imputed to great poverty or to cowardice.' (p. 327, 329.)

At length they reached the ruins of Jerash (or, as Dr. Seetzen terms it, Dscherrasch), the ancient Geraza: of these interesting remains we have a long description accompanied by several plates and vignettes, without the aid of which it is impossible to give any account of the beautiful reliques of ancient art that have escaped the united ravages of time, and of the Arabs. The discovery of a noble triumphal arch, though not of the chastest kind, a naumachia for the exhibition of sea-fights, a palace, baths, two theatres, four temples, and several Greek inscriptions, repaid the travellers for the trouble and risk which they had incurred in penetrating to this remote region. Mr. Buckingham is of opinion that Jerash is the Gergashi of the Hebrews.

On the 2nd of February, 1816, nearly six weeks after their departure from Jerusalem, Messrs. Buckingham and Bankes reached the modern Arab settlement of Oom-Kais on the site of the ancient Gamala, whose ruins they alighted to examine. In their ascent to the hill, on the summit of which the remains of the Roman city stand, they explored numerous sepulchres, excavated in the side of the gray limestone rock, which appear to have formed its necropolis. Although these repositories of the dead had been violated, and innumerable sarcophagi broken, yet they discovered not fewer than 200 which were perfect; some of them were highly ornamented with garlands and wreaths; others with heads of Apollo and little Cupids, or genii with wings, joining hands together beneath those heads; and some with shields similar to those which the travellers had seen at Geraza. The city of Gamala appears to have been nearly square, about half a mile in its greatest length; and its breadth, perhaps, one-fourth less: it stands in a very commanding situation, and from its height enjoys a grand and extensive view. The ruins are those of two theatres and an Ionic temple: the prevalent orders of architecture are Ionic and Corinthian, though there are some few capitals of the Doric order. The stone was sometimes the gray rock of the mountain, and sometimes the black volcanic stone used in the tombs and sarcophagi. One of these ancient Roman tombs was used as a carpenter's shop; and another, into which the travellers entered, was cleansed out and used as a private dwelling; a perfect sarcophagus still remained within, which was used by the family as a chest for corn and other provisions. An affair of blood between our author's guides and the inhabitants of the vicinity of Tiberias, together with other circumstances, compelled him, instead of proceeding thither directly, to recross the Jordan and return to Nazareth, whence he proceeded to Tiberias, now called Tabareeah.

The fine piece of water usually called the lake or sea of Tiberias abounds with a great variety of excellent fish, but, from the poverty and indolence of the people who live on its borders, there is not a single boat or raft throughout its whole extent: so that the few fish that are occa

sionally taken are caught by lines from the shore, nots never being used. Mr. Buckingham

made an excursion along the borders of this lake, in the course of which he visited Tal-hheun or Tal-hhewm (as it is variously pronounced), an Arab station standing on the site of the ancient Capernaum, around which he discovered various remains of what must have formerly been a very considerable settlement. The waters of the lake of Tiberias lie in a deep basin, surrounded on all sides with lofty hills, excepting only the narrow entrance and outlets of the Jordan at each extreme; for which reason long continued tempests from any one quarter are unknown here; and this like the Dead Sea, with which it communicates, is, for the same reason, never violently agitated for any length of time. The same local features, however, render it occasionally subject to whirlwinds, squalls, and sudden gusts from the hollow of the mountains, which, as in every other similar basin, are of momentary duration, and the most furious gust is instantly succeeded by a calm.' Luke viii. 23, 24. (p. 468.)

·

Mr. Buckingham bears testimony to the fidelity of Josephus's description of this lake, De Bell, Jud. lib. iii. c. 13. § 7, the features of which, he says, are drawn by the Jewish historian with an accuracy that could only have been attained by one who had resided in the country. The size is still nearly the same, the borders of the lake still end at the beach, or the sands, at the feet of the mountains which environ it. Its waters are still as sweet and temperate as ever, and the lake abounds with great numbers of fish of various sizes and kinds.

