ferent races; which, however, proceed from the influence of climate, and the difference of nourishment. In the northern parts of Europe, as Denmark and Norway, the sheep are not good; but, to improve the breed, rams are occasionally imported from England. The rams, ewes, and wedders of Iceland, differ chiefly from ours by arger and thicker horns. Some of them have three, four, and even five horns. This, however, is not common. In Spain, and the southern parts of Europe, the flocks of sheep are kept in shades or stables during the night: but in Britain, where there is now no danger from wolves, they are allowed to remain without, both night and day; which makes the animals more healthy, and their flesh a more wholesome food. Dry and mountainous ground, where thyme and sheep's fescue grass abound, are the best for the pasturing sheep. Sheep are subject to many diseases: some arising from insects which deposit their eggs in different parts of the animal: others are caused by their being kept in wet pasture; for as the sheep requires but little drink, it is naturally fond of a dry soil. The dropsy, vertigo (the pendro of the Welsh), the phthisis, jaundice, and worms in the liver, annually make great havock among our flocks for the first disease, the shepherd finds a remedy by turning the infected into fields of broom; which plant has been also found to be very efficacious in the same disorder among the human species. The sheep is also infested by different sorts of insects: like the horse, it has its peculiar estrus or gadfly, which deposits its eggs above the nose in the frontal sinuses. When these turn into maggots, they become excessively painful. The French shepherds make a common practice of easing the sheep, by trepanning and taking out the maggot; this practice is sometimes used by the English shepherds, but not always with the same success. Besides these insects, the sheep is troubled with a kind of tick and louse, which magpies and starlings contribute to ease it of, by lighting on its back, and picking the insects off. Mr. Kerr enumerates fifteen varieties of this species. 1. O. aries Africana, inhabiting Africa, and has short hair instead of wool. 2. O. aries Anglica, the English hornless sheep; without horns; the tail and scrotum hang down as low as the second joint of the hind leg, and the wool is fine. This kind is common in most parts of Britain; those of Lincolnshire are the largest, and very small breeds are found in Wales and Shetland. They have generally either no horns or very small ones; and many of them have very short tails. 3. O. aries barbata, the bearded sheep, or Siberian goat of Mr. Pennant, has a long divided beard, hanging down from the lower part of the cheeks and upper jaw. It is the tragelaphus of Pliny. It inhabits Barbary and Mauritania. The color is a pale rusty brown. 4. O. aries Bucharica, the Bucharian sheep of Pallas already described. 5. O. aries Capensis, the Cape Sheep, has large pendulous ears, and a large broad tail. The horns are short and bent back; the body and neck are covered with long hair, or wool not curled; the legs are black and naked. 6. O. aries Guineensis, the Guinea, or wat tled sheep, already described. 7. O. aries hispanica, the Spanish sheep, has horns twisted into a spiral, which is lengthened outwards; the wool is very fine and famous all over Europe. 8. O. aries jubata, the Chinese morvant, has a short red and gray mane on the neck; and a long beard on the breast round the neck; on the shoulders are longish red gray hairs; the rest of the body is covered with a bright yellow wool, a little curled and soft at the ends, but coarse at the roots; the legs are deep red; the tail is yellow and white, with long coarse hairs. 9. O. aries laticaudata, the broad-tailed sheep, has a long and very broad tail. This kind is common in Syria, Barbary, Ethiopia, Thibet, and Tartary. The tails are so long as to trail on the ground. They are sometimes pointed at the end, but mostly rounded; they sometimes weigh fifty pounds, and, being composed of a substance between fat and marrow, are reckoned a great delicacy. Those of Thisbet produce the fine wool of which shawls are made. 10. O. aries longicauda, the long-tailed sheep, described before. 11. O. aries nana, the dwarf sheep, has no horns, is of a very small size, and has a turned up nose. This variety is found in Lincolnshire. The wool forms a ruff round its face. The under jaw is protruded; the nose crooked upwards; the ears small and erect. 12. O. aries polycerata, the many-horned sheep; ovis Gotlandica of Pallas: the Iceland sheep of Buffon, has more than two horns. This variety is common in Iceland, Siberia, and Tartary; but in the same flocks in which many are found with three, four, five, or six horns, others have only the usual pair: whence Mr. Kerr thinks they can hardly form a distinct variety. 