denominated Pesti, and which was not finally abandoned until 1580. Since that period the ruins of the ancient city do not appear to have attracted notice until 1745. The first modern author who treated of them was the baron Joseph Antonini, in his work on Leucania, published at Naples in 1745 and following years. The first artist who measured and made drawings of them was, according to Millin, J. G. Soufflot, a celebrated architect of his day, who built the basilica of St. Genevieve, afterwards called the Pantheon. These drawings,' says Millin, although executed in 1750, lay for a long time unused in the artist's portfolio, and were not published until 1764 at Paris, by M. Dumont, professor of architecture.' The ruins of the ancient town of Pæstum are situated in the gulf of Salerno, twenty-two leagues from Naples, and in a vast and mountainous plain. The precise extent of their antiquity is altogether baffling; in all probability it stretched. far beyond the conquest of the town by the Romans. The circumference of the city, in form an angular oblong, which is contracted towards the west, is enclosed by thick walls, partly ruinous, but still lofty in many places, and their height varying from twelve to twenty-one feet. Substantial square towers flank each angle of the walls, and there are several other intermediate ones between these and the gates. There remained a few years ago one gate (towards the east) quite perfect. These walls enclose a prodigious multitude of ruins, the principal of which are those of three temples, which were denominated by the discoverers the grand temple, the lesser temple, and the basilica. The latter differs from every other temple in existence, having nine columns in the front, with a central range down the middle of the cell, the use of which appears to have been to support the roof. PAGAHM, an ancient town of the Birman empire, situated on the east side of the Irawaddy, in lat. 21° 9′ N., long. 94° 35′ E. In remote times this city, says Mr. Hamilton, was the residence of a long dynasty of kings, and is still famous for its numerous temples, to count which is among the proverbial impossibilities of the Birmans. It is said to have been abandoned 500 years ago in consequence of a divine admonition. Scarcely any thing now remains of ancient Pagahm, except its numerous mouldering temples, and the vestiges of an old brick fort, the ramparts of which are still to be traced. Many of the most ancient temples at this place are not solid at the bottom. A well arched dome supports a ponderous superstructure, within which an image of Gaudma sits enshrined. His general posture is sitting on a pedestal, adorned with representations of the sacred leaf of the lotus-the left hand resting on the lap, and the right pendant. In the bazaar the stalls are well provided with rice, pulse, greens, garlick, onions, and fruit; besides fresh fish, gnapee (putrid sprats), and dead lizards, which latter the Birmans account a great delicacy when well cooked; but the markets contain no butchers' meat. Our labarum, in a state of paganism, you have on a coin of Tiberius. It stands between two other ensigns. Addison. The Christian faith, Unlike the timorous creed of pagan priests, Was frank, stood forth to view, invited all. Pollok. PAGAN (Blaise Francis, count of), an eminent French mathematician, born at Avignon in Provence, March 3d, 1604. He became a soldier at fourteen, and signalised himself in an extraordinary manner on many occasions. After the loss of his eyesight, which prevented him from continuing to serve his country in the field, he published many valuable treatises chiefly on mathematical subjects. His principal works are, Geometrical Theorems, The Theory of the Planets, and Astronomical Tables. He died in Paris, November 18th, 1665; unmarried. PAGAN (Peter), professor of history and poetry at Marpurg. He wrote a history of the Horatii and Curatii in Latin verse; and various pieces of miscellaneous poetry. He died at Wanfrid, in Lower Hesse, May 20th, 1576. PAGANALIA, certain festivals observed by the ancient Romans in the month of January. They were instituted by Servius Tullius, who appointed a certain number of villages (pagi), in each of which an altar was to be raised for annual sacrifices to their tutelar gods; at which all the inhabitants were to assist, and give presents in money, according to their sex and age, by which means the number of country people was known. The servants upon this occasion offered cakes to Ceres and Tullus, to obtain plentiful harvests. PAGANELLUS, a species of gobius. PAGANICA, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra; eight miles N. N. W. of Aquila. PAGE, n. s. & v. a. Fr.page; Lat. pagina. PAG'INAL, adj. One side of the leaf of a book to mark the pages of a book: paginal is consisting of pages. If a man could have opened one of the pages of the divine counsel, and seen the event of Joseph's being sold, he might have dried up the young man's tears. Taylor. An expression proper unto the paginal books of our times, but not so agreeable unto volumes or rolling books, in use among the Jews. Browne. Thy name to Phoebus and the muses known, Shall in the front of every page be shown. Dryden. A printer divides a book into sheets, the sheets into pages, the pages into lines, and the lines into