In more early times, the sea of Galilee, or lake of Gennesareth, was called the sea of Chinnereth, from a city of that name seated on it, belonging to the children of Naphtali, and the edge of this sea on the other side Jordan, eastward, was made the western boundary of the portion of Gad, who occupied all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the children of Ammon. Gennesareth is most probably the original name of this sea of Chinnereth, gradually corrupted; Galilee was the name given to the lake from its situation, on the eastern borders of that division of Palestine; and Tiberias, which is its most modern name, must have been bestowed on it after the building of that city by Herod. This last both the town and the lake still retain, under the Arabic form of Tabareeah; and the present inhabitants, like the earliest ones, call their water a sea, and reckon it, and the Dead Sea, to the south of them, to be the two largest known, except the great ocean. The appearance of the lake, as seen from this point of view at Capernaum, is still grand; its greatest length runs nearly north and south, from twelve to fifteen miles, and its breadth seems to be, in general, from six to nine miles. The barren aspect of the mountains on each side, and the total absence of wood, give, however, a cast of dulness to the picture; and this is increased to melancholy by the dead calm of its waters, and the silence which reigns throughout its whole extent, where not a boat or vessel of any kind is to be found.' (p. 470, 471.)

The town of Tabareeah or Tiberias presents but few objects worthy of note, excepting the hot baths and some other remains of antiquity in its neighbourhood. Its total population does not

exceed 2,000 souls, one half of whom are Jews, principally from Europe, and the remainder are Mahometans, with the exception of about twenty Christian families of the Romish communion. The military force here rarely exceeds twenty or thirty soldiers, under the command of an aga, and there are four old cannon mounted on different parts of the walls. Provisions are by no means abundant, and therefore are generally dear and fish, when occasionally taken by a line from the shore, are sold either to the aga, or to some rich Jews, at an exorbitant price.

In retracing his way to Nazareth, Mr. Buckingham deviated from the road, in order to visit Subussta, a humble village, on a strong hill, in a commanding and pleasant situation, being surrounded by fruitful valleys and abundance of olive trees. In its centre stood the city of Samaria, by Herod called Sebaste (of which its present name is a corruption). Here are some remains of ancient edifices, particularly of a large cathedral church attributed to the piety of the empress Helena. Nablous, or Napolose (the Sichem of the Scriptures), is, as we have stated, a populous town, containing nearly 10,000 inhabitants, all of whom, with the exception of about fifty Greek Christians, are Mahometans and the grounds around it bear the marks of opulence and industry. It fully occupies the valley between the two hills of Gerizim on the south, and Ebal on the north. Though a place of considerable trade with Damascus and the towns on the sea-coast, yet there were no Jews here, who remained as permanent residents. The Samaritans, of whom a remnant remained in Maundrell's time (the close of the seventeenth century), are now reduced to scarcely half a dozen, or a dozen families, who perform their sacred rites in studied seclusion and obscurity, and are, if possible, more despised here than the Jews are in other Mahometan cities.

PALETTE, n. s. Fr. palette; Ital. paletta, of Lat. pala. A painter's color board.

Let the ground of the picture be of such a mixture, as there may be something in it of every color that composes your work, as it were the contents of your palette. Dryden.

Ere yet thy pencil tries her nicer toils,
Or on thy palette lie the blended oils,
Thy careless chalk has half atchiev'd thy art,
And her just image makes Cleora start.

When sage Minerva rose,

Tickle.

From her sweet lips smooth elocution flows, Her skilful hand an iv'ory palette graced, Where shining colours were in order placed. Gay. PALEY (Dr.), sub-dean of Lincoln, and rector of Bishop Wearmouth, was born at Peterborough in 1743. His father, who held a small living in that place, soon afterwards removed to Giggleswick in Yorkshire, where he was appointed to be master of a grammar-school, and continued to act in that capacity till his death, which happened in the year 1799. Dr. Paley was educated under his father's care until he became a student of Christ College, Cambridge, in 1759. In 1763 he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and in the previous examination had the honor of appearing the first man of his year. His studies now being completed, and no other engagement offering, he went to be assistant at VOL. XVI.

