or Ethiopians. Panwell now belongs to the British, and carries on a considerable trade. It is situated in long. 73° 13′ E., lat. 19° N'

PANY ISLE, one of the Philippines, 110 miles in length, by thirty-eight in average breadth. Numerous villages are very regularly built on the declivity of the higher grounds, but the climate is generally considered unhealthy, on account of the morasses. Deer, hogs, buffaloes, and wild animals, are found in the interior, and the coast abounds with cocoa trees. Cattle and horses range at pleasure in the uncultivated

parts.

The island is said to contain mines of gold and silver, and the inhabitants manufacture cotton handkerchiefs and cloths. The establishment of the Spaniards on this island are at 1loilo and Antigua, on which coast there is good anchorage; but their government here is on a most wretched footing, and cannot defend its unfortunate subjects from the incursions of pirates, who plunder vessels in the harbours, and carry off their crews into slavery. Long. 122° 33′ E., lat. 11° 15' N.

PANZACCHIA (Maria Helena), an Italian paintress, born at Bologna, in 1668, of a noble family. She learned design under Emilio Taruff, and in a short time acquired great readiness in composition, correctness of outline, and a lovely tint of coloring. She also excelled in painting landscapes; and her works were exceedingly prized."

PAO, SAN JUAN BAPTISTA DEL, is a city of Venezuela, Colombia, situate at fifty leagues south-west of Caraccas, in 9° 20′ N. lat.

The river Pao, which runs south of the town, formerly discharged itself into the Lake Tacarigua; but an earthquake and inundation have altered its course: it now flows into the Apura. San Juan consists of a church and several handsome streets on the Pao: and this city is remarkable in having only the proprietors of cattle for its inhabitants. 5400 persons form its population.

PAOLI (Hyacinth), a Corsican of a good family. Having acquired reputation, he was elected one of the chief magistrates of the island in 1735. But 1. e various revolutions Corsica underwent, and the oppressions of the Genoese, obliged him to retire to Naples with his family; whence, in 1755, he sent his celebrated son, Pascal Paoli, then in his twenty-ninth year, to assist his countrymen in regaining their liberty, who was appointed by them commandant-general on his arrival.

Paori (Pascal de), was born in the island of Corsica in 1726. His father Hyacinth Paoli, after laboring in vain to establish the freedom of his country, went to Naples, where Pascal was educated in the Jesuits' college. In his twentyninth year he was chosen generalissimo of Corsica, where he exerted himself in promoting the independence of the republic. The Genoese, however, having made a transfer of the island to France, that power sent such an overwhelming force into it as compelled Paoli to seek an asylum in England, where he obtained a pension of £1500 per annum. On the breaking out of the French revolution, he returned to Corsica, and prevailed upon his countrymen to submit to the English government; after which, disagreeing with the viceroy, he returned to London, and died in 1807.

PAO-TING, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-che-lee. Among the cities of this province, it ranks next to Pekin, and is the residence of a viceroy. It is very agreeably situated in a fertile and beautiful district, seventy-seven miles S. S. W. of Pekin. PAP, n.s.

7 Bleg. pappa; Ital. papa; PAPES'CLNT, adj. § Lat. papa, papilla. The nipple or teat, particularly of the human female; any light food made for infants; the pulp of fruit: papescent is containing pap.

Some were so from their source endued
By great dame Nature, from whose fruitful pap
Their well-heads spring.
Spenser.

Out, sword, and wound
The pap of Pyramus.

-Ay, that left pap, where heart doth hop.
Shakspeare.
Sleep then a little, pap content is making. Sidney.
The noble soul by age grows lustier;
We must not starve, nor hope to pamper her
With women's milk and pup unto the end.
Donne

Let the powder, after it has done boiling, be well beaten up with fair water to the consistence of them pup. Bogle. An infant making to the paps would press And emets, instead of milk, a falling tear. Dryden. In weaning young creatures, the best way is never to let them suck the paps.

