Scotland and thou did each in other live, Nor would'st thou her, nor could thee she survive. Dryden.

He that will not give just occasion to think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts, where the strongest carries; and so lay a foundation for perpetual disorder and mischief, tumult, sedition, and rebellion; things that the followers of that hypothesis so loudly cry out against, must of necessity find out another state of government.

Locke.

There is that controlling worth in goodness, that the will cannot but like and desire it; and, on the other side, that odious deformity in vice, that it never effers itself to the affections of mankind but under the disguise of the other. South.

In these good things, what all others should practise, we should scarce know to practise otherwise. Sprat.

Thy father was a worthy prince, And merited, alas! a better fate; But heaven thought otherwise. Addison's Cato. Never allow yourselves to be idle, whilst others are in want of any thing that your hands can make for

them.

Law.

Men seldom consider God any otherwise than in relation to themselves, and therefore want some extraordinary benefits to excite their attention, and engage their love.

Rogers. No leases shall ever be made other than leases for years not exceeding thirty-one, in possession, and not in reversion or remainder. Swift.

I have long discontinued this practice, and many others which I found necessary to adopt, that I might

escape the worst of all evils, both in itself and in its consequences-an idle life. Cowper.

Sure never were seen two such sweet little ponies;
Other horses are clowns, and these macaronies;
And to give them this title I'm sure is'nt wrong,
Their legs are so slim and their tails are so long.
Sheridan.

And the pale smile of beauties in the grave,
The charms of other days, in starlight gleams
Glimmer on high; their buried locks still wave
Along the canvas.
Byron.

OTHNIEL, the celebrated judge of Israel, was the son of Kenaz, of the tribe of Judah. We are told (Joshua xv. 17 and Judges i. 13) that he was Caleb's younger brother. But, if Caleb and Othniel had been brothers, the latter could not have married his niece Achsah the daughter of Caleb. The Scripture mentions Kenaz as father to Othniel, and Jephunneh as the father of Caleb. It is therefore supposed that Kenaz and Jephunneh were brothers, and that Othniel and Caleb were cousin-germans, and in this sense to be brothers according to the language of Scripture. Thus, Achsah being but second-cousin in respect of Othniel, he might marry her consistently with the letter of the law. The heroism by which he obtained Achsah is recorded in Joshua xv. 16, 17: and the still greater heroism by which he delivered his country from the oppressions of Chushanrishathaim, A. M. 2599, is recorded in Judges iii. 9-11. Whether he judged Israel during the forty years of peace that followed is uncertain.

OTHO, a tribune of the people, who, in Cicero's consulship, introduced a regulation to permit the Roman knights' at public spectacles

to have the fourteen first rows after the seats of the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but Cicero ably defended it.

OTHо (M. Salvius), the eighth emperor of Rome, born A.D. 32, of a family descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. He was among the number of Nero's favorites, was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaa should prove his ruin. After Nero's death, Otho conciliated the favor of Galba the new emperor; but, when Galba refused to adopt him as his successor, he procured his assassination, and proclaimed himself empeHe was acknowledged by the senate, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany rendered his situation very precarious. Otho obtained three victories; but in a general engagement near Brixellum his forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of success had vanished, in the thirty-seventh year of his age, after a reign of about three months. The last moments of Otho's life were those of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lafor their safety, observed, that it was better that mented his fortune, and, expressing his concern

ror.

one man should die than that all should be involved in ruin on account of his obstinacy. His nephew was much affected, and feared the anger of the conqueror; but Otho observed, that Vitellius would be kind to the relations of Otho, since, in the time of their greatest enmity, the mother of Vitellius had received every friendly

men.

OTHUS AND EPHIALTES, in mythology, two giants, sons of Neptune by Iphimedia, the wife of the giant Aloeus; who educated them as his own, whence they were called Aloeides. They grew nine inches every month, and were only nine years old when they made war against the gods; but were slain by Apollo and Diana. They built the town of Asera, at the foot of Mount Helicon.