13. O. aries rustica, the rustic, or blackfaced sheep, is horned, the tail round and short, and the wool white but rather coarse. This is the most common breed of sheep all over Europe; the horns are large, wrinked, turned backwards in a comprised, spiral, screw-like twist, which comes down to the sides of the head, taking several turns, and becoming very large on old rams. The face is covered with short black, dark brown, or gray hair. They are very agile, and exceedingly shy. The mutton is much esteemed. The most perfect breed is found in Tweed-dale. 14. O. aries steatopyga, the fat-rumped sheep, described above. iv. O. pudu, the pudu, or capra puda of Molina, has round, smooth, divergent horns, and inhabits the Cordilleras in South America. It is about the size of a half-year old kid, and lives in flocks on the mountains; whence they descend into the south plains of Chili, when the hills are covered with snow. It resembles a goat, but the horns are small, and turned outwards, like those of a sheep. It has no beard; the female has no horns; the color is dusky. This is the only animal of the genus which seems indigenous to America. v. O. strepsiceros, the Cretan sheep, or Wallachian sheep of Buffon. Described above. This species inhabit Candia, and the other Grecian islands, and are common in Hungary and Austria, where they are called zackl. OUISCONSIN, a river of the United States, which runs south-west into the Mississippi, lat. 43° 40′ N. It is connected with Fox River, which flows into Green Bay by a portage of three miles. Length about 300 miles. OULABAREAH, a trading town of Bengal in Burdwan, pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Hoogly River. On the destruction of the English factory at Hoogly, in 1687, this town was assigned for the residence of the British, but after the expenditure of some money, the president of the factory (Mr. Charnock) took a dislike to the place, and obtained permission to remove to Chuttanutty, a site now occupied by Calcutta. This town, which only consists of thatched houses, is situated eighty miles from the mouth of the river, and twenty below Calcutta. OUNCE, n. s. Fr. once; Lat. uncia. A small weight. The blood he hath lost, Which I dare vouch is more than that he hath By many an ounce, he dropt it for his country. Shakspeare. A sponge dry weighoth one ounce twenty-six grains; the same sponge, being wet, weigheth fourteen ounces six drams and three quarters. Bacon. OUNCE, n. s. Fr. once; Span. onza. mal between a panther and a cat. The ounce, An ani OVOLO, or OVUM, in architecture, a round moulding, whose profile or sweep, in the Ionic and Composite capitals, is usually a quadrant of a circle: whence it is also commonly called the quarter-round. It is usually cut with representations of eggs and arrow-heads or anchors placed alternately. OUPHE, n. s. Teut. auf; Goth. alf. Fairies, black, gray, green, and white, Id. A OU-POEY-TSE a name given by the Chinese to nests made by certain insects upon the leaves and branches of the tree called yen-fou-tse. These nests are much used in dyeing, and the physicians employ them for curing many distempers. Some of these nests were brought to Europe, and put into the hands of the celebrated Geoffrey. After having examined them with the utmost attention, this learned academician thought he perceived some conformity in them to those excrescences which grow on the leaves of the elm, and which the vulgar call elm-bladders : he found these nests so sharp and astringent to the taste, that he considered them as far superior to every other species of galls used by the dyers. According to him, they are the strongest astringents existing in the vegetable kingdom. It is certain that there is a great affinity between the ou-poey-tse and the elm-bladders. The form of both is unequal and irregular; they are covered on the outside with a short down, which renders them soft to the touch: within they are full of a whitish gray dust, in which may be observed the dried remains of small insects, without discovering any aperture through which they might have passed. These nests or bladders harden as they grow old; and their substance, which appears resinous, becomes brittle and transparent; however, the Chinese do not consider the ou-poeytse, notwithstanding their resemblance to elinbladders, as excrescences of the tree yen-fou-tse, upon which they are found. They are persuaded that the insects produce a kind of wax, and construct for themselves on the branches and leaves of this tree (the sap of which is proper for their nourishment) little retreats, where they may wait for the time of their metamorphosis, or at least deposit in safety their eggs, which compose that fine dust with which the ou-poey-tse are filled. Some of the ou-poey-tse are as large as one's fist; but these are rare, and are generally produced by a worm of extraordinary strength, or which has associated with another, as two silk-worms are sometimes seen shut up in the same ball. The smallest ou-poey-tse are of the size of a chestnut; the greater part of them are round and oblong; but