vince is thinly peopled, but has rich gold mines. The pastures and tobacco are excellent. It also yields wax, cotton, and the finest cacao. PACASMAYU, a river and bay of Peru, in the province of Saria, which flows down the mountains of Caxamarca, runs west, and falls into the Pacific. In its mouth are caught excellent fish. Lat. of its mouth 7° 24′ S.

PACCALONGANG, a European town and fort on the north coast of the island of Java, 282 miles east of Batavia. It is the seat of a resident, a few Dutch families, and a numerous population of natives and Chinese. The great road across the island passes through this place; and near it is a forest many miles in extent, which is so unhealthy that about 4000 people perished in cutting that part. PACE, n. s., v. n., & v. a. Į Fr. pas; Italian PACED, adj. S Lat. passus. Step; manner of step or walk; gait; gradation; degree of celerity; a measure of five feet; a particular movement of a horse: to move regularly or slowly; to measure by steps: paced, is having a particular gait.

passo;

A PACE is a measure taken from the space between the two feet of a man in walking; usually reckoned two feet and a half, and in some men a yard or three feet. The geometrical pace is five feet; and 60,000 such paces make 1° on the equator.

PACE (Richard), a learned Englishman, born about 1482. Henry VIII. made him secretary of state; and he was admitted prebendary of York, archdeacon of Dorset, and dean of St. Paul's, &c., during his absence on foreign embassies. Falling under the displeasure of Wolsey, he was so ill treated as to drive him mad, and was thrown into the Tower on his complaining to the king. After being confined two years, he was enlarged, resigned his deaneries, and died in retirement, at Stepney, in 1532, after having written several works. He was much esteemed by the learned men of his time, especially Sir Thomas More and Erasmus.

PACHA, a title of honor and command in the east, synonymous with bashaw. See BASHAW. PACHETE, or PACHER, a zemindary in the province of Bengal, now incorporated in the surrounding districts of Ramgur, Birbhoom, and Burdwan. In 1784 Pachete, Chuta, Nagpoor, Palamow, and Ramgur, contained, according to major Rennel's mensuration, 21,732 square miles, of which 16,732 were nearly waste. The revenue was 161,216 rupees. Pachete is bounded by Chuta Nagpoor, and Ramgur, containing a jungly territory of about 2779 square miles, which was once a frontier territory towards the western confines of Bengal, and still retains much of the sterility and barbarism of the neighbouring regions to the south. The climate is very unhealthy. The principal towns are Pachete, Rogonauthgunge, and Jauldah, which, with the zemindary, were formerly held by the Rajpoot Narrain family. The chief products of this province are rice and cotton.

PACHETE, a town in the province of Bengal, the capital of the zemindary of this name, 126 miles north-west from Calcutta.

PACHODECARHOMBIS, in the ancient system of mineralogy, a genus of fossils, of the class of selenitæ. The word is derived from the Greek παχος, thick, δεκα, ten, and ρομβος, a rhombus, and expresses a thick rhomboidal body, composed of ten planes. The characters are that the selenitæ of it consist of ten planes; but, as the top and bottom in the leptodecarhombes are broader and larger planes than any of the rest, the great thickness of this genus, on the contrary, makes its four longer planes in all the bodies of it, meeting in an obtuse angle from its sides, its largest planes. There are four species.

PACHUCO, a town and province of the intendancy of Mexico. It has a magnificent parish church; and the royal coffers, where the treasurer and accomptant reside, were formerly here. The trade in silver is the principal of the place. The ground on which it stands is 8141 feet high, forty-five miles north-east of Mexico.

PACHYMERUS (George), a Greek historian of the fourteenth century. He wrote a History of the East, which merits the more credit from

the share he had in the transactions he records. It commences with the year 1308.

PACIFIC, adj. Fr. pacifique, paciPACIFICATION, 14. §. fier; Lat. pacificus, PACIFICATOR, pacifico. Peaceable; PACIFICATORY, adj. making peace; mild; PACIFIER, n. s. gentle pacification is PACIFY, V. a. the act of making peace pacificator, he who makes peace: pacificatory, tending to make peace: to pacify is to appease; quell anger, resentment, or desire. Menelaus promised Ptolemy money, if he would pacify the king.

2 Mac. iv. 45. The Most High is not pacified for sin by the multitude of sacrifices. Ecclus. xxxiv. 19.

While the dog hunted in the river, he had withdrawn to pacify with sleep his over-watched eyes. Sidney.

A world was to be saved by a pacification of wrath, through the dignity of that sacrifice which should

be offered.

Hooker.

He sent forthwith to the French king his chaplain, chusing him because he was a churchman, as best sorting with an embassy of pacification. Bacon. He set and kept on foot a continual treaty of peace; besides he had in consideration the bearing the blessed person of a pacificator.