Greenwich school. In that situation he remained nearly three years, and then, upon being elected a fellow of Christ College, returned to a residence in the university. His election into a fellowship of the college was very soon followed by an appointment to be one of the tutors of it. His lectures on moral and political philosophy, and on the Greek Testament, contained the outlines of the works by which he has so much benefited the world, and his old pupils preserve in their note-books some of the arguments and illustrations which have rendered them so celebrated and so useful. After his return to the university, he continued to live in it about ten years. During this time he was rather a hard worker than a hard student. To his engagement as a public tutor he added others still more numerous as a private one, and, by these united labors, was in the receipt of a very considerable income. In 1770 Dr. Paley left college, and married. He had at first a small benefice in Cumberland; then the living of Appleby in Westmoreland, worth about £300 a-year; and in a short time was promoted to a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Carlisle, together with the living of Dalston, a pleasant village situated in the neighbourhood of that city, and between it and Rose-castle, the seat of the bishop. In 1782, on the resignation of Dr. John Law, who was created an Irish bishop, he was made archdeacon of the diocese, and not long afterwards succeeded Dr. Burn, the author of the Justice of the Peace, &c., in the chancellorship. All these preferments were bestowed on him, either by the bishop of Carlisle, or by the dean and chapter of the cathedral church, in which Dr. Law, who was a prebendary, had the leading influence. It was while his residence was divided between Carlisle and Dalston, that Dr. Paley undertook his Elements of Moral and Political Philosophy. The public did not hesitate long about the reception of it. It was read with universal admiration, and editions were multiplied with a rapidity entirely unexpected by the author. It is dedicated to the bishop of Carlisle; on whose death, in 1767, archdeacon Paley drew up a short memoir of him. He soon after published his Hora Paulinæ, a work which ranks him very high among the argumentative advocates of Scripture authority. The chief object of this work is to bring together, from the Acts of the Apostles, and from the different epistles, such passages as furnish examples of undesigned coincidence, and thus to infer the authenticity of the Scriptural writings, independently of inspiration. Not long after this work had made its appearance (in 1789) Dr. James Yorke, bishop of Ely, offered him the mastership of Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he has the disposal in right of his see. This was a singular instance of honorable and disinterested patronage. His lordship had rever seen Dr. Paley, he had no knowledge of his friends, he was influenced solely and entirely by his wellearned reputation, and by a wish to render them serviceable in a high academical situation. His preferments in the north of England, and the engagements they imposed upon him, induced him to decline the offer, after a very long hesi

2 L

tation, which, he has been heard to say, would probably have terminated otherwise, if he had not accidentally overlooked a small field belonging to the master of Jesus; and he expressed his gratitude to the bishop in a dedication of the Evidences of Christianity. This is one of Dr. Paley's most elaborate and successful performances. Containing a general view of the evidences of our religion, it is better adapted to the wants of the common reader than an argument, however masterly, which is confined to a single subject. It is distinguished, in an eminent degree, by that happy combination of sagacity, force, and perspicuity, which appears in all his writings. After Dr. Paley had become subdean of Lincoln, and rector of Bishop Wearmouth, his residence was divided between those

two places, his summers being spent at the latter,

and his winters at the former. He now undertook and proceeded slowly with his last work, the Natural Theology, which was not published till the end of the year 1804. He professes to have chosen this subject, because, with those he had already treated of, it formed a system which was complete, though its parts had been produced in an inverted order. As a writer, Dr. Paley is not remarkable for elegant periods or splendid sentiment. He seems to have been less ambitious of pleasing the ear than of informing the understanding; for if we except the dedication of the Moral and Political Philosophy, some chapters in the same work (particularly that on reverencing the Deity), and the conclusion of the Natural Theology, which contain some of the most elegant and dignified passages to be found in our language, the general character of his writings is plainness and simplicity. In private life he had nothing of the philosopher. He entered into little amusements with a degree of ardor which, when contrasted with the superiority of his mind, had a pleasing effect, and constituted a very amiable trait of his character. He was fond of company; nor was he at any time more happy than when exercising his unrivalled talents of wit and humor. He died at Bishop Wearmouth 25th May, 1805.