Ray on the Creation. That Timothy Trim and Jack were the same person, was proved, particularly by a mole under the

Arbuthnot.

PAPA', n. s. Lat. pape; Gr. аnnаç; Pers. babu; Arab. buaba. Á fond name for father in many languages.

Where there are little masters and misses in a house, bribe them, that they may not tell tales to papa and mamma. Swift.

PAPA, in geography, a small but strong town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Vesprin. In 1596 the garrison revolted to the Turks, but it was soon retaken by Matthias. It again revolted, and was again retaken from the Turks in 1683, and is subject to the house of Austria. It is seated on a mountain, near the Marchacz; forty-five miles west of Buda. Long. 18°20′ E., lat. 47° 26′ N.

PAPA, OF PAPA STOUR, i. e. Great Papa, an island of Scotland, in Shetland, a mile west of Main-land, in the parish of Walls and Sandness, about two miles long, and above one broad. The surface is level, the soil sandy; but in a good season, when well manured with sea-ware, yields rich crops of barley, oats, and potatoes, as well as excellent grass. It has several small harbours, which afford safe shelter for the fishing boats, and the beaches are convenient for drying the fish. These advantages have induced a great fishing company from Northumberland to erect drying houses upon it, and send vessels to the fishing. In 1792 it had 285 inhabitants. It has a singular cave through which the sea flows far under the rocks.

PAPA, OF PAPA STRONSAY, an island of Orkney, half a mile north-east of Stronsay, and three miles in circumference. The surface is level, and the soil so fertile that with little improvement it might be rendered one continued corn-field. There are ruins of two chapels on it, dedicated to St. Nicholas and St. Bridget. Mid-way between these is an eminence, called Earl's Know, which has many graves, containing uncommonly large human bodies.

PAPA, or PAPA WESTRAY, an island of Orkney, three miles north-east of Westray, and twenty-five from Kirkwall; four miles long, and one broad. Its form is oval; and the soil is so very fertile that it is reckoned the best arable and pasture-land in the Orkneys. It is divided into twenty-four plough-gates, and contained 240 inhabitants in 1792. About seventy tons of kelp are manufactured annually.

PAPACY, n. s. Ital. the pope. PoPAPAL, adj." pedom, the office, state, or dignity, of the pope, or bishop of Rome; papal is relating to or taught by the pope or popery: agreeing with the doctrine of the Romish church; terms like papist, papistical, &c. are often used in unmeaning and unjustifiable reproach. See ROMAN CATHOLICISM.

The pope released Philip from the oath, by which he was bound to maintain the privileges of the Netherlands; this pupal indulgence hath been the cause of so many hundred thousands slain. Raleigh.

Now there is ascended to the papacy a personage, that though he loves the chair of the papacy well, yet he loveth the carpet above the chair. Bacon.

The PAPAL STATE, or STATES, State of the Church, or Ecclesiastical State, so called as forming the temporal dominion of the pope, comprises a country of Italy 240 miles in length from north to south, but of very unequal breadth, being in the central part above 100 miles, and in other parts only twenty or thirty broad. Its superficial extent exceeds 17,000 square miles; but, for so fine a country, it is thinly peopled, containing less than 2,500,000 inhabitants. On

the north it is bounded by the Po, which separates it from the Austrian dominions; on the west by the grand duchy of Tuscany; the Adriatic on the east, and the kingdom of Naples on the south. The congress of Vienna transferred to Austria the Ferrarese territory to the north of the Po, and the French revolution deprived the pope of the districts of Avignon and the Venaissin; but these are the only territorial losses sustained for many years by the papal state.