Id.

In his journey he heard news of the victory, yet he went on as far as York, to pacify and settle those

O villain! to have wit at will upon all other occasions, and not one diverting syllable now at a pinch to pacify our mistress. L'Estrange.

Prior.

Nor William's power, nor Mary's charms, Could or repel, or pacify his arms. David, by an happy and seasonable pacification, was took off from acting that bloody tragedy.

South. PACIFIC OCEAN, Mare Pacificum, or South Sea, in geography, that vast ocean which separates Asia from America, originally called Pacific from the moderate weather which the first mariners, and particularly Magellan, who sailed in it, met with between the tropics; and it was called the South Sea, because the Spaniards crossed the Isthmus of Darien from north to south. With regard to America it is also sometimes called the Western Ocean. Far from this ocean being less infested with storms than the Atlantic, no sea is subject to rougher storms in high latitudes; but Magellan happening to have a very favorable wind, and not meeting with any thing to ruffle him when he first traversed this vast ocean in 1520, gave it the name which it has retained ever since. Maty adds, that the wind is so regular here that the vessels would frequently go from Acapulco to the Philippine Islands, without shifting a sail. The general trade winds in the Pacific Ocean are similar to those of the Atlantic, blowing constantly between the north and east in the northern tropic, and between the south and east in the southern. Near the west coast of America their limits are strictly confined to the tropics, or even within them, but they widen as they move onwards towards the coast of Asia.

This ocean fills the largest cavity of the globe, Occupying nearly half of its surface from the eastern shores of New Holland to the western of America; and it is diversified with several

groups of islands, which seem, as it were, the summits of vast mountains. Separately considered, this ocean receives but few rivers; the chief being the Amur from Tartary, and the Hoan-ho and Kian-ku from China, the principal American rivers running east. As the boundary of the Russian empire, the Pacific washes the shores of the government of Irkutsk, from Tschukotskoy Noss, or Cook's Straits, to the frontiers of China; or from the mouth of the river Aimakan, that is, from 65° to 45° N. lat. It is divided into two great parts. That lying eastwards from Kamtschatka, between Siberia and America, is eminently styled the Eastern or the Pacific Ocean; that on the west side from Kamtschatka, between Siberia, the Chinese Mongoley, and the Kurilly Islands, the sea of Okhotsk. Again, from the place where the river Anadyr falls into it, it is called the sea of Anadyr; about Kamtschatka, the sea of Kamtschatka; and the bay between the districts of Okhotsk and Kamtschatka, is called the sea of Okhotsk, the upper part of which is termed Penjinskoye Mare as it approaches the mouth of the river Penjina. See our articles GEOGRA

PHY and OCFAN.

PACK, n. s., v. a., & v. n. \
PACK'-CLOTH, N. S.
PACK ́ER,
PACK ́ET, n. s. & v.a,
PACKHORSE, N. S.
PACKSADDLE,

PACKTHREAD, PACKWAX.

Fr. pacquet; [ Ital. pacchetto; Swed, and Belg. pack; Dan. packke. A bundle; bale; band; set; number: hence a given number of cards or hounds, party of people, &c.; any great number: to pack is to bind up for carriage or despatch: hence to unite selected persons in a design; sort cards in a particular manner: to tie up goods; go after, or remove, in haste; concert measures (generally applied in an ill sense): a packet is a small pack or bundle; particularly of letters; the vessel which carries a mail bag: to packet is used by Swift for to bind up parcels: a packhorse is, a horse of burden; a horse used for carrying packs: packsaddle and packthread a saddle and thread, used to carry and tie up packages: packwax, an animal secretion.

New farmer thinketh each hour a day, Until the old farmer be packing away. Tusser. pack, a conspiracy, against me. You panderly rascals! there's a knot, a gang, a Shakspeare.

Till George be packed with post horse up to heaven. He cannot live, I hope, and must not die,

Enos has

Id.

The queen, contrary to her pact and agreement concerning the marriage of her daughter, delivered her daughters out of sanctuary unto king Richard. Bacon.

The French king sent for Matthew, earl of Levenox, to remove the earl of Arraine from the regency of Scotland, and reverse such pactions as he had made. Hayward. There never could be any room for contracts or pactions, between the Supreme Being and his intelliCheyne. gent creatures. PACTOLUS, a river of Lydia, rising in Mount Tmolus, called Chrysorrhoas, from its rolling down golden sand, according to Herodotus, Plutarch, Pliny, and Strabo. In this river Midas was fabled to have washed himself; and from it Crests is thought to have had all his riches. In Strabo's time it ce used to roll down any. It ran through Sardes; after which it fell into the Hermus, and both together into the Egean Sea at Phocæa in Ionia. The kings of Persia obtained possession of the Pactolus and its treasures by Cyrus's conquest of Lydia. Xerxes I. drew gold from the lactolus, and this valuable metal was furnished by it in the time of Herodotus; but it afterwards failed long before the time of Strabo. The gold of the Pactolus was derived from the mines of Mount Emolus; and, when these were exhausted, the supply of the river was discontinued. This river was, according to Varro and Chrysostom, the chief source of the wealth of Croesus.

