PARALOGISM, in logic, also implies a consequence drawn from principles that are false; or, though true, are not proved; or when a proposition is passed over that should have been proved.

PARALYSIS, n. s. Fr. paralysie; Gr. πаpalvos. A palsy. See MEDICINE, Index. PARALYTICAL, or Palsied; inclined PARALYTIC, adj. 3 to palsy.

Nought shall it profit, that the charming fair,
Angelick, softest work of heaven, draws near
To the cold shaking paralytick hand,
Senseless of beauty.

Prior.

The difficulties of breathing and swallowing, without any tumor after long diseases, proceed commonly from a resolution or paralytical disposition of the parts.

Arbuthnot.

If a nerve be cut, or straitly bound, that goes to any muscle, that muscle shall immediately lose its motion: which is the case of paralyticks.

Derham.

PARAMARIBO, a handsome town of Guiana, the capital of the province of Surinam, is situated on the right bank of the Surinam river, about eighteen miles from its mouth. It is about a mile and a half in length, and about half as much in breadth, and built in the form of an oblong square. The streets, which are straight, are lined with orange, shaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees, which appear in perpetual bloom. It is generally crowded with planters, sailors, soldiers, Jews, Indians, and negroes, while the river is constantly covered with barges and canoes. The town-hall, Protestant church, Lutheran chapel, and Jewish synagogue, are all respecta ble buildings. Here is a citadel of some strength, separated by an esplanade from the town. In habitants 5000.

PARAMATTA, a town of New Holland, situated above the head of Port Jackson harbour, and built along a small stream that falls into the river which terminates in that arm of the sea.

Its distance from Sydney is about twelve miles by land, and eighteen by water; but, for the last six or seven miles, the river can only be navigated by boats. The town consists principally of a single street, about a mile long, and is much inferior to Sydney in point of building, though it contains several good houses. These, with the church, the government house, the new orphan house, and some gentlemen's seats situated on the surrounding eminences, give it a respectable appearance. There are likewise two good inns. Here is also a factory, where the female convicts who are found unfit for servants are employed in manufacturing coarse cloth. The population consists principally of inferior traders, publicans, artificers, and laborers; and, including the soldiers stationed there, may be estimated at about 1200 individuals. Benevolence, too, has taken up her residence there, and one of the institutions

that first claims the attention of the philanthropist, is the school that was established a few years since for the instruction of the aborigines. It lately contained nearly twenty children of the natives, who had been voluntarily placed there by their parents, and whose progress in their

studies was found to be not inferior to that of European children of the same age.

A superintendant receives wool from the settlers, and gives them a certain portion of the manufactured article in exchange. What is reserved is only a fair equivalent for the expense of making it, and is used in clothing the jail gang, the reconvicted culprits who are sent to the coal river, and the inmates of the factory. This town has made hut a slow progress compared with the town of Sydney; and the value of land in its neighbourhood is consequently not so great by any means. In 1818 there were cleared in the district of this name 13,302 acres of land, containing 10,429 head of cattle, 33,673 sheep, 745 horses, and 3960 hogs.

PARAMITHIA, a considerable town of Albania, Greece, the capital of a district of nearly forty miles in circumference, inhabited by a rude tribe, mostly of the Mahometan religion; but their language is Greek. They have hardly any regular government, but are a brave race, to which, joined to the mountainous and inaccessible nature of their country, they owe the independence they enjoy. They are said to amount to 15,000. Nineteen miles south-west of Joan

nina.

PARAMO (Lewis de), a Spanish inquisitor who published at Madrid, in 1598, a curious work upon the tribunal called The Holy Office. He writes with candor, omits no fact, but enumerates impartially all the victims of the Inquisition.

PARAMOUNT', adj. Fr. paramount; or and mount. Superior; having the highest par jurisdiction: as, lord paramount, the chief of the seigniory: taking to before the object.

Leagues within the state are ever pernicious to monarchies; for they raise an obligation, paramount to obligation of sovereignty, and make the king, tanquam unus ex nobis.

Bacon.

John a Chamber was hanged upon a gibbet raised a stage higher in the midst of a square gallows, as a traitor paramount; and a number of his chief accom

plices were hanged upon the lower story round him.

Id.