By the following return, made in 1817, Rome, the capital, and its circuit, contain

I. The Legations and Delegations of the first class.

241,500

286,426

174,155

164,651

143,199

196,424

159,047

Fermo, Mark

88,471

In the

This territory is traversed from north-west to south-east by the Appennines, which moderate the violent heats of summer, and give rise to the Tiber and a number of minor streams. valleys, among the lower ranges of the Appennines, are several large lakes. The principal are those of Perugia, Bolsena, and Bracciano. On the south-west are the Pontine marshes, which corrupt the atmosphere for many miles round; though for the last thirty years canals for draining off these waters have been dug and slowly carried forward: if carefully kept up and extended they would soon, it is thought, add a valuable agricultural tract to the state.

The upper part of the country, comprehending the Marca d'Ancona, the duchy of Spoleto, and part of the legations, enjoys a fine climate, and is well cultivated, producing all kinds of corn and pulse, with excellent wine, fruit, oil, silk, flax, and hemp. Various spots are also favorable to pasturage; so that the rearing of cattle and sheep is prosecuted with success, and great quantities of wool produced. But the Maremna, or lower provinces, towards the Mediterranean, present a very different picture. Although the soil is rich, not a twentieth part is in any tolerable cultivation; and the country is almost deserted from the unwholesomeness of its air. The worst season begins about the middle of July, and continues till the rainy season in October.

Various reasons have been assigned for this, such as the scorching winds of the south, the large quantity of sea-weed thrown upon the coast, the collections of stagnated water, the sulphurous exhalations of the neighbourhood, &c. But a grand cause of evil is the troubles of former ages, and the recent course of weak and inefficient government. Lands are held by short and precarious leases; the time of labor is abridged by endless holidays; numbers of idlers subsist under the characters of monks and pilgrims; and the government has the right of preemption in regard to corn and cattle. In cousequence, the farm houses are thinly scattered and meanly built; while the laboring people are wholly neglected as a class. However, the present pontiff, by the abolition of the remaining feudal usages, has made a considerable step in favor of this portion of the state.

The manufactures carried on here are generally undertaken by public institutions, under the direction of some ecclesiastic, and are often supported by an annual allowance from government. On this plan are several woollen manufactories of coarse goods; some silk manufactories, particularly at Bologna, the crapes and gauzes of which place are known throughout Europe. At Rome there is a considerable fabric of tapestry. Foreign leather being prohibited, several extensive tanneries have been established, and this manufacture is perhaps the most thriving of any. In 1770 there was established, at the expense of the apostolic chamber, a manufactory of calicoes, and it has been prosecuted with success; but the workmen are chiefly foreigners. Hats, coarse linens, and hardware, are likewise made in the papal dominions. The chief mineral products are marble, rock-salt, sulphur, and

alum.

The little trade carried on in the papal harbours is almost entirely in foreign hands. The chief article of export is wool, which is sent to France and Switzerland, and often returned in a manufactured state. Another large article of export is alum. The imports consist of foreign manufactures, fish, such as tunny from Sicily, cod from Newfoundland, and, above all, pilchards from England. The chief sea-ports are Ancona on the east coast, and Civita Vecchia on the west. Accounts are here kept in scudi, or Roman crowns of 4s. 3d. sterling value, each containing ten paoli or 100 bajocchi.

The pope is invested here with absolute power, both spiritual and temporal, the government being considered a theocracy. The candidates for the tiara are necessarily members of the college of cardinals, and for some time back they must be Italians by birth. The election, which rested for several centuries with the nobility, clergy, and citizens of Rome, was transferred in the year 1059 to the college of cardinals, the number of the latter being nominally seventy, but seldom complete. The chief ministers of state are the cardinal camerlingo, at the head of the apostolic chamber, and minister of finance; the cardinal secretary of state for foreign affairs; and the cardinal datary, who has the patronage of vacant livings, the dispensations for marriages, and the charge of whatever relates to an

nates or first fruits. To these are added the cardinal vicar, who acts for his holiness as bishop of Rome; the cardinal chancellor, whose functions correspond to those of keeper of the great seal in England; the cardinal auditor, or minister of justice; and, finally, the cardinal secretary of briefs.