PACUVIUS (Marcus), a native of Brundusium in Calabria, a tragic poet in high reputation about the veer of Rome 600. He was ephew of Ennius; published several theatrical pieces, though we have only some fragments of his poetry remaining; and died at Tarentum, at above ninety years of age.

PAD, n. s. & v. n. Sax paad; Belg. pad; PADDER, n. s. Teut. pfud; Sans. pad; Gr. πατος. A path; road; footway; an easypaced horse; a soft saddle; a robber infesting the roads on foot: to tread gently or at a slow pace; beat a way; rob on foot: a padder is a foot highwayman.

Tremellius was called scropha or sow, because he hid his neighbour's sow under a pad, and commanded his wife to lie thereon; he sware that he had no sow but the great sow that lay there, pointing to the pad and the sow his wife. Camden.

We shall not need to say what lack
Of leather was upon his back;

For that was hidden under pad.

Spurr'd as jockies use, to break, Or padders to secure a neck.

Hudibras.

Id.

Worse than all the clattering tiles, and worse Than thousand padders is the poet's curse; Rogues that in dog-days cannot rhyme forbear; But without mercy read, to make you hear.

Dryden.

Let him walk afoot with his pad in his hand; but let not them be accounted no poets who mount and show their horsemanship.

Id.

We have seen this to be the discipline of the state as well as of the pad. L'Estrange.

A grey pad is kept in the stable with great care, out of regard to his past services.

Addison.

The squire of the pad and the knight of the post, Find their pains no more baulked, and their hopes

no more crost.

If he advanced himself by a voluntary engaging in unjust quarrels, he has no better pretence to honour than what a resolute and successfur padder may challenge. Collier.

I would have set you on an easier pad, and relieved the wandering knight with a night's lodging. Pope's Letters.

PADANG, a Dutch settlement on the west coast of Sumatra, to which the factories at Pulo Chinco, Priaman, and Adjerhadja, were formerly subordinate. Lat. 0° 48′ S., long. 99° 55′ E. The town lies one mile within the river: the land to the northward is low towards the sea, but mountainous up the country. Some pepper, camphor, and benzoin, are furnished; but

ever since the establishment of the English settlement at Bencoolen the quantity collected has been small. gold is sent to Batavia. Near to Padang is a A considerable quantity of vein of this metal which formerly was worked; but, not finding the returns adequate to the expense, the Dutch East India Company let it to farm, and it now produces little or nothing. Padang was first visited by the English East India Company's ships in 1649. possession from 1794 to 1814; but in the last year given up again to the Dutch. PADAR, n. s. coarse flour.

It was in our

L. B. paleatura. Grouts;

In the bolting and sifting of near fourteen years of such power and favour, all that came out could not be expected to be pure and fine meal, but must have amongst it padar and bran in this lower age human fragility.

PADDLER, n. s.

Wotton.

PADDLE, v. n. & n. s. Fr. partouiller; Lat. patulus. To row; beat or play with water, as with oars; to finger: a paddle is an oar or broad-ended staff.

Have a paddle upon thy weapon. Deut. xxiii. 13.
Paddling palms, and pinching fingers,
And making practised smiles,

As in a looking-glass.

Shakspeare. Winter's Tale. As the men were paddling for their lives.

L'Estrange. A wolf lapping at the head of a fountain, spied a lamb paddling a good way off.

Id.

The brain has a very unpromising aspect for thinking; it looks like an odd sort of bog for fancy to paddle in.

Collier.

Paddling ducks the standing lake desire. Gay PAD'DOCK, n. s. Sax. pada; Danish and Belg, padde. A toad: also corrupted from parrok (see PARK), an enclosure for deer.

Where I was wont to seek the honey-bee, Working her former rooms in waxen frame; The grisley toad-stool grown there mought I see, And loathing paddocks lording on the same.

Walton.

The sport has been a long time discontinued, and the word paddock is employed in the present time only to a small enclosure or pasture, having a pale to protect it; or to a small tract of land, surrounding, or appertaining to, a rural mansion, where a few brace of fallow deer may be kept, but not of magnitude sufficient to acquire the appellation of a park.