letters. Waits. Page, n. §. & v. u.. Fr. and Span. page; Ital. paggeo. An attendant: to attend as a page. Will these mossed trees, That have out-lived the eagle, page thy heels, And skip when thou pointest out! Shakspeare. The fair goddess Fortune, Fall deep in love with thee, and her great charms Bacon. Where is this mankind now? who lives to age Fit to be made Methusalem his page. Donne. This day thou shalt my rural pages see, Dryden. Philip of Macedon had a page attending in his chamber, to tell him every morning, Remember, O king, that thou art mortal. Wake. PAGE (William), D. D., was a native of Harrow, Middlesex, or, according to others, of London, and born in 1590. He was educated at Baliol College, Oxford, but quitted in 1619, on being chosen fellow of All Souls. Ten years after he obtained the head-mastership of Reading grammar-school, and the rectory of East Locking, Berks; but, on the breaking out of the civil war, he was ejected from his school as a loyalist, though the profits of his benefice were not sequestered. He is known as the author of a devotional treatise on Genuflexion, in 4to., printed at Oxford in 1631; a Reply to John Hales's Tract on Schism; and a translation of the De Imitatione, &c. of Thomas à Kempis. He died in 1663. PAGEANT, n. s., adj., & v. a. I Lat. pigPAGEANTRY, n. s. Sma; Greek, πnyμa. A scenic show; a statue in a show: pageantry means, pomp; show. With ridiculous and aukward action. Which, slanderer, he imitation calls, He pageants us. Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida. When all our pageants of delight were plaid, Our youth got me to play the woman's part, And I was trimmed in madam Julia's gown. Shakspeare. Strange and unnatural, let's stay and see This pageant of a prodigy. Cowley. Were she ambitious, she'd disdain to own The pageant pomp of such a servile throne. Dryden. Such pageantry be to the people shown; There boast thy horse's trappings and thy own. Id. admirer. He died at Paris, December 21st, 1802. Among his works may be mentioned, Histoire Secrete de la Révolution Française, 1796-1801, 6 vols. 8vo., which was translated into English, Italian, and German; and Nouveau Voyage autour du Monde, en Asie, en Ameriqué, et en Afrique, precedé d'un Voyage en Italie, 1797, 3 vols. 8vo. PAGES (Pierre Marie François, vicomte de), a French navigator, of a noble family, was born at Toulouse in 1748. He entered into the navy at the age of nineteen, and, in 1767, embarked at Cape Françoise in St. Domingo, on a voyage with a view to explore the Indian Seas, and travel through China and Tartary to the Northern Ocean. He arrived at the Philippine Islands in October 1768, and, it being impossible to penetrate China, went by sea to Bassora, and, travelling through the desert to Syria, reached France in December 1771. In 1773 he sailed in Kerguelin's expedition towards the South Pole; and on his return made a voyage in a Dutch vessel employed in the whale fishery in the North Seas, when he proceeded as far as 81° 30′ N. lat. Pages obtained, as the reward of his services, the rank of captain, and the cross of St. Louis, and was chosen a correspondent of the Academy of Sciences. He served in the American war, and after the peace of 1783 retired to St. Domingo, where he was murdered by the negroes in 1793. He published a work which Humboldt mentions with approbation, Voyages autour du Monde, 1767– 1776, 2 vols. 8vo. PAGI (Anthony), a very celebrated cordelier, one of the ablest critics of his time, born at Rogne in Provence, in 1624. He took the habit in the convent at Arles, in 1641, and was four times provincial of his order; he died in 1699. His most considerable work is, A Critique upon the Annals of Baronius; the best edition of which is that in 4 vols. folio, Geneva, 1705. PAGI (Francis), nephew of Anthony, and a member of the same order, wrote A Chronological Abridgment of the History of the Popes, in Latin, 3 vols. 4to. PAGNINUS (Sanctes), an Italian Dominican, eminent for his skill in oriental languages and biblical learning, was born at Lucca in 1466, and became afterwards an ecclesiastic of the or ler of St. Dominic. He was the author of translations of both the Old and New Testaments, of an Hebrew Lexicon, and an Hebrew Grammar. He died in 1536, aged seventy. PAGO, a small island of the gulf of Quarnero, in the Adriatic, belonging to the circle or district of Zara, in Austrian Dalmatia. It is situated opposite to the coast of Croatia, and is and a thirty-four miles in length, but narrow; great part of the interior is occupied by an inlet of the sea. Its area is about fifty square miles; its population 4000. In the climate the extremes of heat and cold predominate, the island being exposed in winter to the bora, a keen and piercing wind from Croatia, while in the summer the heat is such as to ripen grapes. The chief exports are wine and salt. Sage, aromatic herbs, and coal, are abundant. The inhabitants have been alternately subject to the Venetians, and to their neighbours on the Greek coast. Pago, the chief place of the island, is situated on a bay in the interior, twenty-two miles north-west of Zara, and contains 1000 inhabitants. PA’GOD, n. s. Pers. and Hind. boit, khoda, or kuda, i. e. the house of God. An Indian tem ple or idol. See thronging millions to the Pagod run, And offer country, parent, wife, or son. Pope. They worship