The dogmatist's opinioned assurance is paramount to argument. Glanville.

In order came the grand infernal peers, 'Midst came their mighty paramount. Milton. If all power be derived from Adam, by divine institution, this is a right antecedent and paramount to all government; and therefore the positive laws

of men cannot determine that which is itself the Locke. fou dation of all law.

Mankind, seeing the apostles possessed of a power plainly paramount to the powers of all the known beings, whether angels or dæmons, could not question their being inspired by God.

ments.

West.

PARAMOUNT, in English law, the highest lord of the fee of lands, of tenements, and hereditaAs there may be a lord mesne where lands are held of an inferior lord, who holds them of a superior under certain services; so this su

Shall I believe

Spenser.

That unsubstantial death is amorous,
And that the lean abhorred monster keeps
Thee here in dark to be his paramour? Shakspeare.
No season then for her

To wanton with the sun her lusty paramour.

Milton. PARANA, a river of South America, which rises in Brasil, in the province of Matto Grosso, and, after a long and winding course, falls into the Paraguay, in lat. 27° 25′ S., when the united stream assumes the name of the Plata. In lat. 24° it passes over a ledge of rocks that has been denominated a cataract, but it does not materially obstruct the navigation, as boats are hauled up it by means of ropes. The base of this fall is formed by a chain of rocks that rise in separate masses, and leave channels, like embrazures, for the stream. The Parana is here very wide, and, when swelled by the rains, very rapid. In the lower part of its course the Parana is covered with numerous islands, which conceal its immense breadth. Many of these islands are covered with trees; but none are inhabited except by wild animals. The Parana has its greatest flood in December, January, and sometimes in February; and there is another inundation in June and July. The river at these times rises from eighteen to twenty feet above the level of the islands; and the animals with which they

On

abound then swim over to the main land. some occasions the inhabitants of Santa Fe have contemplated forsaking their city, which is often wholly surrounded with water.

PARANAIBA, a large river of Brasil, which runs S.S. E. for many leagues, and enters the Parana near its source.

PARANAIBA, a river of Guiana, an arm of the Amazons, running out from and returning to it, and enclosing the large island of Ramos.

PARANAPURAS, a river of Quito, which rises in the Andes, and enters the Guallaga. Also the name of a settlement on this river.

PAR'ANYMPH, n. s. Fr. paranymphe; Gr. παρα and νύμφη, a bride. A brideman; one who leads the bride to marriage.

The Timnian bride

Had not so soon preferred

Thy paranymph worthless to thee compared, Successor in thy bed. Milton's Agonistes. Sin hath got a paranymph and a solicitor, a warrant and an advocate. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

PARANYMPH, among the ancients, the person who waited on the bridegroom, and directed the

nuptial solemnities; called also pronubus and auspex, because the ceremonies began by taking auspicia. As the paranymph officiated only on the part of the bridegroom, a woman called pronuba officiated on the part of the bride.

PAR'APEGM, n. s. Gr. παραπηγμα, παραπηyvνμ. A brazen table fixed to a pillar, on which laws and proclamations were anciently engraved also a public table, containing an account of the movements of the heavenly bodies, seasons of the year, &c., whence the astrologers give this name to the tables on which they draw their figures.

Our forefathers, observing the course of the sun, and making certain mutations to happen in his progress through the zodiack, set them down in their parapegms, or astronomical canons. Browne.

PAR'APET, n. s. petto. A wall breast high. There was a wall or parapet of teeth set in our mouth to restrain the petulancy of our words. Ben Jonson.

Fr. parapet; Ital. para

The parapet of the covert-way is what covers that the most dangerous place for the besiegers, because way from the sight of the enemy; which renders it of the neighbourhood of the faces, flanks, and curtains of the place.

James.

PARAPET, in fortification, an elevation of earth designed for covering the soldiers from the enemy's cannon or small shot. See FORTIFICA

TION.

PARAPHERNA’LIA, n.s. Fr. paraphernaux; Lat. paraphernalia. Goods in the wife's disposal.

Paraphernalia, or parapherna, in the civil law, are those goods which a wife brought her husband, besides her dower, and which were still to remain at her disposal, exclusive of her husband, unless there was some provision made to the contrary in the marriage-contract. Dr. A. Rees.

