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excellent wharf. Paisley has fairs in August and November, and lies twenty-two miles north of Ayr.

In the adjoining parish there are five coal mines. Free-stone, granite, and lime-stone abound; and fossile marine shells are found in the lime quarries, as well as corals and shells in the coal mines. The ancient abbey church, which gives name to the parish, stands a short way south of the inn of Paisley, and was the only one which Paisley formerly required. This church was anciently a most noble building, and consisted of several distinct and separate places of worship; the relics of this magnificent Gothic structure are worthy the notice of the antiquarian. Only the chancel now remains, which is divided into a middle and two side aisles; all very lofty pillars, with Gothic arches; above these is another range of pillars much larger, being the segment of a circle, and above a row of arched niches from end to end, over which the roof ends in a sharp point. The outside of the building is decorated with a profusion of ornaments, especially the great west and north doors, than which scarcely any thing lighter or richer can be imagined. Close by the abbey church is the earl of Abercorn's burial-place. It is a vaulted Gothic chapel, without pulpit or pew, but has the finest echo perhaps in the world. In this chapel is the monument of Marjory Bruce, daughter of Robert Bruce, wife of Walter, great steward of Scotland, and mother of Robert II.; and in it were interred Elizabeth Muir and Euphemia Ross, consorts to Robert II. The abbey of Paisley was founded as a priory for monks of the order of Clugni, about 1160, by Walter, great steward of Scotland. It was afterwards raised to an abbacy; and its lands were by Robert II. erected into a regality, under an abbot. After the Reformation, the abbacy was secularised by the pope in favor of lord Claud Hamilton, son of the duke of Chatelherault: and, in 1588, it was erected into a temporal lordship, and lord Claud was created lord Paisley. Its revenues were very considerable; consisting of the tithes of twenty-eight parishes, with the property of several lordships. But in 1653 lord Claud's grandson, James earl of Abercorn, sold the lordship to the earl of Angus, who in 1654 sold it to William lord Cochran. Great part of it was since sold off by the family of Dundonald; and what remained was, in 1764, re-purchased by the late earl of Abercorn. The fabric of the abbey owed much of its magnificence to abbot George Schaw, who, about 1484, enlarged and beautified the building, gardens, &c. He built the refectory and other offices necessary for the monks, the church and the precinct of the convent; and enclosed the gardens and orchards by a wall of hewn stone, which measured about a mile in circuit. This wall, observes Mr. Pennant (Tour in Scotland), ' is a very noble and extensive one, and indicates the ancient grandeur of the place.' On a stone at the north-west corner is this very singular inscription:

Thy call it the Abbot George of Shaw About my Abbey gart mak this waw;

An hundred four hundredth zeir
Eighty-four the date, but weir
Pray for his salvtie

That laid this noble foundation. The spinning of cotton was introduced into the abbey parish in 1783. The principal seat of that manufactory is at Johnstoun, a neat and regularly built village about three miles west from Paisley. There is also in the neighbourhood of Paisley a calico printing work and a copperas work. The bleaching business in the abbey parish is carried on to a very considerable extent. The distillery business is carried on to a great extent, and the spirit manufactured in great perfection. A considerable quantity of it is exported.

PAISLEY, BLACK BOOK OF, in literary history, an ancient chronicle, often quoted in Scottish history, containing a record of public affairs and remarkable events, kept by the monks, who resided in the monastery. It agreed in every material fact with the Scoti-chronicon of Fordun.

PAKFONG. The name given to the white copper of the Chinese, said to be an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc; in sixteen parts of which there are seven of zinc, two and a half of copper, and six and a half of nickel. The combination of zinc and nickel simply does not

succeed.

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PAL'ACE, n. s. Fr. palais; Lat. palatium. PALA'CIOUS, adj. (From a residence of the Cæsars. See below.) A royal abode; the abode of any sovereign or superior person; a splendid or magnificent abode: the adjective we only find used by Graunt.

This Cambuscan, of which I have you told,
In regal vestiments sit on his deis,
With diademe ful high in his paleis.
You forgot,

We with colours spread,

Chaucer.

Marched through the city to the palace gates.

Palaces and pyramids do slope

Shakspeare.

