metallothionein metals methods mixture molecular mosquitofish Newman normal occur organic compounds oxidative particles patch pesticides Phase pollutants population predict processes produced proteins radiation radioactive radionuclides rainbow trout relative reproduction response sample sediments soil sources species stress structure studies sublethal tissue toxic effects toxicity Toxicol Toxicology trophic trophic level trout uptake xenobiotic zinc
Popular passages
Page 426 - Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants - I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil, Sci.
References to this book
Principles of Ecotoxicology, Third Edition C.H. Walker,R.M. Sibly,S.P. Hopkin,D.B. Peakall No preview available - 2005 |
Handbook of Ecotoxicology David J. Hoffman,Barnett A. Rattner,G. Allen Burton Jr.,John Cairns Jr. No preview available - 2002 |