should lose the other also. For, as Plowden and Sir Edward Cooke observe, he knew he had the duchy of Lancaster by sure and indefeasible title, but that his title to the crown was not so assured: for that, after the decease of Richard H., the right of the crown was in the heir of Lionel, duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III.; John of Gaunt, father to this Henry IV., being but the fourth son.' And therefore he procured an act of parliament, in the first year of his reign, ordaining that the duchy of Lancaster, and all other hereditary estates, with all their royalties and franchises, should remain to him and his heirs for ever; and should remain, descend, be administered, and governed, in like manner as if he never had attained the regal dignity; and thus they descended to his son and grandson, Henry V. and Henry VI.; many new territories and privileges being annexed to the duchy by the former. Henry VI. being attainted in i Edward IV. this duchy was declared in parliament to have become forfeited to the crown, and at the same time an act was made to incorporate the duchy of Lancaster, to continue the county palatine (which might otherwise have determined by the attainder), and to make the same parcel of the duchy; and, farther, to vest the whole in king Edward IV. and his heirs, kings of England for ever; but under a separate guiding and governance from the other inheritances of the crown. And in 1 Hen. VII. another act was made, to resume such part of the duchy lands as had been dismembered from it in the reign of Edward IV., and to vest the inheritance of the whole in the king and his heirs for ever, as amply and largely, and in like manner, form and condition, separate from the crown of England and possession of the same, as the three Henrys and Edward IV., or any of them, had and held the same. The Isle of Ely is not a county palatine, though sometimes erroneously called so, but only a royal franchise. See CoUNTY.

PALATINE GAMES, in Roman antiquities, games instituted in honor of Augustus, by his widow Livia, after he had been enrolled among the gods. They were celebrated in the palace, whence the name, and were confirmed by the succeeding emperors. Some authors say that these games were instituted in honor of Julius Caesar, and others again confound them with the Ludi Augustales; but neither of these opinions seems to be well supported.

PALATINE MOUNT. See PALATINUS. PALATINUS, a surname of Apollo, from his being worshipped on Mount Palatine.

PALATINUS MONS, or PALATIUM, the first mountain of Rome, occupied by Romulus, and where he fixed his residence and kept his court, as did Tullus Hostilius, Augustus, and all the succeeding emperors. The reason of the name is variously assigned; some say it is derived from the goddess Pales, or from the Palatini, who originally inhabited the place, or from balare, or palare, the bleatings of sheep, which were frequent there; or from the word palantes, wandering, because Evander, when he came to settle in Italy, gathered all the mhabitants, and made them all one society. On the cast it has

Mount Colius; on the south the Aventine; on the west the Capitoline; and on the north the Forum. Augustus built a temple to Apollo on this mount, adorned with porticoes and a library, valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin MSS. which it contained.

PALATIUM, in ancient geography, a town of Italy, in the territory of Reate. Dionysius Halicarnasseus reckons it one of the first towns of the Aborigines; and from it Varro accounts for the name of the Mons Palatimus, viz. that a colony from Palatium settled there.

PALATHUM DIOCLETIANI, the villa of Diocletian, a town of Italy, near Salona, where he died (Eusebius); afterwards called Spalatum, which rose to a considerable city from the ruins of Salonæ, situated in Dalmatia on the Adriatic; now called Spalatto, or Spalatro.

PALAWAN, a large island of the Eastern Seas, between the northern extremity of Borneo and the Philippines. Its extreme length is 275 miles, and the average breadth about thirty-two miles. The country is flat to the bottom of the hills, and the productions are cowries, wax, tortoise-shell, and sea slug. There is much ebony and laka wood; and it is said there are hot springs and mines of gold here. The west side is inhabited by a savage people, who seldom frequent the coast; but the greater part of this island was formerly under the dominion of the Sooloos.

Fr. pale; Lat. pallidus. Wan; faded: light, or white of color; dim; not bright or shining: to make pale: the derivatives seem obvious in J their meaning: paly is

PALE, adj. & v. a.)
PALE-EYED, adj
PALE-LACED,
PALELY, adv
PALENESS, n. s.
PALISH, adj.
PALY.

used poetically for pale.

ger.

When the urine turns pale, the patient is in danArbuthnot.

Spirit of nitre makes with copper a palish blue; spirit of urine a deep blue.

Id. on Air.