Their heads to their foundations. The palace yard is filled with floating tides, And the last comers bear the former to the sides.

Id.

Dryden.

London encreases daily, turning of great palacious Graunt. houses into small tenements.

The sun's bright palace on high columns raised With burning gold and flaming jewels blazed.

Addison.

On polished stone before his palace gate.
The old man early rose, walked forth and sate
Pope.

At once is lost the pride of awful state,
The golden canopy, the glittering plate,
The regal palace, the luxurious board,
The liveried army, and the menial lord. Johnson.
From scenes like these old Scotia's grandeur springs
That makes her loved at home, revered abroad:
Princes and lords are but the breath of kings,

'An honest man's the noblest work of God:' And certes, in fair virtue's heavenly road, The cottage leaves the palace far behind. Burns. In such a palace Aristeus found Cyrene when he bore the plaintive tale Of his lost bees to her maternal ear; In such a palace poetry might place The armory of winter.

ARN. To the palace

Colonna, as I told you!

CAS. Oh! I know

My way through Rome.

Cowpe

Byron.

PALACE, in architecture, the term generally applied to the dwelling-houses of kings and princes. There has been much difference of opinion as to the derivation of the Latin word palatium. Procopius derives it from a Grecian called Pallos, who gave his own name to a splendid house which he had built, adding, that after him the emperor Augustus applied the name palatium to the house of the Roman em perors on the hill called the Palatine. On the other hand, it has been contended that the house of Romulus, in which Augustus lived, was properly called palatium, because situated on the Palatine hill. However this be, palatium, at first doubtless a proper name, became at length, not like homo, common to all men,' but, in a similar way, common to all the habitations of sovereigns. Neither is it restricted to these: for, taking different additions according to the quality of the inhabitants, we speak of imperial palace, royal, pontifical, cardinal, ducal, episcopal, &c. Nay, it is customary in China to build palaces in honor of celebrated ancestors: and, in the year 1263, Hu-pi-lay, of the Mogul empire (the first who borrowed the Chinese custom), built one for his ancestors.

Nero, the celebrated new palace built by him was denominated domus aurea Neronis, Nero's golden house. This sumptuous palace surpassed in profuse splendor, as well as in dimensions, all which either had preceded or have succeeded

it. According to Suetonius, the court in which was the colossal statue of Nero was adorned

with three ranges of porticoes, each a mile in length. The gardens attached to the palace were also of a prodigious size, and contained a sort of pond or lake, which Suetonius states might be said to resemble a sea, and on the banks of which stood clusters of elegant buildings, each like a little town. The imperial portion of the building was embellished with unheard-of magnificence. Gold, jewels, and other articles of value were lavished around with an unsparing hand, while the essences and perfumes fuming up on all sides bore testimony to the effeminate luxury of this rival of Sardanapalus. The whole of this surpassing structure has been demolished centuries since, and it would be well for the outraged feelings of humanity if the infamy of its wretched owner had passed away with the walls he constructed.

and was

PALEMON (Quintus Rhemmius), a celeIn the Ancient Universal History we have an brated grammarian of Rome, in the reign of Tiaccount of a most magnificent palace in Upper berius. He was the son of a slave at Vienna, Egypt, not far from Aswan (the ancient Syene), first bred up a weaver: but, attendthe ruins whereof are so extensive as to impressing his master's son to school, he acquired so the mind of the spectator with amazement. It much learning, that he obtained his freedom and is as large as a little city, having four avenues of became a teacher at Rome. He gained great columns leading to as many porticoes. At each reputation as a rhetorician and a poet; but his gate, between two pillars of porphyry, stand two morals were loose, and his income, though gigantic figures of fine black marble armed large, was not sufficient to support his continued with maces. The avenues consist of columns debaucheries. His arrogance was so great, that set three and three together, in a triangle, on one he used to say that letters were born and would pedestal: on the chapiter of each triangle is die with him." We have only some fragments placed a sphinx and a tomb alternately. Each of his works. column is seventy feet high, all of one stone.