they seldom resemble one another entirely in their exterior configuration. At first they are of a dark green color, which afterwards changes to yellow; and the husk, though pretty firm, becomes then very brittle. The Chinese peasants collect these before the first hoar-frosts. They take care to kill the worm enclosed in the husks, by exposing them for some time to the steam of boiling water. Without this precaution, the worm might soon break through its weak prison, which would immediately burst and be useless. They are used at Pekin for giving paper a durable and deep black cole; in the provinces of Kiang-nan and Tche-Kiang, where a great deal of beautiful satin is made, they are employed for the dyeing of the silk before it is put on the loom. The Chinese literati also blacken their beards with them when they become white. The medicinal properties of the ou-poey-tse are very numerous. The Chinese physicians introduce them into the composition of many of their remedies. Be ours, whoe'er thou art, he was Not so much as a treaty can be obtained, unless prince having, in the year 1628, opposed the we would denude ourself of all force to defend us. measures of the emperor Shah Jehan, his country Clarendon. was invaded, and himself and son taken prisoner; but, by the payment of a sum of money, released, and restored to his dignity. In 1633 he again rebelled, when another Mogul army, under the command of Aurungzebe, entered the country, and, having taken several of his forts, at length besieged him in his strongest fortress, called Joragur. The rajah, being reduced to despair, put his women and children to death, and issuing from the fort, at the head of his cavalry, cut his way through the besiegers, and, although closely pursued, effected his escape into the province of Gundwaneh, where he and all his followers were put to death by the inhabitants for the sake of the plunder they brought with them. After this a relation of the present and this rajah is still the head of the chiefs of family was raised to the throne by Aurungzebe, Bundelcund. His revenue is about £2000 per Dryden. Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking makes what we read ours: it is not enough to cram ourselves with a great load of collections; unless we chew them over again, they will not give us strength. Locke. We ourselves might distinctly number in words a great deal farther than we usually do, would we find out but some fit denominations to signify them by. Id. Our confession is not intended to instruct God, who knows our sins much better than ourselves do, but it is to humble ourselves, and therefore we must not think to have confessed aright till that be done. Duty of Man. Their organs are better disposed than ours for receiving grateful impressions from sensible objects. Atterbury. Our soul is the very same being it was yesterday, last year, twenty years ago. Ile is ours, Beatfie To administer, to guard, to adorn the state, And Hebe shall never be idle in heaven. Byron. The sword we dread not :-of ourselves secure, Firm were our strength, our peace and freedom sure.— Let all the world confederate all its powers, Be they not backed by those that should be ours.” High on his rock shall Britain's genius stand, Scatter the crowded hosts, and vindicate the land. Canning. OURAL. See URAL MOUNTAINS. OURALSK, the capital city of the Cossacs of the Oural, is a large and populous place, but irregularly built. The Cossacs are divided into seven regiments, the whole commanded by the ataman of the troops, under the superintendance of the governor-general of Orenbourg. Their occupation chiefly consists in taking fish, which are abundant in the Qural, and are supposed to be of a superior quality to those caught in the Caspian. The place is surrounded with an irregular rampart. Inhabitants 3700. Long. 52° 6' E., lat. 50° 11' N. OURCHA, a town, once a famous city, of Hindostan, in Allahabad, and Bundelcund. The rajah of Ourcha being once the head of all the Bondelah tribes; the present family are of the Rajpoot race, and their ancestor is said to have obtained possession of his dignity by the murder of his predecessor, to which it is stated that he added that of the celebrated Abul Fazil. At his death he was master of fifty-two forts, which, with the territories depending, he divided by will among his eight sons, leaving, however, the largest portion, with the title of rajah, to his eldest son, named Ilijar or Jijer Sing. This annum. OURFA, or ORFA, a pachalic of Asiatic Turkey, forming a part of the ancient Mesopotamia. It is almost entirely encircled by the windings of the Euphrates and the Khabour; and touches north and east on the pachalic of Diarbekir, while on the south and west it is separated by the Euphrates from the deserts of Syria. The southern part is, for the most part, sandy and uncultivated, inhabited by nomade tribes of Arabs. In the north, being more mountainous and diversified, it is better inhabited. This division of