several rooms devoted to the exhibition of the principal pictures of living artists, when these pictures become the property of the government. It is open on the same days as the Louvre. The museum of Natural History consists of a botanical garden, with hot-houses and green-houses of several galleries, in which the productions of the three kingdoms are methodically arranged, a menagerie of living animals, a library of natural history, a cabinet of comparative anatomy, and an amphitheatre with laboratories for the courses of lectures.

The conservatory of arts and trades, for the reception of all the newly invented instruments and machines, contains a numerous collection of instruments, tools, models, drawings, descriptions, and books of every trade and art. It is open to the public on Sundays and Thursdays from twelve to four o'clock. The royal manufactory of the Gobelins, or tapestry of the crown, was founded by Gilles Gobelin in the reign of Francis I.; but it is to Colbert that France partly owes the perfection of this fine establishment. Nothing can be richer or more wonderful than the tapestry fabricated here; it will bear comparison with the most celebrated printed linens, and often surpasses them in the splendor of its colors. The pictures wrought at the manufactory of the Gobelins represent subjects taken from history and are destined to adorn the palaces of kings and princes. The royal tapestry manufactory, called la Savonnerie; here are manufactured foot carpets on the same style as at the Gobelins. The royal looking-glass manufactory was founded in 1634, under the direction of Colbert. Before that time France had been supplied with glasses from Venice. They cast glasses at St. Gobain, ten feet high by from four to five broad, and convey them by the Oise to Paris, where they are silvered and polished.

The manufactures of Paris consist of fine cloths, merino and cachemere tissues, shawls, gauzes, silks, crapes, ribands, blonds, prints, paper-hangings, gold and silver lace, mercery goods, caps, hats, embroidery, modes, straw silk and cotton hats, artificial flowers, saddles and harness, coaches, furniture, bronze and gilt articles, polished steel, cutlery, goldsmiths' articles, clocks and watches, jewellery, gold and silver plating, metal buttons, files, tools, mathematical instruments, instruments for natural philosophy and astronomy, fine ironmongery, mock pearls, draught and chess boards, perfumery, chocolate, liqueurs, leather gloves, pasteboard, brushes, pencils, corks, catgut, shot, sheet-lead, printing types, nails, wax candles, glue, starch, oils of different kinds, mineral acids, chemicals, saltpetre, soap, white-lead, leather, varnish, porcelain, and crystal. There are numerous silk, woollen, and cotton dye-houses, wax bleaching-houses, sugar and salt refineries, tan yards, curriers' shops, morocco leather factories, cotton, woollen, and cachemere down spinning factories, gas works, royal manufactories of carpets, looking-glasses, and tobacco. A considerable trade is carried on in all the above articles, also in corn, flour, dry vegetables, wines, brandies, vinegar, mineral waters, butter, cheese, and provisions of all sorts; fruit, fish, grocery, colonial produce, and provisions; coal, charcoal, wood, colors, marble, free

stone, tiles, slates, delfware, glass, &c. &c. It is the great market for provisions, &c., for the consumption of Paris; and there are excellent races during the first fortnight in September, for twenty-one departments, at which a royal plate is run for, of the value of 6000 francs or £240. This was the native place of Voltaire, Boileau, Moliere, D'Alembert, J. B. Rousseau, Helvetius, Loubet, Segur, Arnaud, Cauchois le Maire, Dessault, Norvins, Perceval-Grandmaison, Volkeimaer, Mercier, La Harpe, Jaucourt, Pougens, Villemain, and Cousin, men of letters; Bernard Marivalt, Destouches, Favart, La Mothe Beau. marchais, Marsollier, and Picard, dramatic authors; Madame de Sevigné, Santeuil the poet, Beranger, Kain, Talma, Mole, and Martin, celebrated actors; of Lavoisier, the great chemist, beheaded at Paris during the revolution in 1793, Gassecourt jun. the famous apothecary, the abbé l'Epée, the founder of the deaf and dumb asylum; Rollin, Henault, and Le Beau, historians; Condamine, the traveller and astronomer; of Le Maistre de Sacy and Anquetil, oriental scholars; Millin, the learned antiquary; of the celebrated painters David, le Sueur, le Brun, Drouais, Vouet, and Horace-Vernet; of Perault and Mansard, architects; of Goujon, Pigale, Cartellier, and Moithe, sculptors; of the geographers D'Anville, Buache, de Lisle, Lacroix, Robert de Vaugondy, Barbier du Boccage, and Mentelle; of Arnaud, Trouchet, and Billococq, lawyers; of Dupont de Nemours, one of the most honorable characters of the revolution; of Duport-du-Fertre, one of the worthiest citizens who lost his life at that time; of Herault de Sechelles, a member of the convention, beheaded in 1793; of Lepelletier de St. Fargeau, president of the parliament, who was assassinated on the 20th of January the same year; of the unfortunate Bailly, mayor of the city, beheaded on the 9th of November; of cardinal Richelieu; Voyer d'Argenson and Mechin, deputies; Malesherbes, the advocate of Louis XVI., beheaded in 1794; of the great Conde; of marshal Catinat, prince Eugene, the duke of Orleans; of Ninon d'Enclos, marshal Augereau, who gained the battles of the bridge of Lodi, Arcola, &c.; of generals Canciaux, Baraquay, d'Hilliers, and Montholon; of the navigator Bougainville, the traveller Chardin, the printers Anisson Duperron, Pankouque, and Boisle; of John Châtel, the pupil of the Jesuits, the assassin of Henry IV., &c. &c.