The consistory is an assembly of cardinals held under the personal presidency of the pope, and may be either private or public. The former is commonly held once a fortnight. A public consistory is a meeting of all the cardinals, held once a month, when his holiness gives audience to foreign ambassadors. The name of congregation' is given to a board or commission held under a cardinal or other prelate. The principal are the Congregation of Ecclesiastical Immunities; one for drawing bulls and dispensations; another for superintending the different communities or corporations; the office of the inquisition (whose powers have been greatly moderated of late); the Congregation of the Index, for aiding the inquisition in regard to prohibited books; the Congregation of Rites, for the regulation of ceremonies throughout the Catholic church; and that for the direction of foreign missions. In the different provinces magistrates hear cases in their first stage, and pass sentence in all except capital charges. Bologna, Ferrara, and Romagna, are the three legations, so called because they are governed by a cardinal, deputed by the pope for three years at a time. other provinces, every place with the name of a city has a prelate sent from Rome as a governor. In small places the chief magistrates are sometimes laymen. Generally speaking, the adminis tration throughout the country is mild; but the absurd idea of sacrificing the interests of the provinces to those of the capital obtains every where.

In the

The laws in force are the edicts and ordinances of the different pontiffs, the code of Justinian, and the Pandects; but the reigning pope may alter or annul the existing laws: and each minister acting as a judge, and having a court apart, increases greatly the number of law suits. The principal criminal tribunal for laymen is the sagra consulta, whose authority extends over the whole of the state except the city of Rome. The procedure of this, as of almost all other courts, is characterised by great tardiness and secrecy. Although of course the inhabitants of this state are almost all Catholics, in the large towns there are Protestants of foreign extraction, and many Jews. The number of bishops is about thirty. Literature cannot be called in a flourishing state, though there are numerous learned institutions in Rome, and all the principal towns.

Before the late revolutions the papal revenue was about £600,000 a year, chiefly derived from local taxes; the produce of the annates and dispensations having done little more, in later times, than discharge the expenses of the boards appointed to manage them. The concourse of pilgrims to Rome is said to be by no means productive of revenue. The taxes consist in duties on wine and brandy; dues on bread and butchers' meat consumed in Rome; customs on imports; and, finally, in a lottery.

The papal troops, including the militia, do not exceed 6000 or 7000. Rome is protected by the castle of St. Angelo. The other fortifications are Civita Vecchia, Urbino, and Perugia. The navy consists of a few galleys and armed vessels stationed at Civita Vecchia, and capable of repelling the inroad of a corsair, but of no use against men of war, and incapable in rough weather of keeping the sea.

The history of the papal see will more properly occupy a portion of our article ROME. It may suffice in this place to notice that in the middle of the eighth century the popes first began to acquire lands and temporal possessions. In 1073 the imperious Gregory VII. arrogated supreme dominion both in church and state: from 1307 to 1377 the residence of the pope was at Avignon; and, from 1379 to 1429, there existed a violent schism, during which there were two, and at one time three, dignitaries assuming the title of pope, and acknowledged by different states of Europe. This considerably weakened the papal influence, and paved the way for the Reformation in 1517. Next came the wars of religion, which continued at repeated intervals until the peace of Westphalia in 1648. After this the business of the papal see was in a great measure confined to arrangements relative to particular orders, and to the formation of concordats with Catholic countries. Matters went on thus until the interests of the church were attacked by the measures of the emperor Joseph II., and the French revolution. The French convention proceeded to a total rejection of the papal authority in France; the territory of the Holy See was invaded in 1796 and 1797, and the French were on the eve of entering Rome; but peace was obtained by the payment, it is said, of £1,500,000 sterling, and a great cession of territory. Still more serious oppression was exercised by the French directory in 1798; but Buonaparte, on attaining supreme power, affected to respect the pope, while he made him instrumental to his own views. He concluded a concordat for France in 1802; and two years after the pope repaired to Paris to crown him emperor. But this cordiality was of short duration. The pope had too strong feelings of independence for the new king of Italy: Rome was occupied in 1808 by the French troops, and the pope conveyed a prisoner, first to Savona, and afterwards into France, where he remained until 1814, when the success of the allies restored him to most of his former possessions and prerogatives. See ROME.