OTIS, in ornithology, a genus of birds belonging to the order of gralla. There are several species, principally distinguished by their color One of these,

O. tarda, the bustard, is the largest of the British land fowls; the male at a medium weigh ing twenty-five pounds; there are instances of some very old ones weighing twenty-seven: the breadth nine feet; the length nearly four. Besides the size and difference of color, the male is distinguished from the female by a tuft of feathers about five inches long on each side of the lower mandible. Its head and neck are ash-colored: the back is barred transversely with black and bright rust color: the greater quill-feathers are black the belly white: the tail is marked with broad red and black bars, and consists of twenty feathers: the legs are dusky. The female is about half the size of the male: the crown of the head is of a deep orange, traversed with black lines; the rest of the head is brown. The lower part of the fore side of the neck is ash-colored: in other respects it resembles the male, only the colors of the back and wings are far more dull. These birds inhabit most of the open countries of the south and east parts of England, from Dorsetshire, as far as the Wolds in Yorkshire. They are exceedingly shy, and difficult to be shot; run very fast, and when on the wing can fly, though slowly, many miles without resting. They take flight with difficulty, and are sometimes run down with greyhounds. They keep near their old haunts, seldom wandering above

twenty or thirty miles. Their food is corn and other vegetables, and those large earth worms that appear in great quantities on the Downs before sun-rising in the summer. These are replete with moisture, answer the purpose of liquids and enable them to live long without drinking, on those extensive and dry tracts. Besides this, the males have an admirable magazine for their security against drought, being a pouch, whose entrance lies immediately under the tongue, and which is capable of holding nearly seven quarts; this they fill with water, to supply the hen when sitting, or the young before they can fly. Bustards lay only two eggs, of the size of those of a goose, of a pale olive brown, marked with spots of a dark color; they make no nest, only scrape a hole in the ground. In autumn they are (in Wiltshire generally found in large turnip fields near the Downs, and in flocks of fifty or more.

OTODINI, OTTADINI, or OTTODINI, a nation of ancient Britons, seated on the north-east of the Brigantes, in the countries now called Northumberland, Merse, and the Lothians. As the Otodini are not mentioned by any of the Roman historians, but only by Ptolemy, it is uncertain whether they formed a distinct independent state, or were united with the Brigantes. They were, however, a considerable people, and possessed a long tract of the sea coast, from the Tyne to the Frith of Forth. Their name is derived by Baxter from the old British words Ot o dineu, which signify a high and rocky shore; descriptive enough of their country. They were probably reduced by Agricola at the same time with their more powerful neighbours the Brigantes; but, as they lived without the wall of Severus, they were, like the rest of the Maratæ, engaged in frequent revolts. In the most perfect state of the Roman government in this island, the country of the Otodini made a part of the Roman province called Valentia; which comprehended all that large tract between the two walls. As this province was never long together in the peaceable possession of the Romans, they had but few stations in the country of the Otodini, except those on the line of the wall of Severus. Various opinions are entertained among the learned respecting the real situation of the Otodini; and it is even doubtful whether their country was in England or in Scotland. The celebrated Drummond of Hathornden contends for the latter. From Dr. Henry's description, above quoted, it appears to have been in part of both.

OTRANTO, OF TERRA D'OTRANTO, a province of Naples, forming the south-east extremity of Italy, having the gulf of Taranto on the west, and the Adriatic on the east. It has a superficial extent of 2600 square miles; and, though mountainous, is very fertile. It suffers, however severely from a want of water. The chief product is olives, whole forests of which grow wild cotton, tobacco, vines, and fruits. On the hills is found noble pasturage; and, on the sea-coast, abundant encouragement to fishing. Otranto is divided into the three districts of Lecce (the capital), Taranto, and Messagna. Population 292,000.

OTRANTO, a fortified town in the Neapolitan province to which it gives name, on the Adriatic.

It is miserably built and decayed; and its inhabitants do not amount to more than 2400. They carry on some trade in olive-oil. In 1810 Fouche, Buonaparte's minister of police, received the title of duke of Otranto. Thirty-three miles east by north of Gallipoli, and eighty east by south of Taranto.