With broken lyre and cheek serenely pale So sad Alcæus wanders down the vale; Tho' fair they rose and might have bloomed at last, His hopes have perished by the northern blast. Byron. And unobserved but by the traveller's eye, Proud, vaulted domes in fretted fragments lie, And the fallen column on the dusty ground, Pale ivy throws its sluggish arms around. Canning. PALE, n. s. & v. a. Į Lat. palus, a stake or PA'LING, n. s. Svine-prop. A narrow rail used for enclosures; an enclosure; hence a district or territory: to enclose with pales or otherwise paling is used for a collection or series of pales.

A ceremony, which was then judged very convevient for the whole church even by the whole, those few excepted, which brake out of the common pale.

Hooker.

There is no part but the bare English pale, in which the Irish have not the greatest footing.

Spenser. Will yon pale your head in Henry's glory, And rob his temples of the diadem, Now in his life?" Shakspeare. Henry IV. The English beech

Pales in the flood with men, with wives and boys.

Id.

Shakspeare. Get up o' the rail; I'll peck you o'er the pules else. The lords justices put arms into the hands of divers noblemen of that religion within the pale.

Clarendon.

bity, and one of the best writers of the sixteenth century. He was professor of polite literature at Sienna, and afterwards settled at Lucca. Finally, he removed to Milan, where he was seized, carried to Rome, and burnt in 1566, for having inquisition. He wrote several pieces in verse written in favor of the Lutherans, and against the and prose, of which a poem on the Immortality of the Soul is most esteemed.

PAL'ENDAR, n. s. Lat. palus, a trunk or stump of a tree. A kind of coasting vessel.

Obsolete.

Solyman sent over light-horsemen in great palendars, which running all along the sea coast, carried the people and the cattle. Knolles's History. PA'LEOUS, adj. Lat. palea. Husky; chaffy. This attraction we tried in straws and paleous bodies. Browne.

PALERMO, a beautiful city of Sicily, the capital of that island, stands on the north coast, and possesses a fine harbour. This city is of great antiquity; but by whom it was founded is uncertain; nor have we any authentic accounts of its inhabitants till it became a colony of the Phoenicians; after which it passed into the hands of the various nations that became masters of this island. Its former name was Panormus.

Properly speaking, here are two harbours, situated in the gulf between Mount Pelegrino and Cape Saffarano. In the one, which is very large, and in which there is a mole 1300 paces in length, ships lie at anchor; in the other their cargoes are laden and unladen. Both the harbours open to the west. There is also a superb quay which extends a mile from west to east in a rectilinear direction, and is called La Marina. The bay of Palermo forms a large amphitheatre, with the city in the centre; it is surrounded for some miles by a most delightful country, enclosed by romantic rocks and mountains. The town was formerly surrounded by a strong wall; but the fortifications are now entirely neglected except towards the sea. The quay is the principal public walk. Palermo is environed with avenues of trees, and has four principal entrances, facing the four cardinal points which which cross each other. It is filled with public are at the extremities of the two spacious streets monuments, churches, monasteries, palaces, fountains, statues, and columns.

Seen from the Monte Pelegrino, to the north, the city presents a most enchanting prospect: the bay forms a graceful sweep along the shore; the domes, turrets, and spires, rise conspicuous above the other buildings; the surrounding plain is studded with convents, villas, and cottages, romantically interspersed among its luxuriant foliage; while in the distance to the east and south rises a majestic amphitheatre of mountain scenery. The houses have in general something striking in their architecture; and the fountains, statues, and busts, in front of them, seem appropriate decorations of a capital: but a more close inspection lessens our admiration, the architecture being too uniform and frequently heavy.

The principal streets are the Cassaro and the Strada Nuova: both about a mile in length, and