PARAPHRASE, n. s. & v. a.~
PARAPHRAST, n. s.
PARAPHRASTIC, or
PARAPHRASTICAL, adj.

Fr. para(phrase ;` Gr. παράφρασις.

or lax

Hooker.

Dryden.

South.

The Chaldean paraphrast renders Gerah by Meath. Arbuthnot.

Where translation is impracticable, they may paraphrase. But it is intolerable that, under a pretence of paraphrasing and translating, a way should be suffered of treating authors to a manifest disadvantage. Felton on the Classicks.

Gr.

Not bred 'mongst clods, and clod-polls here on earth.
Imuse; the mystery was not made a science,
It is so liberally profest.
Ben Jonson.
Some parasitick preachers have dared to call those
martyrs, who died fighting against me.

King Charles.
The bishop received small thanks for his parasitick
presentation.
Hakewell on Providence.
Thou, with trembling fear,

Or like a fawning parasite, obeyed;
Then to thyself ascribest the truth foretold.

Arbuthnot.

PARARA, an Anglo-American word, used in the Northern United States, for what is called in the Southern States a savannah, i. e. an extensive rich plain, without trees, but covered with grass. Some of these are forty miles broad, and several hundred miles long; and exhibit fine prospects.

PAR'ASANG, n. s. Barb. Lat. parasanga. A

Persian measure of length.

Since the mind is not able to frame an idea of any space without parts, instead thereof it makes use of the common measures, which, by familiar use, in each country, have imprinted themselves on the memory; as inches and feet, or cubits and parasangs.

Locke.

The PARASANG is an ancient measure, differing at different times, and in different places; being usually thirty, sometimes forty, and sometimes fifty stadia, or furlongs. The word, according to Littleton, has its rise from parasch angarias, q. d. the space a postman rides from one station, angaria, to another.

PARASCENIUM, in the Grecian and Roman theatres, was a place behind the scenes whither the actors withdrew to dress and undress themselves. The Romans more frequently called it Postcenium. See THEATRE.

PARASELENE, in natural philosophy, a mock moon; a meteor or phenomenon encompassing or adjacent to the moon, in form of a luminous ring; wherein are observed sometimes one and sometimes two or more images of the

Milton.

Druden.

They

PARASITE, among the ancient Greeks, was originally a very reputable title; the parasites being a kind of priests, at least ministers, of the gods, in the same manner as the epulones were at Rome. They took care of the sacred corn, or the corn destined for the service of the temples and the gods, viz. sacrifices, feasts, &c. had even the intendance over sacrifices; and took care that they were duly performed. At Athens there was a kind of college of twelve parasites; each people of Attica furnishing one, who was always chosen out of the best families. Polybius adds, that a parasite was also an honorable title among the ancient Gauls, and was given to their poets.

PARASOL, n. s. Fr. parasol (from sol, the sun); Ital. parrasole. A small canopy or umbrella carried over the head, to shelter from rain and the heat of the sun.

It is made of leather, taffety, oil clotb, &c., mounted on a stick, and opened or shut at pleasure, by means of pieces of whalebone that sustain it. The East Indians never stir without a parasol.

PAR BREAK, v. n. & n. s. Belg. breckeri
Obsolete.
Teut. verbrecke. To vomit.

Her filthy parbreak all the place defiled has.
Spenser.

PARBUNCLE, in a ship, a rope almost like

a pair of slings; it is seized both ends together, and then put almost double about any heavy thing that is to be hoisted in or out of the ship; having the hook of the runner hitched into it, to hoist it up by.

PARC.E, in heathen mythology, goddesses who were supposed to preside over the accidents and events, and to determine the date or period of human life. The Parc were three, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. They spun the thread of men's lives; Clotho held the distaff and drew the thread; Lachesis twirled the spindle, and spun it; and Atropos cut it. The ancients represent the Parca divers ways: Lucian, in the shape of three poor old women, having large locks of wool, mixed with daffodils on their heads. Others represent Clotho in a long robe of divers colors, wearing a crown upon her head adorned with seven stars; Lachesis in a robe

beset with stars; and Atropos clad in black. The ancients imagined that the Parca used white wool for long and happy life, and black for a short and unfortunate one.