OTRANTO, CAPO DI, a cape of Italy, on the coast of the Adriatic, a few miles south of the town of Otranto.

OTRAR, or Farab, a town of independent Tartary, on the Arsch, formerly a place of considerable extent. It is stated that Timur died at this place; but other accounts represent his death to have taken place at Samarcand. 110 miles north-west of Toncat.

OTTER, n. s. Sax. oren; Goth. otr; Teut. otter; Dan. odder; Sans. ood. An amphibious animal. See below.

The toes of the otter's hinder feet, for the better swimming, are joined together with a membrane, as in the bevir; from which he differs principally in his teeth, which are canin; and in his tail which is felin, or a long taper: so that he may not be unfitly called putoreus aquaticus, or the water polecat. He makes himself burrows on the water side as a bevir; is sometimes tamed, and taught, by nimbly surrounding the fishes, to drive them into the net.

Grew.

At the lower end of the hall is a large otter's skin stuffed with hay. Addison's Spectator.

Would you preserve a numerous finny race? Let your fierce dogs the ravenous otter chase; The amphibous monster ranges all the shores, Darts through the waves, and 'every haunt explores. Gay.

OTTER, in zoology. See MUSTELA. OTTER CREEK, a river of Vermont, United States, which rises near Dorset, and runs west of north, passes by Rutland, Pittsford, Brandon, Middlebury, New Haven, Vergennes, besides other towns, and flows into Lake Champlain, at Basin Harbour, in Ferrisburg. It is navigable for sloops to Vergennes, six miles. Length eighty-five miles.

OTTER CREEK, a river of Kentucky, which runs into the Ohio, long. 86° 24′ W., lat. 37° 45′ N. Also a river of Vermont.

OTTERBURN, a town of Northumberland, near Ellesdon. It was the field of battle between the English and Scots in 1388, wherein Henry Percy, called Hotspur, was taken prisoner, and Douglas the Scotch general was killed. On this battle was founded the old ballad of Chevychase; the village being situated by the river Rhead, on the south side of the Cheviot Hills. The entrenchments are still visible; and a number of tumuli scattered over the adjacent ground mark the slaughter made there. It lies twentyone miles from Morpeth.

OTTERY, ST. MARY'S, a market town in Devonshire, 159 miles west of London, and ten miles east of Exeter. Its market is on Tuesday, and it has two fairs. The church is very ancient, and resembles a cathedral. A very extensive woollen manufactory was established here by Sir George Yonge and Sir John Duntze, barts. It derived its name from the Otter, and that from the otters formerly found in it. This town was given by king Edward the Confessor to the

church of St. Mary at Rouen in Normandy; but was afterwards bought by Grandison bishop of Exeter, who made of it a quarter college in the reign of Edward III., and therein placed secular priests, with other ministers, to whom he gave the whole manor, parish, tythes, fines, spiritual profits, &c., which amounted to £304 2s. 10d. yearly.

OTTOGANO, or OTTAGANO, a fine old town of Italy, Naples, situated at the eastern base of Mount Vesuvius, about twelve miles east of Naples. The town is understood to owe its name and origin to the ancient Roman villa of Octavianum. It contains three churches, and a castle on the top of an adjacent hill. A large proportion of the inhabitants, about 14,000, support themselves by cultivating gardens.

OTTOMAN PORTE, a title given by Europeans to the grand signior, or the Turkish emperor; from Othoman, the first emperor of the Turks. It is also used metaphorically for the Turkish power, and often simply for the Porte by way of emphasis.