Homer gives us details with regard to the construction of the palaces of the kings in the heroic ages. These descriptions are to be taken with a great deal of reservation. They are, most likely, in part ideal, in part embellished, and possibly taken from edifices erected long after the reputed era of the siege of Troy. At all events they are curious, even as affording an evidence of the notions entertained by the illustrious old Grecian on the subject. In the sixth book of the Iliad, the palace of Priam is represented as a vast edifice, the lower part of which was composed of porticoes of stone and covered galleries, beneath which were fifty chambers richly decorated for the fifty sons of Priam. In front of this edifice, and in the middle of the court-yard, stood another of stone, in which were twelve beautiful rooms for the daughters of Priam. Paris, who is represented as a prince possessing himself some knowledge of architecture, brought to Troy several architects to build him a palace. This was situated between those of Priam and Hector, and like those included many apartments.

In the earliest periods of their history, the Romans applied the word domus, not only to ordinary houses, but also to the habitations of the great, and even to those of their sovereigns, Even in the time of the voluptuous madman,

PALEOLOGUS (Michael). See ROME. PALEPHATUS, an ancient Greek philosopher, who flourished between the times of Aristotle and Augustus, but whose precise age is uncertain. He wrote five books De Incredibilibus, of which the first only is extant. In it he attempts to explain the fables of mythology by historical facts. The best edition is that of J. Fred. Fischer, 8vo. Leips. 1773.

PALEPOLIS, an ancient town of Italy, in Campania, built by a Grecian colony, on the spot where Naples was afterwards erected.

PALESTRA, in Grecian antiquity, a public building where the youth exercised themselves in wrestling, running, playing at quoits, &c. To prevent the combatants from hurting themselves by falling, the bottom of the palestra was thickly covered with sand.

Barthelemi's Anacharsis furnishes us with the

following account:—-* The palæstra are nearly of the same form with the gymnasia. We visited the apartments appropriated to all the species of baths; those where the wrestlers leave their clothes, when they rub their bodies with oil to render their limbs supple, and where they roll themselves in the sand in order to give their antagonists a hold.

Wrestling, leaping, tennis, and all the exercises of the Lyceum, were here repeated before s with greater varieties, and with more strength

and skill on the part of the performers. Among the different groups before us we distinguished men of the most perfect beauty, and worthy of serving as models for artists: some with vigorous and boldly-marked outlines, as Hercules is represented; and others of a more slim and elegant shape, consistent with the description of Achilles.

PALAFOX (Juan de), a learned Spaniard, born in Arragon, in 1600. He studied at Salamanca; and was a member of council of the Indies; bishop of Angelopolis, and of Osma, and judge of the Indies. He wrote on various subjects and died in 1659.

PALAMBAM, or PALEMBANG, a river of Sumatra, rises near the west coast of the island, about a day's journey from Bencoolen, and empties itself by several branches into the strait of Banca; the land near its mouth is low and swampy, the breadth up to the Dutch factory, a distance of fourteen leagues, is nearly a mile, and it has depth for vessels of fourteen feet draft. The Dutch establishment in 1777 (and it does not appear to have been since increased) consisted of 115 Europeans, of whom about thirty were officers, civil and military. The Malay town of Palembang is the most considerable of Sumatra; it is sixty miles up the river, along both banks of which it extends for eight miles, besides a number of floating habitations on the river. The houses, are like those of the Malays in general, of wood and bamboo raised on posts. The sultan's palace is a large lofty building, surrounded by a high wall, and near it is the grand mosque, which appears to have been built by a European, having pilasters and a cupola, and glazed windows. Two forts mounting heavy cannon protect the town. Besides Malays, a great many strangers are settled at Palembang, principally Chinese, Cochin-Chinese, and Siamese. See SUMATRA.

In 1812 the kingdom of Palembang was conquered by a handful of British troops under the orders of colonel Gillespie. The sultan, who had made himself universally odious by his cruelties, and by his unprovoked massacre of the Europeans resident in his capital, was dethroned, and his brother raised to the throne. The expedition which achieved this conquest set sail from Batavia on the 20th of March. After they arrived in the river of Palembang, being retarded by various obstacles in their ascent to the capital, and learning that the sultan, on hearing of the approach of the British, had fled, and that his adherents were resolved on an indiscriminate massacre of all the wealthy Chinese and other merchants, which was to take place that night, colonel Gillespie, with a small party of about seventeen British grenadiers, and a determined band of officers, hastened to the capital, and forced their way into the palace, which was partly in flames, and of which the floors and pavements were covered with the blood of the wretched victims who had been lately massacred. Here they fortified themselves, and held possession of it until the remaining troops arrived; after which the sultan was formally dethroned.