Mesopotamia was taken from the emperor Heraclius, by Yezid, the general of the Saracens; seized during the first crusade by Baldwin, brother to Godfrey of Bouillon; and erected into a Christian principality. It was included in the dominions of Saladin, and was subsequently swallowed up in the Turkish empire. The towns are Ourfa, Racca, and Soverick. OURFA, a town of Turkey in Asia, the capital of the above pachalic. Under the successors of Alexander it was known as Edessa, and afterwards became the residence of the Courtneys, when they erected a kingdom in Asia. It was sacked by Zingis in the thirteenth century, and by Timur in the fourteenth. Since falling to the Turks, it has been the residence of a pacha with two tails. It is built on two hills, and in the intermediate valley at the south-west extremity of a fine plain. The town is about three miles in circumference, surrounded by walls, and defended by square towers; and it is adorned by some fine springs, which rise from the hills. The castle is on the south side of the city. The ascent is very steep, and the hill is here about half a mile in circumference, surrounded by a deep ditch cut in the rock, which, when necessary, can be filled with water. On the rock are also the ruins of a building called by the Arabs the palace of Nimrod, consisting of two lofty and fine Corinthian pillars, and having some extraordinary subterraneous apartments. Ourfa contains also a magnificent mosque, dedicated to Abraham, and a handsome but decayed Armenian cathedral. It is the thoroughfare for the caravans which pass from Aleppo into the interior of Persia, and noted for the picparation of Turkey .eather. The inhabitants, Turks, Arabs, Armenians, Jews, and Nestorians, are said to be about 20,000. OURIQUE, a town of Portugal in Alentejo, remarkable for a victory obtained at it by Viriatus over the Romans, in the year of Rome 606, and for another by Alphonso I. over the Moors A. D. 1139. Population 2300. Eighty-nine miles S. S. E. of Lisbon. OUSE, in geography, a river of Sussex, formed by two streams, which rise, the one in St. Leonard's forest, the other in that of Worth; it then passes by Lewes, and falls into the channel below Newhaven, where it forms a good harbour at its mouth. OUSE, a river of Yorkshire, formed by the conflux of the Eure and the Swale, four miles below Boroughbridge; after which it passes by Aldborough, York, Selby, &c., and after receiving the Wharf from the north-west, the Derwent from the north-east, the Aire from the west, the Don from the south-west, joins the Trent on the borders of Lincolnshire; where the united streams form the Humber, seventeen miles west of Hull. See HUMBER. OUSE, GREATER, a river of England, which rises near Fitwell in Oxfordshire, and proceeds to Buckingham, Stony-Stratford, and NewportPagnel, in Buckinghamshire; thence it proceeds to Bedford, and turning north-east it passes on to Huntingdon and Ely, till at length it arrives at Lynn-Regis in Norfolk, and falls into the sea. It is navigable to some distance above Downham, where there is a good harbour for barges; and a considerable trade is carried on by it to Lynn and other towns. It is liable to great floods at the equinoxes. OUST', v. a. Fr. ouster; Goth. austa. To force or cast out; deprive; eject. Multiplication of actions upon the case were rare formerly, and thereby wager of law ousted, which discouraged many suits. Hale. Though the deprived bishops and clergy went out upon account of the oaths, yet this made no schism. No, not even when they were actually deprived and ousted by act of parliament. Lesley. OUSTER, or dispossession, in law, an injury which carries with it the amotion of possession; for by means of it the wrong doer gets into the actual possession of the land or hereditament, and obliges him that has a right to seek a legal remedy, in order to gain possession, together with damages. This ouster may either be of the freehold by abatement, intrusion, disseisin, discontinuance, and deforcement; or of chattels real, as an estate by statute-merchant, statutestaple or elegit, or an estate for years. OUT, adv., interj. & v. a. OUT'WARD, adj., adv. & n. s. erroneously; at a loss; deficient; used emphatically with verbs of discovery, as, 'he is found out,' and before alas! as in the extract from Suckling as an interj. it expresses abhorrence or disgust, and commands expulsion to out, is to deprive by expulsion: out of, is to be regarded as a kind of compound preposition in which out modifies the sense of of; their joint meaning is from; beyond; without; excluded; dismissed; not or no longer in; past; by means or in consequence of; denoting absence; dereliction; unfitness; extraction; separation; res cue; irregularity; change of state; exhaustion: out of hand' means immediately; quickly done: outer, without; opposed to inner: outerly, towards the outside: outermost, remotest from the middle: outmost, a contraction of outermost; utmost: outward is external; extrinsic; visible; foreign; tending towards the outside; to foreign or outer parts; external form: outwardly corresponds: outwards is towards the outside. If ye will not do so, be sure your sin will find you Numbers xxxii. 