He was

OTWAY (Thomas), an eminent tragic poet, the son of Mr. Humphry Otway, rector of Wolbeding in Sussex; was born at Trottin in that county on the 3d of March 1651. educated at Oxford; but went to London, where he became a player, with but indifferent success. However, the sprightliness of his conversation gained him the favor of Charles Fitz-Charles, earl of Plymouth, who procured him a cornet's commission in one of the regiments sent into Flanders; but he returned in very necessitous circumstances, and applied himself to writing for the stage. In comedy he has been deemed too licentious; which, however, was no great objection to his pieces in the profligate days of Charles II. But, in tragedy, few English poets have ever equalled him; and perhaps none ever excelled him in touching the tender passions. There is generally something familiar and domestic in the fable of his tragedies, and there is amazing energy in his expression. But though Otway possessed in so eminent a degree the rare talent of writing to the heart, yet he was not always successful in his dramatic compositions. Dr. Johnson gives this account of his death: 'He died in a manner which I am unwilling to mention. Having been compelled by his necessities to contract debts, and haunted, as is supposed, by terriers of the law, he retired to a public-house on Tower Hill, where he died of want; or, as it is related by one of his biographers, by swallowing, after a long fast, a piece of bread which charity had supplied. He went out, as is reported, almost naked, in the rage of hunger, and finding a gentleman in a neighbouring coffee-house, asked him for a shilling. The gentleman gave him a guinea; and Otway going away bought a roll, and was choked with the first mouthful. All this, I hope, is not true; but that indigence, and its concomitants sorrow and despondency, brought him to the grave, has never been denied.' The doctor adds, that Otway had not much cultivated versification, nor much replenished his mind with general knowledge. His principal power was in moving the passions, to which Dryden in his latter years

left an illustrious testimony. He appears by some of his verses to have been a zealous royalist; and, as was in those times the common reward of loyalty, he lived and died neglected.' -His dramatic writings are nine in number; the most admired are, The Orphan, and Venice Preserved. He also made some translations, and wrote several miscellaneous poems. His whole works are printed in two pocket volumes. He wrote four acts of a play, which are lost. OUACHITTA, or WACHITTA, or WASHITA, a river of North America, which rises in the Missouri Territory, enters Louisiana, and, pursuing a S. S. E. course, joins Red River, about twentythree miles from its mouth. About thirty miles by the course of the river above its junction with Red River, it is joined by the Tensaw and Ocat.hoola, and after its junction it usually takes the name of Black River.

QUACHITTA (False), is a branch of Red River, which it joins between long. 98° and 99° west. OVAL, adj. & n. s. Fr. ocal; of Lat. ovum, an egg. Of an egg shape.

The mouth is low and narrow, but, after having entered pretty far in the grotto, opens itself on both sides in an oval figure of an hundred yards.

Addison.

OVAL is an oblong curvilinear figure, other wise called ellipsis. See ELLIPSIS. However, the proper oval, or egg shape, differs considerably from that of the ellipsis, being an irregular figure, narrower at one end than at another: whereas the ellipsis, or mathematical oval, is equally broad at each end; though, it must be owned, these two are commonly confounded together; even geometricians calling the oval a false ellipsis.

QUAQUAPHENOGAW, or ОKEFONOCO, or EKANPANOKA, OF OKERFONOKE, a marshy lake in the state of Georgia, between the Oakmulgee and Flint Rivers. It is about 280 miles in circumference. In wet seasons it appears like an inland sea with several fertile islands.

OVAR, a brisk trading town of the central part of Portugal, near the coast, stands on a small river which flows through an inland lake, and afterwards into the Vouga. Inhabitants 5000. Twenty-two miles S. S. W. of Oporto.

OVARIUM, in botany, the germen or seedbud, containing the rudiments of the future seed. See BOTANY.

OVA'RIOUS, adj. ? Latin ovum, ovarium. O'VARY, N. S. Consisting of eggs: a part of the human matrix.

The OVATION generally began at the Albanian mountain, whence the general with his retinue made his entry into the city on foot, with many flutes or pipes sounding in concert as he passed along, and wearing a garland of myrtle as a token of peace. The term ovation, according to Servius, is derived from ovis, a sheep; because on this occasion the conqueror sacrificed a sheep, as in triumph le sacrificed a bull. The senate,

knights, and principal plebeians, assisted at the procession; which concluded at the capital, where rams were sacrificed to Jupiter. The first ovation was granted to Publius Posthumus the consul, for his victory over the Sabines, A. U.C. 253.