PARCEL, n. s. & v. a. Fr. parcelle; Barb. Lat. particula. A small bundle; small part of a whole; any small quantity: to parcel is, to divide out into parts or portions; also (obsolete) to make up into a mass.

And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines. 1 Chron. xi. 14. This youthful parcel

Of noble batchelors stand at my bestowing.

Shakspeare. What a wounding shame, that mine own servant should parcel the sum of my disgraces by addition of his envy! Id.

Women, Silvius, had they marked him
In parcels, as I did, would have gone near
To fall in love with him.

Id.

An inventory thus importing The several parcels of his plate, his treasure, Rich stuffs and ornaments of household. Id. This is to drive a wholesome trade, when all other petty merchants deal but for parcels.

Decay of Piety. Those ghostly kings would parcel out my power, And all the fatness of my land devour. Dryden. They came to this conclusion; that unless they could, by a parcel of fair words and pretences, engage them into a confederacy, there was no good to L'Estrange. be done.

With what face could such a great man have begged such a parcel of the crown lands, one a vast sum of money, another the forfeited estate?

Davenant.

If they allot and parcel out several perfections to several deities, do they not, by this, assert contradictions, making deity only to such a measure perfect? whereas a deity implies perfection beyond all

measure.

South.

What can be rationally conceived in so transparent a substance as water for the production of these colours, besides the various sizes of its fluid and globular parcels? Newton.

The same experiments succeed on two parcels of the white of an egg, only it grows somewhat thicker upon mixing with an acid. Arbuthnot.

I have known pensions given to particular persons, any one of which, if divided into smaller parcels, and distributed to those who distinguish themselves by wit or learning, would answer the end. Swift.

PARCELLES (John), PARCELLES (Julius), two eminent Flemish painters of the seventeenth century, father and son, who excelled in painting sea-pieces.

In

PAR CENER, n. s. Į common law. PARCENARY. When one dies possessed of an estate, and having issue only daughters, or his sisters be his heirs; so that the lands descend to those daughters or sisters; these are called parceners, and are but as one heir: hence parcenary, from Fr. parsonier, is holding or occupying of land by more persons pro indiviso, or by joint tenants, otherwise called co-parceners; for if they refuse to divide their common inheritance, and choose rather to hold it jointly, they are said to hold in parcinarie.

PARCH, v. a. From Gr. Tεpikalev, says Junius; from percoquo (Skinner), perhaps, adds Dr. Johnson, from perustus, burnt, or from

water.

Rowe.

A man distressed with thirst in the parched places of the wilderness, searches every pit, but finds no Rogers. The skin grows parched and dry, and the whole Blackmore. body lean and meagre.

PARCHMENT, n. s. Fr. parchemin; Latin Pergamena, charta. Skins dressed for writing. The skins of sheep are, in particular, called parchment; those of calves vellum.

not bi parchemyn and enke, for I have mo thingis to write to you, and I wolde hope I schal come to you and speke mouth to mouth that youre ioie be ful. Wiclif. 2 Jon.

Is not this a lamentable thing, that the skin of an innocent lamb should be made parchment; that parchment being scribbled over, should undo a man? Shakspeare. Henry VI.

In the coffin, that had the books, they were found ment, and covered with watch candles of wax. as fresh as if newly written, being written in parch

Bacon.

PARCHMENT, the skins of sheep and goats prepared for writing upon, covering books, &c. The word comes from the Latin Pergamena, the ancient name of this manufacture, which is said to have been taken from the city of Pergamos, to Eumenes, the king of which, its invention is usually ascribed; though, in reality, that prince appears rather to have been the improver than the inventor of parchment. For the Persians of old, according to Diodorus, wrote all their records on skins; and the ancient Ionians, as we are told by Herodotus, made use of sheep skins and goat skins in writing. The manufacture of parchment is begun by the skinner, and finished by the parchment-maker. The skin being stripped of its wool and placed in the lime-pit,