PADERBORN, i. e. the source of the Pader, an ancient town of Westphalia, subject to Prussia. This placę was for a time the residence of Charlemagne, and, on different occasions, the tem orary abode of succeeding emperors. It was a member of the Hanseatic confederacy, but fell by degrees into complete subjection to the bishop of Paderborn, who governed a district of above 1000 square miles, adjacent to the landgraviate of Hesse. This bishopric, founded by Charlemagne, has belonged to Prussia since the secularisation of 1802. It contains at present a population of 120,000. The town of Paderborn was taken in 1622 by duke Christian of Brunswick, at the head of a Protestant force. The cathedral is a fine edifice; and there are here no fewer than six hospitals or almshouses. The town is tolerably built, but its trade is insignificant. Population about 5300. Thirty-seven miles south by west of Minden, and fifty-eight south-west of Hanover.

PADLOCK, n.s. & v. a. Belgic padde. A lock for a gate originally; to fasten with a lock and staple.

Let all her ways be unconfined; And clap your padlock on her mind. Prior. Some illiterate people have padlocked all those pens that were to celebrate their heroes, by silencing Grub-street.

J. Bull.

PAD-NAG, n. s. From pad and nag. An ambling nag.

An easy pad-nag to ride out a mile. Dr. Pope. PADOGI, a punishment used in Russia. The body of the criminal is stripped to the waist, and then laid upon the ground; one slave holds the head of the person to be punished between his knees, and another the lower part of the body; then rods are applied to the back till some person gives notice to desist, by crying out enough! This punishment is considered in Russia merely as a correction of the police, exercised on the soldier by military discipline, by the nobility on their servants, and by persons in authority over all such as are under their command. After the accession of Elizabeth to the throne of Russia, the punishments were reduced to two kinds, viz. the padogi and knout.

PADSTOW, a market and sea-port town of England, on the north coast of Cornwall, on the Camel, near the Bristol Channel. It has a market on Saturday, and a good trade with London, Bristol, and Ireland; from which last it is twenty-four hours' sail distant. The church is an ancient structure, dedicated to the first St. Petrock. In this town is also a Methodist chapel. At the mouth of the Camel is a convenient harbour for vessels of 500 tons burden, at high water; but it is rather difficult of access, having rocks on the east side, and a bar of sand on the west. Padstow has also a small fishery for

herrings, and, during the season, is much frequented for sea-bathing. It has a custom-house and good quays. It is thirty miles west of Launceston, and 243 west by south of London.

PADUA, a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice, adjoining the delegations of Vicenza, Treviso, Venice, Rovigo, and Verona. Its superficial extent is 860 square miles; producing the most abundant crops of corn, of which, however, little is exported, owing to the density of the population. Large quantities of wine, fruit, and silk, are likewise raised; and the pastures are rich and well stocked. The surface is agreeably diversified by the Euganean hills, a chain of moderate height, which passes through the province. It is watered by the Brenta, the Bacchiglione, and several smaller streams. Population 270,000.

PADUA, a city of Austrian Italy, the capital of the above delegation. It stands near the junction of the Brenta and Bacchiglione, and is of a triangular form, surrounded with a mound and ditch. The circuit of these is nearly seven miles; but the interior contains much open space. The town is traversed by several canals, and the streets are bordered on each side with arcades, which, while they afford a pleasant shade in hot weather, give the town a gloomy appearance. The streets are also otherwise dark and ill paved. The houses are, however, in general lofty and well built, and several of the public edifices are magnificent. The townhouse is in the form of an oblong quadrangle, supported by galleries resting on marble pillars. At each end are great stair-cases, leading to an arched saloon, said to be the largest hall in Europe, being 300 feet long, 100 broad, and 100 high. It is so constructed that the roof has no support but the walls. The interior contains some fresco paintings, and a bust of Livy, who was a native of Padua. Near the town-house is situated the palace of the Podesta, remarkable for its Doric saloon, and fine paintings. The palace of the commandant is a model of beautiful architecture. The cathedral is less remarkable for its architecture than for its paintings and ornaments. The church of St. Antonio, an ancient Gothic edifice, is likewise rich in sculpture and painting. That of St Justina is also a fine marble edifice, with a good library and a number of valuable paintings.

The university was at one time resorted to by crowds of students from all parts of Europe. Among its eminent pupils were Galileo, Petrarch, and Columbus. The buildings are the work of Palladio, and the observatory, botanical garden, anatomical theatre, cabinet of natural history, and hall of midwifery, are all on a large wellsupported scale. The university was new modelled in 1814, and consists of the faculties of mathematics, philosophy, medicine, and law. The number of professors is thirty-two; the average number of students not above 300. Here is also an academy of sciences, founded by the senate of Venice. Padua is likewise the seat of one of the five sections of the Institute of Austrian Italy.

Padua was a distinguished place when it first submitted to Rome, and was treated not as a