PAPAVER, the poppy. See BOTANY, Index. A genus of the monogynia order, and polyandria class, natural order twenty-seventh, rhoeædæ cor. is tetrapetalous: CAL. diphyllous: CAPS. bilocular, opening at the pores below a persisting stigma.

1. P. album, or somniferum, the white, or somniferous garden poppy, rises with an upright smooth stalk, dividing or branching a yard or more high; garnished with large, deeply jagged, amplexicaule, smooth leaves; and terminated by large, spreading, dark purple, and other colored flowers, in the varieties, having smooth cups and capsules. There are many varieties, some of VOL. XVI

them extremely beautiful. The white officinal poppy is one of the varieties of this sort. It grows often to five or six feet, having large flowers, both singles and doubles, succeeded by capsules or heads as large as oranges, each containing about 8000 seeds. In the province of Bahar, in the East Indies, the poppy seeds are sown in October and November, at about eight inches distance, and well watered till the plants are about half a foot high, when a compost of dung, nitrous earth, and ashes, is spread over the areas; and a little before the flowers appear they are again watered profusely till the capsules are half grown, at which time the opium is collected; for when fully ripe they yield but little juice; two longitudinal incisions from below upwards, without penetrating the cavity, are made at sunset for three or four successive evenings; in the morning the juice is scraped off with an iron scoop, and worked in an iron pot in the sun's heat till it is of a consistence to be formed into thick cakes of about four pounds weight; these are covered over with the leaves of poppy, tobacco, or some other vegetable, to prevent their sticking together, and in this situation they are dried. The somniferous quality of the poppy resides in the milky juice of the capsule. See OPIUM. It grows in England, generally in neglected gardens, or uncultivated rich grounds, and flowers in July and August. This species is said to have been named white poppy from the whiteness of its seeds; a variety of it, however, is well known to produce black seeds; the double-flowered white poppy is also another variety; but, for medicinal purposes, any of these may be employed indiscriminately, as there is no difference in their sensible qualities or effects. The seeds, according to some authors, possess a narcotic power, but there is no foundation for this opinion; they consist of a simple farinaceous matter, united with a bland oil, and in many countries are eaten as food. As a medicine, they have been usually given in the form of emulsion, in catarrhs, stranguries, &c. The heads or capsules of the poppy, which are directed for use in the pharmacopoeias, like the stalks and leaves, have an unpleasant smell, somewhat like that of opium, and an acrid bitterish taste. Both the smell and taste reside in a milky juice, which more especially abounds in the cortical part of the capsules, and in its concrete state constitutes the officinal opium. These capsules are powerfully narcotic or anodyne; boiled in water, they impart to the menstruum their narcotic juice, together with the other juices which they have in common with vegetable matters in general. The liquor, strongly pressed out, suffered to settle, clarified with whites of eggs, and evaporated to a due consistence, yields an extract which is about one-fifth or one-sixth of the weight of the heads This possesses the virtues of opium, but requires to be given in double its dose to answer the same intention, which it is said to perform without occasioning a nausea and giddiness, the usual effects of opium. This extract was first recommended by Mr. Arnot; and a similar one is now received in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. It is found very convenient to prepare the syrup from this extract, by dissolving one drachm in

2 N

two pounds and a half of simple syrup. The syrupus papaveris albi, as directed by both colleges, is a useful anodyne, and often succeeds in procuring sleep, where opium fails; it is more especially adapted to children. White poppy heads are also used externally in fomentations, either alone, or more frequently added to the decoction pro fomento.

2. P. Cambricum, the Welch poppy, has a perennial root, pinnated cut leaves, smooth, upright, multiflorous stalks, a foot and a half high; garnished with small pinnated leaves, and terminated by many large yellow flowers, succeeded by smooth capsules. It flowers in June.