PALFIN (John), an eminent surgeon, anatomist, and lecturer on surgery in Ghent, the place of his birth; acquired great reputation by his learning and works. The principal of these are, 1. A Treatise on Osteology, in 12mo. Paris, 1731; 2. Anatomy of the Human Body, in 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1734. He died at Ghent at a great age, in 1730.

PAL'FREY, n. s. Į Fr. palefray; Ital. palaPAL FREYED, adj. freno; Spanish palafren. A small riding horse: palfreyed is using or possessed of a palfrey.

Her wanton palfrey all was overspread With tinsel trappings, woven like a wave. Spenser. The smiths and armorers on palfreys ride. Dryden. Such dire atchievements sings the bard that tells Of palfreyed dames, bold knights, and magick spells. Tickel.

The damsel is mounted on a white palfrey, as an emblem of her innocence. Addison's Spectator. PALICAUDCHERRY, or PALIGHAUT, a town in the province of Malabar, 110 miles

Containing free inhabitarts Add Chumar, or slaves

42

13

1469

137

3309

4294

2329

4287

539

5054

Total houses 21,473

Total population

106,500

16,574

123,074

exclusive of military, camp followers, travellers, vagrants, &c. The part occupied by thick forests, and uninhabited, is very extensive, and is intersected by several branches of the Paniani River, by which, in the rainy season, the timber may be floated to the sea. About 45,000 cubical feet of teak may be procured annually, with the assistance of a large body of trained elephants. The Palighaut district was ceded to the British by Tippoo, at the peace of 1792, when its revenues were valued at $8,000 pagodas.

PALICI, or PALISCI, in mythology, two deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whom Eschylus, according to Macrobius, calls Etna, in a tragedy, which is lost. The nymph Etna, when pregnant, begged Jupiter to remove her from the pursuit of Juno. Upon which he concealed her in the bowels of the earth; and, when the time of her delivery arrived, the earth opened and brought into the world two children, who were named Palici, ano Tоν пaliy ikeσai, because they came again into the world from the bowels of the earth. These deities were worshipped with many ceremonies by the Sicilians: and near their temple were two small lakes, which were supposed to have sprung out of the earth when they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn oaths, when any wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If of the persons who took the oaths were perjured, they were expected to be immediately punished supernaturally; and those whose oath, by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle, which was consulted upon some great emergencies, and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal answers. In a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained with the blood of human sacrifices; but this barbarous custom did not last long.

any

PALIFICATION, n. s. Lat. palus. The act or art of making ground firm with piles.

I have said nothing of palification or piling of the groundplot commanded by Vitruvius, when we build Wotton. upon a moist soil.

PALINDROME. Gr. walivopopia, Taλiv, and opoμsa. A word or sentence which is the same read backward or forward: as, madam; or this sentence, Subi dura a rudibus. Some have refined upon the Palindromus, and composed verses, each word of which is the same backwards as forwards; for instance, that of Camden :

Odo tenet mulum, madidam mappam tenet Anna. Anna tenet mappam madidam, mulum tenet Odo. PA'LINODE, n.s. Į Gr. #adivwdia, wake, and won, a song or rock

PA'LINODY.

tation; a recitation.

I of thy excellence have oft been told; But now my ravisht eyes thy face behold: Who therefore in this weeping palinod Abhor myself, that have displeased my God, In dust and ashes mourn.

Sandys's Parable on Job. PALINURI PROMONTORIUM, a town of Italy, mentioned by Virgil and Velleius, with a cognominal port, at the south extremity of the Sinus Pæstanus, on the coast of Lucania, so called from Palinurus.

PALINURUS, in fabulous history, the pilot of Eneas, who fell into the sea when asleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests, and at last came safe ashore, where the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him. His body was left unburied on the sea shore. See Virg. Æneid, lib. VI. v. 337.