idols called pagods, after such a terrible representation as we make of devils. Stillingfleet. PAGOD, or PAGODA, a name whereby the East Indians call the temple in which they worship their gods. Before they build a pagod they consecrate the ground as follows:-after having enclosed it with boards or palisadoes, when the grass is grown on the ground they turn an ashcolored cow into it, who stays there a whole day and night; and, as cow-dung is thought by the Indians to be of a very sacred nature, they search for this sacred deposit, and, having found it, they dig there a deep pit, into which they put a marble pillar, rising considerably above the surface of the earth. On this pillar they place the image of the god to whom the pagod is to be consecrated. After this the pagod is built round the pit in which the pillar is fixed. The pagod usually consists of three parts: the first is a vaulted roof supported on stone or marble columns. It is adorned with images, and, being open, all persons, without distinction, are allowed to enter it: the second part is filled with grotesque and monstrous figures, and nobody is allowed to enter it but the brahmins themselves: the third is a kind of chancel, in which the statue of the deity is placed: it is shut up with a very strong gate. We cannot afford room to go into detail on the several pagodas of different nations and their peculiar circumstances; and shall therefore content ourselves with offering the reader some account of the most interesting structures of this class in existence. An excellent account of the sculptures, &c., at Mavalipuram, a few miles north of Sadras, and known to seamen by the name of the seven pagodas, is given in the Asiatic Researches. The monuments appear to be the ruins of some great city decayed many centuries ago. They are situated close to the sea, between Covelong and Sadras, somewhat remote from the high road that leads to the different European settlements; and, when visited in 1776, there was still a native village adjoining to them, which retained the ancient name, and in which a number of brahmins resided that seemed perfectly well acquainted with the subjects of most of the sculptures to be seen there.' 'Proceeding on, by the foot of a hill on the side facing the sea, there is a pagoda rising out of the ground, of one solid stone, about sixteen or eighteen feet high, which seems to have been cut upon the spot, out of a detached rock that has been found of a proper size for that purpose. The top is arched, and the style of architecture, according to which it is formed, different from any now used in those parts.' Beyond this a numerous group of human figures in bas relief, considerably larger than life, attract attention. They represent considerable persons, and their exploits, many of which are now very indistinct through the injuries of time, assisted by the corroding nature of the sea air; while others, protected from that element, are as fresh as when recently finished. The hill, which is at first or easy ascent, is in other parts rendered more so by very excellent steps cut out in several places, where the communication would be difficult or impracticable without them. A winding stair of this sort leads to a kind of temple cut out of the solid rock, with some figures of idols in high relief upon its walls, very well finished and perfectly fresh, as it faces the west, and is therefore sheltered from the sea air.' This temple our author conjectures to have been a place of worship appertaining to a palace; some remains of which still exist, and to which there is a passage from the temple by another flight of steps. This finishes the objects on that part of the upper surface of the hill, the ascent to which is on the north; but, descending thence, you are led round the hill to the opposite side, in which there are steps cut from the bottom to a place near the summit, where is an excavation that seems to have been intended for a place of worship, and contains various sculptures of Hindoo deities. The most remarkable of these is a gigantic figure of Vishnou (see POLYTHEISM) asleep on a kind of bed, with a huge snake wound about in many coils by way of pillow for his head; and these figures, according to the manner of this place, are all of one piece, hewn from the body of the rock.' These works, however, although they are unquestionably stupendous, are, in our author's opinion, surpassed by others about a mile and a half south of the hill. They consist of two pagodas of about thirty feet long by twenty feet wide, and about as many in height, cut out of the solid rock, and each consisting originally of one single stone. Near these also stand an elephant full as big as life, and a lion much larger than the natural size, but very well executed, each hewn also out of one stone. The great rock above described is at some distance from the sea, perhaps fifty or 100 yards, and in that space the Hindoo village before mentioned stood in 1776. But close to the sea are the remains of a pagoda built of brick, and dedicated to Sib, the greatest part of which has evidently been swallowed up by that element; for the door of the innermost apartment, in which the idol is placed, and before which there are always two or three spacious courts surrounded with walls, is now washed by the waves, and the pillar used