3. P. orientale, the oriental poppy, has a large, thick, perennial root; long, pinnated, sawed leaves; upright, rough, uniflorous stalks, terminated by one deep red flower, succeeded by oval, smooth capsules. The flowers appear in May.

4. P. rhoeas, the wild globular-headed poppy, rises with an upright, hairy, multiflorous stalk, branching a foot and a half high; garnished with long, pinnatifid, deeply cut, hairy leaves; the stalk terminated by many red and other colored flowers in the varieties, succeeded by globular smooth capsules. This plant is common in corn fields, and flowers in June and July. It may be distinguished from the papaver dubium, to which it bears a general resemblance, by its urn-shaped capsules, and by the hairs upon the peduncles standing in a horizontal direction. The capsules of this species, like those of the somniferum, contain a milky juice, of a narcotic quality, but the quantity is very inconsiderable, and has not been applied to any medical purpose; but an extract prepared from them has been successfully employed as sedative. The flowers have somewhat of the smell of opium, and a mucilaginous taste, accompanied with a slight degree of bitterness. A syrup of these flowers is directed in the London Pharmacopoeia, which has been thought useful as an anodyne and pectoral, and is therefore prescribed in coughs and catarrhal affections; but it seems valued rather for the beauty of its color than for its virtues as a medicine. All the kinds are hardy, and will prosper any where. The first and last species, being annual, are to be propagated only by seeds; but the others by parting the roots as well as by

seeds.

PAPAVEROUS, adj. Lat. papavareus, from papaver, a poppy. Resembling poppies. Mandrakes afford a papaverous and unpleasant odour, whether in the leaf or apple. PAPAW', n. s. Fr. papayer; Hind. pupucy, low Lat. papaya. A plant.

The fair papaw,

Browne.

Now but a seed, preventing Nature's law,
In half the circle of the hasty year,
Projects a shade, and lovely fruit does wear.
Waller.

PAPAW, in botany. See CARICA.

PAP-CASTLE, an ancient castle of England, in Bridekirk parish, Cumberland, which stood two miles from Cockermouth, on the other side of the Darwent, whose Roman antiquity is proved by several inonuments; and a large green stone vessel found here, with little images upon it, is supposed to have been formerly a Danish font

for dipping of infants; and has been since used at Bridekirk in the neighbourhood for sprinkling. The name of Pap-castle seems to be contracted from Pippard its owner; it is said to have been demolished, and the materials employed to build Cockermouth Castle. Mr. Routh, in a letter to Mr. Gale, thus describes the ruins discovered at Pap-castle, January 16th, 1743. The close in which they lay is a little to the south of the fort, on the declivity of the hill to the river, and bounded on the west by a narrow lane, probably the via militaris continued; and is usually shown to strangers as the most remarkable here for finding Roman coins. They are the largest ruins ever known to be discovered in these parts; for they met with three walls, besides the pavement.' Mr. Routh, in another letter to Mr. Gale, April 13th, 1743, describes a fibula, a coin of Trajan found it. Dr. Stukely says, the Roman castrum lies on the top of the hill above the village, and he traced its whole circumference, a bit of the Roman wall by the river side going to Wigton, and there the ditch is plainly visible, though half filled up with the rubbish of the wall. Coins of Claudius, Adrian, and a silver Geta, PONT. rev. PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS, were also found in it. He supposes its ancient name, Derventio, derived from the Der

'Tis as impossible to draw regular characters on a trembling mind, as on a shaking paper. Locke. There is but a thin paper wall between great discoveries and a perfect ignorance of them. Burnet. They brought a paper to me to be signed. Dryden. Do the prints and papers lie? Swift.

would have had intelligence of your papers. As this I was in hopes that in coming to Leicester you is not the case you ought immediately to advertize them, &c. Warburton.

Sir,-In a literary performance, by a juvenile author, I feared to find intermixed much of the common trash of periodic 1apers; stories of love adCanning.

ventures.