23. out. I have forgot my part and I am out, Even to a full disgrace. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. Court holy water in a dry house, is better than the rain waters out of door. Id. King Lear. Id. Out, varlet, from my sight. She is persuaded I will marry her, out of her own love and flattery, not out of my promise. Shakspeare. Othello. Sweet prince, the' untainted virtue of your years Hath not yet dived into the world's deceit; Nor more can you distinguish of a man, Than of his outward shew! Id. Richard III. I do not think So fair an outward, and such stuff within, Endows a man but him. Id. Cymbeline. So we'll live and hear poor rogues Talk of court news, and we'll talk with them too Who loses, and who wins, who's in, who's out. Shakspeare. Juices of fruits are watery and oily: among the watery are all the fruits out of which drink is expressed; as the grape, the apple, the pear, and cherry. Id. The pope, out of the care of an universal father, had in the conclave divers consultations about an holy war against the Turk. Id. Fruits and grains are half a year in concocting; whereas leaves are out and perfect in a month. Id. Try if three bells were made one within another, and air betwixt each; and the outermost bell were chimed with a hammer, how the sound would differ from a single bell. Id. It was intended to raise an outward war to join with some sedition within doors. Hayward. Grieved with disgrace, remaining in their fears, However seeming outwardly content, Yet the' inward touch their wounded honour bears. Out, alas! no sea I find, Is troubled like a lover's mind. Daniel. Suckling. The members of both houses who withdrew were counted deserters, and outed of their places in parliaKing Charles. Outward appearances are deceitful guides to our judgments or our affections. Hall. ment. When the soul being inwardly moved to lift itself up by prayer, the outward man is surprised in some other posture; God will rather look to the inward motions of the mind, than to the outward form of the body. Duppa. Let all persons avoid niceness in their cloathing or diet, because they dress and comb out all their opportunities of morning devotion, and sleep out the care for their souls. Taylor. Cromwell accused the earl of Manchester of having betrayed the parliament out of cowardice. Clarendon. Out, out, hyena; these are thy wonted arts, To break all faith. Milton's Agonistes. Chaos retired, The cavern's mouth alone was hard to find, Because the path disused was out of mind. He is softer than Ovid; he touches the passions more delicately, and performs all this out of his own fund, without diving into the sciences for a supply. Id. He took a lowering leave; but who can tell What outward hate might inward love conceal? Id. So many of their orders, as were outed from their fat possessions, would endeavour a re-entrance against those whom they account hereticks. Id. Distinguish betwixt those that take state upon them, purely out of pride and humour, and those that do the same in compliance with the necessity of L'Estrange. their affairs. If the laying of taxes upon commodities does affect the land that is out at rack rent, it is plain it does equally affect all the other land in England too. Locke. The kidney is a conglomerated gland only in the outer part for the inner part, whereof the papillæ are composed, is muscular. Grew's Cosmol. In the lower jaw, two tusks like those of a boar, standing outerly, an inch behind the cutters. Grew. St. Paul quotes one of their poets for this saying, notwithstanding T. G.'s censure of them out of Horace. Stillingfleet. Many wicked men are often touched with some inward reverence for that goodness which they cannot be persuaded to practise; nay, which they outwardly seem to despise. Sprat. Those that have recourse to a new creation of waters, are such as do it out of laziness and ignorance, or such as do it out of necessity. Burnet. Thoul't say my passion's out of season, That Cato's great example and misfortunes Should both conspire to drive it from my thoughts. Id. The tale is long, nor have I heard it out; Thy father knows it all. Id. Cato. The gown with stiff embroid'ry shining, Looks charming with a slighter lining; The out, if Indian figures stain, Prior. The inside must be rich and plain. Do not black bodies conceive heat more easily from light than those of colours do, by reason that the light falling on them is not reflected outwards, but enters the bodies, and is often reflected and refracted within them until it be stifled and lost? Newton's Optics. If any man suppose that it is not reflected by the air, but by the outmost superficial parts of the glass, there is still the same difficulty. Id. The generality of men are readier to fetch a rea |