belonging to the order of gralla. The character of this genus, according to Latham, is, the bill bends down at the point, with a horn, or with a tuft of feathers erect near the base of it; the nostrils are oval; the toes are divided almost to their origin, with a small membrane between the bottoms of each. There are two species :— 1. P. cornuta, the horned screamer. It is about the size of a turkey; in length about three feet four inches. The bill is two inches and a quarter long, and black; the upper mandible is a little gibbous at the base, the under shuts beneath it as in the gallinaceous tribe; the nostrils are oval and pervious, and placed near the middle of the bill. From the crown of the head springs a slender horn of more than three inches in length and pointed at the end; the irides are the color of gold; the plumage on the head, neck, and upper part of the body, is black, margined with gray on the first and downy; some of the feathers round the neck are likewise edged with the same; the under parts of the wings are pale rufous, appearing on the shoulders and edges of them when closed; at the bend of the wing are two strong, sharp, horny, yellow spurs, one above another, the uppermost an inch and a half in length; the belly, thighs, and vent, are white; the tail is eight inches and a half long; the legs are stout and dusky; the fore claws are moderately bent; the hind one is nearly straight, not unlike that of a lark, and is about an inch long. These birds are always met with in pairs. They frequent places near the water; make a large nest of mud, in the shape of an oven, upon the ground; and lay two eggs, the size of those of a goose. Bajon says they make nests in thickets and among rushes. Fermun says they build in high trees. The young are brought up in the nest till able to shift for themselves. They have but one nest in the year, which is in January or February, except the first eggs are taken away, when they make a second in April or May. The young birds are frequently eaten by the natives, though the color of the flesh is very dark; that of the old ones is tough and illtasted. This species is said to feed on crabs and birds, as pigeons and poultry, and even to attack sheep and goats; but others say its principal food is reptiles. This species is rare. is found in Cayenne, Guiana, Surinam, and other parts of America, chiefly in the marshes and wet savannahs, and for the most part near the sea. These seem to be the birds mentioned by Ulloa, called by the inhabitants of Quito dispertadores, or awakeners, from their giving notice to others of the approach of danger; as hearing the least noise, or seeing any one, though at a great distance, they rise from the ground and make a loud chattering like a magpie, continuing the noise, and hovering over the object which caused the alarm, whereby the rest of the birds, taking the hint, are able in time to escape the impending danger. This screaming noise, which some authors relate as being exceedingly loud and terrible, occasioned Pennant to give the genus the name annexed to it.

It

on

2. P. cristata, the crested screamer. This bird is about the size of a heron; the bill is short, PALAMEDEA, in ornithology, a genus bent like that of a bird of prey, and of a yellow

ish brown; the irides are gold colored; on the forehead, just above the bill, is a tuft of black feathers, variegated with ash-color; the head, neck, and body are gray, mixed with rufous and brown, most inclining to the last on the wings and tail: the wings are not furnished with spurs ; the legs pretty long, of a dull yellow; claws brown; the hind toe placed high up, so as not to touch the ground in walking. This species inhabits Brasil. Linné makes it to belong to the screamer genus, perhaps from its cry; for it is said to be heard at a great distance, and is not unlike that of a hen turkey. None of our later writers seem to have seen it. It is said to feed on the same food as the heron tribe; the flesh is good, and the bird by some kept tame. PALAMEDES, a Greek chief, son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, by Clymene. He was sent by the Grecian princes who were going to the Trojan war to bring Ulysses to the camp, and prevailed; but at the expense of the inveterate hatred of the latter, who forged a letter, which appeared to prove Palamedes a traitor, and he was accordingly stoned to death. Homer is silent about the fate of Palamedes ; and Pausanias mentions, that it had been reported by some that Ulysses and Diomedes had drowned him in the sea as he was fishing on the coast. Philostratus adds, that Achilles and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on the sea-shore, and that they raised upon it a small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was a man of learning as well as a soldier; and according to some he completed the alphabet of Cadmus, by the addition of the four letters, 0,, x, o, during the Trojan war.