the skinner stretches it on a frame, and pares off the flesh with an iron instrument; this done, it is moistened with a rag; and powdered chalk being spread over it, the skinner takes a large pumicestone, flat at bottom, and rubs over the skin, and thus scours off the flesh; he then goes over it again with the iron instrument, moistens it as before, and rubs it again with the pumice-stone without any chalk underneath this smooths and softens the flesh-side very considerably. He then drains it again, by passing over it the iron instrument as before. The flesh-side being thus drained, by scraping off the moisture, he in the same manner passes the iron over the wool or hair-side then stretches it tight on a frame, and scrapes the flesh-side again: this finishes its draining; and the more it is drained the whiter it becomes. The skinner now throws on more chalk, sweeping it over with a piece of lambskin that has the wool on; and this smooths it still farther. It is now left to dry, and when dried, taken off the same frame by cutting it all round. The skin, thus far prepared by the skinner, is taken out of his hands by the parchment maker, who first, while it is dry, pares a summer (which is a calf skin stretched in a frame), with a sharper instrument than that used by the skinner; and, working with the arm from the top to the bottom of the skin, takes away about one-half of its thickness. The skin, thus equally pared on the flesh side, is again rendered smooth by being rubbed with the pumice-stone, on a bench covered with a sack stuffed with flocks; which leaves the parchment in a condition fit for writing upon. The parings, thus taken off the leather, are used in making GLUE, SIZE, &c. See these articles. What is called vellum is only parchment made of skins of abortives, or at most sucking calves. This has a much finer grain, and is whiter and smoother than parchment; but is prepared in the same manner, except its not being passed through the lime-pit.

it on

Shakspeare.

Ten brace of grey-hounds, snowy fair, And tall as stags, ran loose, and coursed around his chair,

A match for pards in flight, in grappling for the bear. Dryden.

PARDIES (Ignatius Gaston), an ingenious and learned French Jesuit, born at Paris in 1636. He was professor of rhetoric, and taught polite literature for several years. He also wrote several pieces in prose and verse. At length he devoted himself entirely to mathematics and natural philosophy. He died in 1673, of an in

fectious disorder contracted by preaching to the prisoners in the Bicetre during the Easter holi days. His Elements of Geometry are well known. A translation of them has gone through several editions. In 1672 he had a dispute with Sir Isaac Newton respecting his Theory of Light and Colors.-See Philosophical Transactions. 1672.

Fr. pardonner; Latin perdono.

Το

PARDO, a town of Spain in New Castile. PARDO, RIO, a river of Brasil, which enters the Anhaudery, and finally the Parana, in lat. 21° S. It is an insignificant stream, but of importance on account of the diamonds found in its bed, reputed to be the most valuable in Brasil. It is also the name of two other rivers in Brasil, one of them in the province of Cuyaba, which enters the Parana. PARDON, v. a. & n. s. PARDONABLE, adj. PARDONABLENESS, n. s. forgive a crime or PAR DONABLY, adv. offence; excuse an offender; remit the penalty of a crime: pardon, as a noun substantive, is the act or instance of forgiveness or emission; forgiveness received; warrant or instrument of forgiveness or remission: pardonable is, excusable; venial; that may be forgiven; the noun substantive following and adverb corresponding: a pardoner, is one who forgives; and, in ecclesiastical history, one of the retailers of papal indulgences.

PARDONER, n. s.

Jeremiah.

I will pardon all their iniquities. He that pleaseth great men shall get pardon for iniquity. Ecelus, xx. 27. That which we do being evil, is notwithstanding by so much more pardonable, by how much the exigencies of so doing, or the difficulty of doing otherwise, is greater, unless this necessity or difficulty have originally risen from ourselves.

Hooker.

That thou mayest see the difference of our spirit, I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. Shakspeare. Sir, pardon me, it is a letter from my brother. Id. The battle done, and they within our power, Shall never see his pardon. Id. King Lear. This is his pardon, purchased by such sin, For which the pardoner himself is in. Shakspeare. A slight pamphlet, about the elements of architecture, hath been entertained with some pardon Wotton. among my friends.

Saint John's word is, all sin is transgression of the law; St. Paul's, the wages of sin is death: put these two together, and this conceit of the natural pardonableness of sin vanishes away.

Hall.

Milton.

In a place called The Chappel of the Holy Cross of Seven Romans, are promised four score and ten thousand years of pardon from deadly sin. Jer. Taylor. But infinite in pardon is my judge. There might you see Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls, The sport of winds.

Forgivenness to the injured does belong, But they ne'er pardon who commit the wrong.

Id.

Dryden.