to discover the meridian at the time of founding the pagoda is seen standing at some distance in the sea. In the neighbourhood of this building there are some detached rocks, washed also by the waves, on which there appear sculptures, though now much worn and defaced. And the natives declared to the writer of this account, that the more aged people among them remembered to have seen the tops of several pagodas far out in the sea, which, being covered with copper (probably gilt), were particularly visible at sun-rise, as their shining surface used then to reflect the sun's rays; but that now that effect was no longer produced, as the copper had since be come incrusted with mould and verdigris.' From these circumstances it is probable that the magnificent city, of which these appear to be part of the ruins, has been destroyed partly by an earthquake, by which the rock was rent, and partly by a sudden inundation of the sea occasioned by this commotion of the earth. PAGODA, OF PAGOD, is also the name of a gold and silver coin, current in several parts of the East Indies. PAIL, n. s. 7 Span. paila; Ital. pacol; Lat. PAILFUL. Spatella. A wooden vessel to carry water or milk. Yon same cloud cannot chuse but fall by pailfuls. In the country, when wool is new shorn, they set pails of water in the same room, to increase the weight. Bacon. New milk that all the winter never fails, And all the summer overflows the pails. Dryden. PAILMAIL, n. s. The same with pall mall, a beater or mall to strike the ball. Violent; boisterous. A stroke with a pailmail beetle upon a bowl makes it fly from it. Digby on the Soul. PAIMBŒUF, an important, though small, post-town and sea-port, the chief place of a subprefecture in the department of the Lower Loire, France, containing about 4000 inhabitants, with an inferior court of justice, a drawing school, a maritime syndicate, an agricultural society, and a communal college. This town, which is situated in a marshy country, on the left bank of the Loire, at the commencement of the eighteenth century was only a hamlet, inhabited by a few fishermen; its situation at the mouth of a great river, its port, where the largest vessels can anchor, and its proximity to Nantes, have rendered it a very important place. It consists of one well-built street, on a long quay, on which vessels disembark their cargoes, that are then conveyed in lighters as far as Nantes; here also they receive their cargoes on putting out to sea. Here are manufactories of bricks and tiles, and docks for the building and refitting of ships. The trade of the place consists chiefly in grain. It is thirty miles W. N. W. of Nantes, fifteen south of Pornie, twenty-seven south of Bourgneuf, and 315 southwest of Paris. Sax. pin; Fr. peine; Lat. pæna. Punish PAIN, n. s. & v. a. PAINFUL, PAINFULLY, adv. ment denounced; pePAINFULNESS, n. s. nalty; sensation of unPAINLESS, adj. easiness or anguish: in PAINSTAKER, n. s. the plural, labor; work; PAINSTAKING, adj. toil: to afflict; torment; make uneasy or anxious: with the reciprocal pronoun (little used), to labor: the adjective, adverb, and substantive follow these senses: painless is free from, or void of pain: painstaking, laborious; industrious. I am pained at my very heart, because thou hast heard, O my soul, the sound of the trumpet. Jeremiah iv. 19. She bowed herself and travailed; for her pains came upon her. 1 Samuel iv. 19. One laboureth and taketh pains, maketh haste, and is so much the more behind. Ecclus. xi. 11. When I thought to know this, it was too painful for me. Psalm 1xxiii. 16. The extreme dangers, and the drops of blood On pain of death no person being so bold, their hunger and thirst, that serve their prince and country painfully abroad. Raleigh's Essays. Because Eusebius hath yet said nothing, we will, by way of mulct or pain, lay it upon him. Bacon. As the pains of the touch are greater than the offences of the other senses; so likewise are the pleasures. Id. There the princesses determining to bathe themselves, thought it was so privileged a place, upon pain of death, as nobody durst presume to come thi Sidney. ther. Id. With diamond in window-glass she graved, Erona die, and end this ugly painfulness. When of the dew, which the eye and ear do take, From flow'rs abroad and bring into the brain, She doth within both wax and honey make; This work is hers, this is her proper pain. Davies. Robin red-breast painfully Did cover them with leaves. Children in the Wood. The pains they have taken was very great. Pain is perfect misery, the worst Of evils; and, excessive, overturns All patience. Clarendon. Milton's Paradise Lost. Is there yet no other way, besides These painful passages, how we may come To death? Id. When a lion shakes his dreadful mane And angry grows, if he that first took pain To tame his youth, approach the haughty beast, He bends to him, but frights away the rest. Waller. If health be such a blessing, it may be worth the pains to discover the regions where it grows, and the sorings that feed it. Temple. The deaf person must be discreetly treated, and by pleasant usage wrought upon to take some pains at it, watching your seasons and taking great care, that he may not hate his task, but do it chearfully. Holder. To dress the vines new labour is required, Nor must the painful husbandman be tired. Id. Interpose, on