To him also is attributed the invention of dice and backgammon; and it is said that he was the first who regularly ranged an army in a line of battle, and who placed sentinels round the camp, and excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword. He is also famed for his skill in physic.

PALAMOW, a jungly and mountainous district of the province of Bahar, Bengal, situated between 23° and 25° of N. lat. On the north it is bounded by Rhotas, on the south and west by different wild districts in the province of Gondwana; and on the east by Ramgur. This is one of the least cultivated and most thinly inhabited parts of the East India Company's dominions; but the soil in many parts is Strongly impregnated with iron. The principal towns are Palamow and Jaynagur; there are no rivers of any considerable size.

PALANQUIN', n. s. Hindos. palke. An eastern litter or covered carriage borne by slaves.

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PALARIA, among the Romans, a kind of exercise performed at a stake by the soldiers. The stake being fixed in the ground, and six feet high above it, the young undisciplined soldiers advanced against it, armed with a hurdle and cudgel, instead of a sword and sheld, and went through all the rules of attack and defence, as if actually engaged with an adversary. Sometimes they stood at a distance, and attacked with missive weapons; at the same time using all the

requisite motions for defending themselves, and warding off what might be thrown against them. PALATE, n. s. Lat. palatum. The seat PALATABLE, udlj. of the taste; the roof of PALATIC. the mouth: hence mental taste or relish: palatable is pleasing to the taste; grateful, and, in familiar language, admissible. bearable: palatic, an obsolete adjective, signifying belonging to the palate.

It may be the palate of the soul is indisposed by listlessness or sorrow. Tautor. The men of nice palates could not relish Aristotle, as drest up by the schoolmen. Baker on Learning.

Let their beds Be made as soft as yours, and let their palates Be seasoned with such viands. Shakspeare. lions; without these their greatest dainties could These ivory feet were carved into the shape of not relish to their palates. Hakewill on Providence.

The three labials, P. B. M. are parallel to the three gingival T. D. N. and to the three palatick K. G. L.

Holder.

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The PALATE, in anatomy, is the flesh that composes the roof, or the upper and inner part of the mouth. It has much the same structure with the gums; but it has a great number of glands, discovered so early as the time of Fallopius; these are principally situated in the hinder part near the uvula, where it is pendulous, in the manner of a curtain, which part is called velum, or claustrum palati. The glands situated particularly in this part secrete a mucous fluid, serving to lubricate the mouth and throat, and to facilitate deglutition; they have a great number of apertures for the discharge of this humor into the mouth. The great uses of this membrane are to defend the bones of the palate, and to prevent, by its claustrum or velum, any thing attempted to be swallowed from getting up into the nostrils.

PALATI, a Latin historian of Venice, who flourished in the seventeenth century. His chief work is, Monarchia Occidentalis, sive Aquila Interlilia, et Aquila Saxonica.

PALATINATE, n.s. Į

Lat. palatinatus.

PALATINE, n. s. & adj. The seat of a count palatine, or chief officer in the court of a sovereign prince: a palatine is one invested with regal rights and prerogatives; and as an adjective signifies possessing royal privileges.

Meny of those lords, to whom our kings had granted those petty kingdoms, did exercise jura regalia, insomuch as there were no less than eight counties palatine ia Inland at one time.

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PALATINATE, LOWER, or the PALATINATE OF THE RHINE, is a fertile province of Germany, situated chiefly on the west side of the Rhine, having Mentz on the north, Alsace on the south, and Lorraine on the south-west. It extends from 49° to 50° of N. lat. Its surface contains about 1600 square miles. It yields corn, flax, tobacco, vines, and all the fruits of the latitude. The pasturage likewise is good. The inhabitants are partly Catholics, partly Lutherans and Calvinists. Population about 305,000. Authors are divided about the origin of the name Palatines or Psalzgraves, as the Germans call them; but it seems most likely to be derived from the palatia, or palaces, which the old Frankish and German kings and Roman emperors were possessed of in different parts of the country, and over which they appointed supreme stewards or judges, who were called Palatines or Psalzgraves. The countries where these Palatines kept their courts, were, from them, called Palatinates; which name came at last to be appropriated, by way of eminence, to this country, as being the most considerable of them. In the thirteenth century the government of this country became vested in a branch of the ducal family of Bavaria. Various changes and interruptions in the succession ensued. In 1777, the branch of the family that governed Bavaria becoming extinct, the elector Palatinate succeeded to his states, removed to Munich, and governed them conjunctly with the Rhenish territory. This continued till 1794, when the French overran all the Palatinate to the left of the Rhine, and retained it until 1814. In that and the following year the congress of Vienna transferred the northern part to Hesse-Darmstadt, and the southern part to Austria, who ceded it the following year to Bavaria, as part of the indemnities for the Tyrol and Salzburg.