PALISA'DO.

PALISADE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. palisade; Span. palisado, of Lat. palus. Pales, taken collectively; paling; a single series or set of pales.

The Trojans round the place a rampire cast, And palisades about the trenches placed. Dryden. The wood is useful for palisadoes for fortifications, being very hard and durable. Mortimer.

The city is surrounded with a strong wall, and that wall guarded with palisades. Broome.

PALISADOES, or PALISADES, in fortification, are stakes made of strong split wood, about nine feet long, six or seven inches square, three feet deep in the ground, in rows about two and a half or three inches asunder, placed in the covert way, at three feet from, and parallel to, the parapet or side of the glacis, to secure it from surprise. They are also used to fortify the avenues of the open forts, gorges, half-moons, the bottoms of ditches, &c. They are usually fixed perpendicularly, though some make an angle inclining towards the ground next the enemy, that the ropes cast over them to tear them up may slip off.

PALISSE, in heraldry, a bearing resembling a range of palisades before a fortification, represented on a fosse, raising up a considerable height, and pointed, with the field appearing between them.

PALISSY (Bernard de), a Parisian artist, was born at Agen in France about 1524. He discovered the method of applying enamel to stoneware, and his manufacture excelled the finest of

the Italian. He is said next to have pursued the study of chemistry; his knowledge of which enabled him to make improvements in agricul ture. He also formed the first cabinet of natural history in France, on which science he delivered lectures. He was a Protestant, and so firmly attached to his religion that during the fury of the league under Henry III., in 1584, he was committed to the bastille. The king, who had patronised him as an artist, having told him that if he did not comply with the prevailing religion he should be constrained to leave him in the hands of his enemies, Palissy replied, "your majesty has often said that you pity me; for my part I pity you for pronouncing the words, I shall be constrained; this is not speaking like a king; but let me inform you in royal language, that neither the Giusarts, your whole people, nor yourself, shall constrain a potter to bend his knee before images.' He used to say that he had no other property than heaven and earth. His works are, Moyen de devenir riche, &c.; Discours admirable de la Nature des Eaux et Fontaines, de Metaux, des Sols, des Salines, des Pierres, des Terres, &c. He died in 1590: His works and life were published at Paris in 1777 by St. Fond.

PALIURUS, in ancient geography, a river of Africa, with a town of the same name, at the western extremity of Egypt, on the Mediterranean.-Strabo.

PALL, n. s. & v. a. Span. palio; Lat. pallium. (There is also a Hind. pal.) See PALLI A cloak or mantle of state, civil or ecclesiastical; a covering thrown over the dead: to cloak or invest with a pall.

UM.

With princely pace, As fair Aurora in her purple pall, Out of the east her dawning day doth call; So forth she comes.

Come, thick night,

Spenser.

And pall thee in the dunnest smoak of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes.
Shakspeare.

Let gorgeous tragedy
In sceptered pall come sweeping by. Milton.
The right side of the pall old Egeus kept,
And on the left the royal Theseus wept. Dryden.
anointed, and after consecration he shall have the
An archbishop ought to be consecrated and
pall sent him.
Ayliffe.

PALL, v. n. & v. a. (Probably from PALE.) To grow vapid or insipid: to make insipid or vapid; to cloy; dispirit, or weaken.

blunt the edge of his keenest desires, and pull all his enjoyments. Atterbury.

Wit, like wine, from happier climates brought, Dashed by these rogues, turns English common draught,

They pall Moliere's and Lopez' sprightly strain. Swift.

Now pall the tasteless meats and joyless wines And luxury with a sigh her slave resigns. Johnson.

PALL, in heraldry, a figure like

a Greek Y, about the breadth of a pallet; being the archiepiscopal ornament sent from Rome to the metropolitans.