pain of my displeasure, Betwixt their swords. Id. Don Sebastian. If philosophy be uncertain, the former will conclude it vain; and the latter may be in danger of pronouncing the same on their pains, who seek it, if after all their labour they must reap the wind, mere opinion and conjecture. Glanville. Excess of cold, as well as heat, pains us, because it is equally destructive to that temper which is necessary to the preservation of life. Locke. No custom can make the painfulness of a debauch easy or pleasing to a man; since nothing can be pleasant that is unnatural. South. Pleasure arose in those very parts of his leg, that just before had been so much pained by the fetter. Addison. None shall presume to fly under pain of death, with wings of any other man's making. Id. Evils have been more painful to us in the prospect, than by their actual pressure. Id, I'll prove a true painstaker day and night, It bid her feel Gay. PAINE (Thomas), a celebrated deist and political demagogue of the American and French Revolutions, was born at Thetford, in Norfolk, in 1737, where his father carried on the business of a staymaker. All sects have had their disgraceful members and offspring. Paine's father, a peaceful and industrious Quaker, connects him with the exemplary sect of the Friends. He received his education at the grammar-school of his native place, but attained to little beyond the rudiments of Latin; but he seems to have paid considerable attention to arithmetic, and to have evinced an early predilection for the mathematics. His first application to business was in the trade of his father, which he followed in London, Dover, and Sandwich, where he married. Afterwards he became a grocer and exciseman at Lewes in Sussex. This situation he lost for some misdemeanor, but was subsequently restored on petition, until finally dismissed for keeping a tobacconist's shop, which was thought to interfere with his official duties. After this, however, so well were the public authorities of his native country disposed to serve him, that one of the commissioners of excise gave him a letter of recommendation to Dr. Franklin, then a colonial agent in London, who recommended him to go to America. At this period VOL. XVI. he had first exercised his talents as a writer, by drawing up a pamphlet, recommending the advance of the salaries of excisemen. His age at this time was thirty-seven. His first engagement in Philadelphia was with Mr. Aitkin, a respectable bookseller, who, in January 1775, commenced the Pennsylvania Magazine, the editorship of which work became the business of Mr. Paine, for which he had a salary of £50 currency a year. According to Mr. Cheetham, this work was well supported by him, and it was here that he published his song upon general Wolfe, which by his biographer is called beautiful; but taste either in prose or poetry does not appear to us to be among Mr. Cheetham's biographical qualifications.- When the propriety of preparing the Americans for a Dr. Rush of Philadelphia suggested to Paine seized with avidity the idea, and immediately separation from Great Britain, it seems that he commenced his famous pamphlet on that measure, which being shown in MS. to Drs. Franklin and Rush, and Mr. S. Adams, was, after some discussion, entitled, at the suggestion of Dr. Rush, Common Sense. For this production the legislation of Pennsylvania voted him £500.; he also received the degree of M. A. from the university of the same province, and was chosen a member of the American Philosophical Society. We hope the literary honors were communicated in a tongue which he could read; as his mortal aversion to learned languages is well known. To these rewards was soon afterwards added the office of clerk to the committee for foreign affairs, which, although a confidential situation, scarcely justified him, says one of his friendly biographers, in assuming the title of late secretary for foreign affairs,' which he did in the title-page of the Rights of Man. Bitterly,' says Mr. Cheetham, as he pretended to be opposed to titles, when grasping the pillars of the British government he endeavoured to subvert it, he was yet so fond of them, in reality, that he not only assumed to himself a title to which he had no claim, but he seems to have gloried in the fraudulent assumption. In his title-page of his Rights of Man, he styles himself 'Secretary for Foreign Affairs to the congress of the United States, in the late war.' The foreign affairs of the United States were conducted by a committee, or board, of which he was secretary, or clerk; clerk more properly, at a very low salary. His business was merely to copy papers, number and file them, and, generally, to do the duty of what is now called a clerk in the foreign department; he was, however, determined to give himself a higher title. Unsubstantial in essence as superadditions to names are, he nevertheless liked them, and seemed to be aware that, universally, they possess a charm to which he was by no means insensible. From this, and many other circumstances, we may infer that his objections to being himself a lord of the bedchamber, or a groom of the stole, a master of the hounds, or a gentleman in waiting, would not have been stronger than were his wishes to be retained in the excise.' While in this office, he published a series of 2 F |