OUCH, n.s. An ornament of gold or jewels. Ouches or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so they are of most glory. Bacon.

OUDE, a fertile province of Hindostan, situated between 26° and 28° of N. lat., is bounded on the north by Nepaul, on the east by Bahar, on the south by Allahabad, and on the west by Delhy and Agra. It is 250 miles in length, by 100 in breadth. The whole surface is flat, and well watered by large rivers, or their copious tributary streams. The land yields fine crops of wheat, barley, rice, and other grains, cotton, sugar-cane, indigo, and poppies. It is celebrated for its grapes, mangoes, and other fruits. In some of the districts saltpetre and lapis lazuli are found; and a variety of cotton cloths and a coarse kind of flannel, is made here; also bows, arrows, shields, matchlocks, and swords. The rains are not so violent, nor of so long a duration here as in Bengal, and the four cold months of the year are delightful.

The Gogra and Goompty rivers are here both navigable by boats at all seasons of the year; and the Ganges runs along the western boundary of this province. To the north-east are extensive woods and plains covered with grass, which abound in gaine. The principal towns are Lucknow, Fyzabad, Oude, Khyrabad, Goorackpore, and Bahreich. The inhabitants are about onethird Mahometans, the remainder are Hindoos of a fine handsome race. Great numbers of them enlist in the British service.

Oude, or Ayodhya, was the kingdom of the famous demigod Rama, said to have extended his empire through the whole south of India, and to have conquered the island of Ceylon. It was conquered by the Mahometan kings of Delhy in the thirteenth century, with little opposition, and was long held as a dependent province by one of the chiefs of that court. It was not till the ancestor of the present nabob's family obtained the government, and the invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739, that it became hereditary. Saadit Khan died at this time by poison, taken in consequence of the humiliating treatment he experienced from Nadir Shah; and his son-in-law, having possession of all his treasure, was confirmed in the government of Oude. Suffder Jung proved an excellent and brave officer, and in 1747 repulsed the Afghauns; in recompense for which service he was honored with the title of Abul Munsur (the victorious), and appointed prime minister. From this period, Abul Munsur Suffder Jung took a leading part in all the measures of the court; and, in addition to the government of Oude, he obtained that of the province of Allahabad. At length, finding his influence begin to decline, he retired to Oude, where he died in the year 1753. Shujaa ad Dowleh succeeded to his father without opposition, till the year 1764, when he took part with Cossim Aly Khan against the British, and was defeated at the battle of Buxar; in consequence of which he was compelled to throw

himself on their clemency. He died in 1775, and was tranquilly succeeded by his eldest son, a weak prince, who died in the year 1797. Durng his government the seat of authority was transferred from Fyzabad to Lucknow, and Benares ceded to the British. He nominated vizier Aly his successor, but, the illegitimacy of this youth having been proved, he was dethroned by the British, and the eldest brother of the deceased nabob, named Saadet Aly, called to the musnud. This was a shrewd prince; but the government of Oude had now been so mismanaged that the British found it requisite to dismember his territory, and, in lieu of a subsidy for the payment of the army, to take from him a number of districts. Saadut Aly died in the year 1814, and left a treasure of several millions, nominating his second son, Mirza Ahmed, his successor; but the British elevated the eldest son Ghazee addeen Hyder to that honor. This prince, in gratitude to the British, immediately offered a present of £1,000,000 sterling in specie to the governor-general. The donation was refused; but, during the Nepaul war, the sum of £2,000,000 was accepted as a loan; and, on the conclusion of the war, a portion of the conquered territories which adjoined Oude were made over to him in discharge of the loan. A battalion of British infantry is also always stationed at Lucknow.