PALLA, in Roman antiquity, a mantle which women wore over the gown called stola. It was borne on the left shoulder, whence passing to the other side, under the right arm, the two ends were bound under the left arm, leaving the breast and arm quite bare. It had many folds, and derived its name from aXXo, to shake. From this term springs the word pall, which denotes the rich pontifical garment worn by the popes, patriarchs, primates, and metropolitans of the Romish church over their other vestments; and which is in the shape of a band or fillet three inches broad, encompassing the shoulder, whence it has been denominated by certain writers superhumerale. Both behind and before are pendents, or strings, about a palm in length, with small lamina of lead rounded at the extremities, and covered with black silk with four red

crosses.

PALLADINI (Archangela), a celebrated Italian paintress, born at Pisa in 1599. Her father was a painter, and she attained great excellence in portrait painting; but died young, in 1622.

PALLADINO (James), an Italian author, born at Teramo, in Naples, in 1349. He became successively bishop of Monopoli, Tarentum, Florence, and Spoletto, and legate in Poland. Among his works, the most celebrated is the Processus Luciferi contra Jesum. He died in Poland in 1417.

PALLADIO (Andrew), the celebrated architect, was born in 1518, at Vicenza, in Lombardy, He learned the principles of his art from Trissing, after which he studied at Rome, and on his return constructed a number of noble edifices. He was employed in various parts of Italy, particularly at Venice, where he built the palace Foscari. He died at his native place in 1580. His Treatise on Architecture was printed at Venice in 1570, folio; and again at London in 1715, in 3 vols. folio. In 1730 lord Burlington published some of Palladio's designs, in 1 vol. folio. This artist was likewise the author of a work entitled Le Antichita di Roma; and an illustration of Cæsar's Commentaries.

PALLADIUM, in fabulous history, a statue of the goddess Pallas. It was about three cubits high, and represented the goddess sitting and holding a pike in her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It was said to have fallen down

from heaven near the tent of Hus, as he was building the citadel of Ilium. Others a ert

that it fell at Pessimus in Phrygia. Some maintain that the palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but, according to Apollodorus, that it was only a piece of clock-work which moved of itself. However various the opinions of ancient authors be about this celebrated statue, it was universally allowed, that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This fatality the Greeks, during the Trojan war, were well aware of; and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it. This they effected, and they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus, a son of Priam, who in this betrayed his country, because his brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was enamoured. Minerva was enraged at the violence offered to her statue; and, according to Virgil, the palladium itself seemed to have received life and motion; and by the flashes which started from its eyes, and sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to show the resentiment of the goddess. The true palladium, however, according to some, was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only a statue of similar size and shape, which was placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons attempted to steal it. The palladium, therefore, they pretend Eneas conveyed safe from Troy to Italy, and it was afterwards preserved by the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple of Vesta, unknown to all but the vestal virgins. The destiny of Rome was believed to depend upon it; and there were several others made perfectly like it, to secure it from being stolen, as was that at Troy. A palladium was also placed in the citadel of Athens.

PALLADIUM, in chemistry, a new metal, first found by Dr. Wollaston, associated with platina, among the grains of which he supposes its ore to exist, or an alloy of it iridium and osmium, scarcely distinguishable from the crude platina, though it is harder and heavier.

If crude platina be dissolved in nitro-muriatic acid, and precipitated with a solution of muriate of ammonia in hot water; the precipitate washed, and the water added to the remaining solution, and a piece of clean zinc be immersed in this liquid, till no farther action on it take place ; the precipitate now thrown down will be a black powder, commonly consisting of platina, palladium, iridium, rhodium, copper, and lead. The lead and copper may be separated by dilute nitric acid. The remainder being then digested in nitro-muriatic acid, and common salt about half the weight of the precipitate added on the solution, on evaporating this to dryness, by a gentle heat, the result will be, triple salts of muriate of soda, with platina, palladium, and rhodium. Alcohol will dissolve the first and second of these, and the small portion of platina may be precipitated by sal ammoniac. The solution being diluted, and prussiate of potash added, a precipitate will be thrown down, at first of a deep orange, and afterwards changing green. This, being heated with a little sulphur and borax in a crucible, will afford a metallic button of pure palladium.

This metal is of a white color, more of the appearance of platina than any other metal. It