of intersection forms an open space, called, from its shape, the Ottangolo. Each of the eight sides is formed by a beautiful building, three stories high, composed of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders; and each has in its front an elegant fountain. From this spot is enjoyed a beautiful perspective view of the best part of the town, terminated by four gates. Of the other streets few are deserving attention. In several parts of the town they are almost covered with booths, or rather workshops and tables, where tradesmen of all descriptions carry on their work as in Naples in the open air. The ground floor of the palaces, as they are termed, of the nobility, is frequently occupied by shops. In almost every house in the town there is a common staircase; and each stage of apartments forms the separate residence of a family. Balconies with iron railings also abound here. In winter the streets are wretchedly lighted by a few solitary lamps, scattered over different parts of the town. The Marina is a raised platform or terrace, extending above a mile along the bay, and eighty paces in breadth. At the eastern extremity is a public garden, called the Flora, laid out in walks, interspersed with statues, fountains, and summer houses; and here people of all ranks are admitted. Adjoining is the botanical garden, the entrance of which is through an imitation of an ancient temple. The garden contains a collect on of valuable plants. The royal palace is situated at the top of the Via Cassaro, and commands a beautiful view of the town. The adjoining gardens are delightful. Its exterior wants symmetry, but its apartments are spacious and finely ornamented. The square in front contains a statue of Philip IV. of Sicily. Many of the mansions of the nobility have marble columns, either in front or in the large court which they generally enclose; but the effect of these is frequently destroyed by the meanness of the buildings adjoining. There are in this city three theatres; but in none is there any display of architectural or scenic taste. On the other hand, in the magnificence of its churches, Palermo is second only to Rome, and there are above forty monasteries, and fifty convents. The cathedral called the Madre Chiesa, and situated in the Via Cassaro, was erected in the twelfth century, and is a mixture of Grecian and Gothic styles of architecture. A considerable part of it has been lately restored in a more mnodern style. Its interior is supported by granite pillars. The church of St. Giuseppe is also profusely ornamented, and contains some fine columns of gray Sicilian marble, nearly sixty feet high. Of the other churches, the appearance is generally fine, but devoid of taste. Most of the convents have elegant chapels attached to them, and good collections of paintings. The great hospital of Palermo stands near the royal palace; that of St. Bartholomew close to the Marina. The poor-house, or Albergo de Poveri, is also an extensive edifice; and there are several pawnbanks (Monti di Pieta) for the poor. Here are also three public libraries, but the books are chiefly old and theological. The university, an extensive pile of building, has an observatory, and several cabinets of medals and curiosities: the number of pupils is not above a few hun

dreds. There is, besides, a separate institution for boys of rank, and the charity school of St. Roch for orphans. The females are for the most part educated in the convents.

The trade here is not extensive, the exports of Palermo being confined to a few articles in silk and satin, with some manufactures for the supply of Malta; the wine, oil, and other surplus produce of the surrounding country, fish, particularly tunnies. The importations are more various, comprising almost every article, either of luxury or convenience. In the middle of the eleventh century silk manufactures were first established by government. They are still kept up, and the silk thread obtained from the fish called the Pinna Marina, and manufactured here, is of exquisite fineness.

The population amounts, according to the most accurate estimate, to about 130,000. It has been sometimes erroneously taken much higher. Poverty seems the common lot of the frequenters of its crowded streets; and there exists a serious obstacle to the improvement of their circumstauces, in the number of persons dignified with titles, without the means of supporting their rank. Beggars of the most wretched appearance swarm every where, but in reality are not so miserable as they look, regular distributions of food being made at the different charitable and morastic institutions. The temperature in winter seldom falls below 50° of Fahrenheit: in summer it keeps for some months between 80 and 90. In that season the inhabitants generally shut up their houses and shops a little before noon, and keep them shut for three or four hours. The Sirocco is at this season very oppressive, but not of frequent occurrence. Palermo is supplied with water, conveyed in pipes to the tops of the highest houses.

It is an opinion entertained by some of our countrymen who have been in Sicily, says a friend, that the people of Palermo and of the western shores of the Val di Mazzara, are not in general so attached to the English as in the other parts of the island; we know not the origin of this opinion. As to Palermo, perhaps it may have arisen from the dislike which the court and Neapolitans profess for the English. But we have never observed the least partiality entertained by the people for the French in any one corner of the whole island, and we have made the entire circuit of it, and crossed the interior in two different lines. We witnessed a fray at P'alermo, the description of which may give our readers some idea of the materials from which we have deduced our opinions; it occurred in the summer of 1810. Several Neapolitan dragoons insisted on taking some cheese from a shop at a price considerably below that at which it was retailed;-an altercation ensued, which became rather violent, and one of the dragoons drew his sabre, and striking at the shopkeeper (a practice these fellows have) wounded him slightly. The latter instantly called to his men and to his neighbours, with the masonic epithet 'picciotti;'let us, my lads,' exclaimed he, serve these Neapolitans as they suspect we intend to do, and as they know they merit; let us do away with them.' In a very few seconds seven

or eight of the dragoons measured their length on the ground; the rest escaped; and, a great concourse of people being assembled by this time, the wounded shopkeeper began to harangue them; he was joined by the greater part of the mob in venting every imprecation against the Neapolitani-calling them Jacobini. Several time, was it exclaimed, 'had it not been for the English long since you would have betrayed us to the French, who are now at this very moment solely kept out of the island by the English, without the least exertion on your part.' They called the soldiers cowards, and spoke of them with the greatest contempt-saying they were only capable of practising extortion upon quiet shopkeepers. Such was the language of a mob which might have proceeded to greater lengths, had not the captain of the city, prince Carini, a nobleman at that time rather a favorite of the people, come up, and by his exertions and persuasions dispersed the crowd and restored tranquillity. As the weapons these picciotti made use of were rather Herculean, being sticks of the ash tree from which they make the manna in Sicily, three or four of the dragoons died, and the rest were much injured.'