PALATINATE, UPPER, the former name of a German province, bordering on Bohemia, and now part of the circles of the Regen and the Upper Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria. Its area is 2760 square miles; population 290,000. It is hilly and in general barren, its wealth consisting chiefly in its wood, pasturage, mines, and quarries. The produce of corn is insufficient for the consumption. This country formed for several centuries a part of the dominions of the elector Palatine; but in 1620 it was lost by the reigning elector, the son-in-law of James I. of England, and has ever since been in possession of Bavaria. Its sovereign was absolute until 1818, when the whole of the Bavarian dominions were allowed to send members to a representative hody.

PALATINE, a township of Montgomery county, New York, on the north side of the Mohawk. Population 3111. Fifty-one miles W. N. W. of Albany.

PALATINE, or COUNT PALATINE, was a title anciently given to all persons who had any office or employment in the prince's palace; but afterwards conferred on those delegated by princes to hold courts of justice in the pro

vinces; and on such among the lords as held a court of justice in their own houses.

PALATINE COUNTIES IN ENGLAND.-Chester, Durham, and Lancaster, are called counties palatine. The two former are such by prescription, or immemorial custom-at least as old as the Norman conquest; the latter was created by king Edward III. in favor of Henry Plantagenet, first earl, and then duke of Lancaster; whose heiress being married to John of Gaunt, the king's son, the franchise was greatly enlarged and confirmed in parliament, to honor John of Gaunt himself, whom, on the death of his father-in-law, the king had also created duke of Lancaster. Counties palatine are so called a palatio; because the owners thereof, the earl of Chester, the bishop of Durham, and the duke of Lancaster, had in those counties jura regalia, as fully as the king has in his palace; regalem potestatem in omnibus, as Bracton expresses it. They might pardon treasons, murders, and felonies; they appointed all judges and justices of the peace; all writs and indictments ran in their names, as in other counties in the king's; and all offences were said to be done against their peace, and not, as in other places, contra pacem domini regis. And indeed, by the ancient law, in all peculiar jurisdictions, offences were said to be done against his peace in whose court they were tried; in a court leet, contra pacem domini; in the court of a corporation, contra pacem balivorum; in the sheriff's court or tourn, contra pacem vice comitis. These palatine privileges (so similar to the regal independent jurisdictions usurped by the great barons on the continent, during the weak and infant state of the first feudal kingdoms in Europe) were in all probability originally granted to the counties of Chester and Durham, because they bordered upon enemies' countries, Wales and Scotland; in order that the owners, being encouraged by so large an authority, might be the more watchful in its defence; and that the inhabitants, having justice administered at home, might not be obliged to go out of the county, and leave it open to the enemy's incursions. And upon this account also, there were formerly two other counties palatine, Pembrokeshire and Hexamshire, the latter now united with Northumberland: but these were abolished by parliament, the former in 27 Hen. VIII. the latter in 14 Eliz. And in 27 Hen. VIII. likewise, the powers before mentioned of owners of counties palatine were abridged; the reason for their continuance in a manner ceasing; though still all writs are witnessed in their names, and all forfeitures for treason by the common law accrue to them. Of these three, the county of Durham is now the only one remaining in the hands of a subject. For the earldom of Chester, as Camden testifies, was united to the crown by Henry III. and the title has ever since been given to the king's eldest son. And the county palatine or duchy of Lancaster was the property of Henry of Bolingbroke, the son of John of Gaunt, at the time when he wrested the crown from king Richard II. and assumed the title of Henry IV. But he was too prudent to suffer this to be united to the crown; lest, if he lost one, he

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