OUDE, or AYODHYA, the capital of the abovementioned province, long the residence of a Hindoo dynasty, is situated on the south bank of the Dewah or Grogra River, and said once to have been of an incredible extent. In the Ayeen Akberry, which was compiled in the end of the sixteenth century, we are told that it was situated only two miles below the confluence of the rivers Soorjew and Gogra, whereas the present town is at the distance of nearly forty miles. In the vicinity are two remarkably large tombs of great antiquity, which the Mahometans believe are the

tombs of Seth and Job. It is related in the history of this place, that the Afghaun emperor Balin, about the year 1280, ordered the governor to be hanged at the city gate for having been defeated by the rebel governor of Bengal. After the battle of Buxar, in 1764, Shugaa ad Dowleh founded the city of Fyzabad, on the ruins of the ancient capital, at the distance of two miles from the modern town, which is now in a ruinous state. Long. 82° 10′ E., lat. 26° 45′ N.

OUDE, a small river of Scotland, in Argyle shire, which falls into the head of Loch Melfort. OUDE HASLE, a village in the north-east of the Netherlands, province of Friesland, with 900 inhabitants. Eighteen miles south by east of Leeuwarden.

OUDENARDE, or AUDENARDE, a manufacturing town of the Netherlands on the Scheldt, by which it is divided into two parts. It has sustained several well known sieges, but is best known in history from the victory gained over the French here, in 1708, by prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough. The battle took place on 11th of July, in the afternoon, the allies having to make a very long previous march, and the position of the French was so favorable, that the duke of Marlborough would have declined it

had not some successes of the enemy made it imperative on him to come to close action. The result, after several fluctuations, was, that at night fall the allies had driven in and surrounded all the posts of the French army. The total loss of the latter was 15,000 men, of whom nearly half were prisoners; that of the allies 5000. The town is unfortified, but well built, and contains 5100 inhabitants, who carry on manufactures of woollen and linen. Fifteen miles south by west of Ghent, and thirty-two west of Brussels.

OUDIN (Casimir), a French monk, born at Mezieres in 1638. He published a Supplement to Bellarmine, containing an account of the ecclesiastical writers omitted by him. He went to Leyden in 1693, became a protestant, was made librarian to the university, and died there in

1717.

OUDRI (John Baptist), a painter, born in Paris. He acquired the principles of his art under the celebrated Largilieres, and evinced superior talent for painting animals. He painted several hunting-pieces for the king of France, which adorn some of the royal castles. Oudri was so well acquainted with the magic of his art, that he frequently pleased himself with painting white objects on white grounds, which have a fine effect. He superintended the manufactory of Beauvais, where pieces of tapestry were produced equally brilliant with the pictures which had served for their model. The king gave him a pension and apartments in the Louvre. He died at Paris, May 1st, 1755, aged seventy-four.

OVEN, n. s. Sax. open; Goth. ofon; Teut. ofen; Isl. and Swed. ofn (Goth fon, is fire, Mr. Thomson observes: but the Sax. ofɲe, a bank or mount, is not an improbable etymology of this word). An enclosed cavity or utensil heated by fire, for baking, &c.

He loudly brayed that like was never heard, And from his wide devouring even sent

A flake of fire, that, flashing in his beard, Him all amazed. Spenser. Here's yet in the world hereafter, the kneading, the making of the cake, the heat of the oven, and the baking. Shakspeare.

Bats have been found in ovens and other hollow close places, matted one upon another; and therefore it is likely that they sleep in the winter and eat nothing.

Bacon.

An OVEN is a kind of domestic furnace, used for baking, of a circular structure, with a very low roof, well lined, on the top, bottom, and sides, with stone; it has a small entrance in the front, which is exactly fitted by a kind of door. It appears from the kiln-burnt pottery which has been discovered in the British sepulchres, and from the British appellation of an odyn or oven, that furnaces for baking were generally known among the original Britons. An odyn was generally erected at the mansion of each British baron, for the use of himself and his retainers. O'VER, prep. & adv. Saxon ofɲe; Gothic ufar, ofar; Swed. ofwer; Teut. obvre. Above; across, as applied to a stream; upon; diffused; opposed both to below and under; and applied to place, time (when it sometimes signifies before as in over night'). Station in life; rule, or au