Palermo, soon after the beginning of the first Punic war, passed into the hands of the Romans, who conferred on it various privileges. In a subsequent age the Saracens made it the capital of their Sicilian territories; and since their time, with the exception of very short intervals, it has been considered the capital of the island. But it has hardly any remains of antiquity, owing, in some measure, to 'the depth of soil and frequency of inundations here. It was the residence of the court of Naples from 1806 to 1815: at present it is the seat of a viceroy and of the chief boards of the island administration. It is likewise the see of an archbishop, who has the title of primate of Sicily. This city has suffered greatly by earthquakes, particularly in 1693; and it was greatly damaged by a fire in 1730, when a magazine of powder was blown up, containing 400 tons. It is 130 miles west of Messina, and 200 south by west of Naples. Long, of the observatory 13° 20′ 0′′ E., lat. 38° 6' 44" N.

PALES, in Pagan worship, the goddess of the shepherds; to whom they offered milk and honey, in order that she might deliver them and their flocks from wild beasts and infectious diseases. This goddess is represented as an old woman. She was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome; and her festivals, called palilia, were celebrated on the 21st of April, the day that Romulus began to lay the foundation of the city of Rome. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and in leaping over them. No sacrifices were offered, but purifications were made with the smoke of horses' blood, and with the ashes of a calf that had been taken from the belly of its mother, after she had been sacrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of the flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. Some call this festival parilia, from pariendo, bringing forth,

because the sacrifices were offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks.

PALESTINE, a country highly celebrated in antiquity, now a part of Asiatic Turkey, is bounded by Mount Libanus, which divides it from Syria, on the north; by Mount Hermon, which separates it from Arabia Deserta, on the east; by the mountains of Seir and the deserts of Arabia Petræa on the south; and by the Mediterranean Sea on the west.

This once fertile and happy spot was first called the land of Canaan, or Chanaan, from Noah's grandson. In Scripture, however, it is frequently distinguished by other names; such as the Land of Promise, the Land of God, the Land of Israel, &c. It received the name of Palestine from the Palestines or Philistines, who possessed a great part of it; and it had the name of Judæa, or Judæa Palestina, from Judah, the most considerable of the twelve sons of Jacob, or rather from the tribe, his descendants. Christian writers have denominated it the Holy Land; partly on account of the many singular blessings it received from the Divine Providence, and partly on account of its metropolis being made the centre of God's worship and his peculiar habitation; but much more for its being the place of our Saviour's birth, the scene of his preaching and manifold miracles; and especially the place in which he accomplished the great work of our redemption. As to the name of Judæa, it did not begin to receive that till after the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, though it had been styled long before the kingdom of Judah, in opposition to that of Israel, which revolted from it under Jeroboam, in the reign of Rehoboam. By profane authors it was called by many different names; such as Syria, Palestina Syria, Colosyria, Iduma, Idumæa, and Phonicia or Phoenice; many of them given in contempt of the Jewish nation, whom they looked upon as unworthy of any other name than what distinguished the most obscure parts of the neighbouring provinces. That part of the country which was properly called the Land of Promise was enclosed on the west by the Mediterranean; east by the lake Asphaltites, the Jordan, the sea of Tiberias or Galilee, and the Samachonite lake; north by the mountains of Libanus, or rather Antilibanus, or the province of Phoenicia; and on the south by that of Edom or Idumæa, from which it was parted by another ridge of high mountains. The boundaries of the other part, which belonged to the two tribes and a half beyond the Jordan, are not so easily defined, nor those of the conquests made by the more prosperous kings of the Jews. All that can be said with any probability is, that the river Arnon was the first northern boundary on that side.

Judea in its largest sense was divided into maritime and inland, as well as into mountainous and champaign; and again subdivided into Judea on this side, and Judea beyond Jordan. But the most considerable division is that which was made among the twelve tribes, by lot, under the Divine superintendance. Of these, two and a half were seated beyond Jordan, and the rest on this side. The next remarkable division was made by king Solomon, who divided his king