Paris is situated on the first meridian according to the French measurement, 20° E. of the meridian of Ferro, and 2° 15' E. of London; in N. lat. 48° 50′. It is 294 miles S. S. E. of London, 678 S. S. E. of Edinburgh, 654 south-east of Dublin, 222 south of Brussels, 342 south of Amsterdam, 735 south-west of Berlin, 816 S. S. W. of Copenhagen, 1170 S. S. W. of Stockholm, 1650 south-west of Petersburg, 795 west of Dresden, 618 N. N. W. of Vienna, 378 north-west of Geneva, 1146 N. N. W. of Rome, 855 nortnwest of Venice, 1800 W. N. W. of Constantinople, 1362 N. N. W. of Naples, 960 N. N. E. of Madrid, 1320 north-east of Lisbon, 3900 E. N. E. of Washington, 13,563 E. N. E. of Acapulco, 7233 north-east of Lima, and 5556 W. N. W. of Pekin.

2Q2

PARIS, in fabulous history, the son of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecuba, also named Alexander. He was decreed, even before his birth, to become the ruin of his country; and when his mother, in the first months of her pregnancy, had dreamed that she should bring forth a torch which would set fire to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the calamities which were to be expected from the imprudence of her future son, and which would end in the ruin of Troy. Priam, to prevent so great a calamity, ordered his slave Archelaus to destroy the child as soon as he was born. The slave only exposed the child on Mount Ida, where the shepherds of the place found him, and educated him as their own. Some say a she bear suckled him. Though elucated among shepherds and peasants, he gave very early proofs of courage and intrepidity; and, from his care in protecting the flocks of Mount Ida from the rapacity of wild beasts, he was named Alexander, a helper of men. He gained the esteem of all the shepherds, and his manly deportment recommended him to Enone, a nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with whom he lived with the most perfect tenderness. Their conjugal peace was, however, of no long duration. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, Ate, the goddess of discord, who had not been invited to partake of the entertainment, showed her displeasure, by throwing into the assembly of the gods who were at the celebration of the nuptials, a golden apple, on which were written the words, Let it be given to the fairest. All the goddesses claimed it as their own; the contention at first became general; but at last only three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to dispute their respective right to beauty. The gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair so delicate in its nature, appointed Paris to adjudge the prize. The goddesses appeared before their judge without covering or ornament, and each endeavoured by promises to influence his judgment. Juno promised him a kingdom; Minerva, wisdom and military glory; and Venus the fairest woman in the world for his wife, (Ovid. Heroid. 17. v. 118). After he had heard their several claims and promises, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, and gave her the golden apple. This decision drew upon the judge and his family the resentment of the two other goddesses. Soon after, Priam proposed a contest among his sons and other princes, and promised to reward the conqueror with one of the finest bulls of Mount Ida. His emissaries were sent to procure the animal, and it was found in the possession of Paris, who reluctantly yielded it. But he went to Troy and entered the lists of the combatants. He was received with applause, and obtained the victory over his rivals, Nestor the son of Neleus, Cycnus son of Neptune, Polites, Helenus, and Deiphobus, sons of Priam. He likewise obtained a superiority over Hector himself; who, enraged to see himself conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued him closely; 2nd Pari must have fallen a victim to his rage had he not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred retreat preserved his life; and Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, struck with the similarity of the features of Paris with those of her brothers,

enquired his birth and his age. From these circumstances she discovered that he was her brother, and as such introduced him to her father and to her brothers. Priam acknowledged Paris as his son, and all jealousy ceased among the brothers. Paris did not long remain inactive; he equipped a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his father's sister, whom Hercules had carried away, and obliged to marry Telamon the son of Facus. This was the pretended motive of his voyage, but the causes were far different. Helen was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus had promised her to him. He therefore went to Sparta, the residence of Helen, who had married Menelaus. He was received with great respect; but he abused the hospitality of Menelaus, and, while the husband was absent in Crete, persuaded Helen to elope with him, and to fly to Asia. Priam received her without difficulty, as his sister was then detained in a foreign country, and, as he wished to show himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. This affair was soon productive of serious consequences. When Menelaus had married Helen, all her suitors had bound themselves by a solemn oath to defend her from every violence; and therefore he reminded them of their engagements, and called upon them to recover her. Upon this all Greece took up arms; Agamemnon was chosen general of the combined forces, and a regular war was begun. Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to the petitions and embassies of the Greeks, armed himself, with his brothers and subjects, to oppose the enemy; but he fought with little courage, and at the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had so recently injured, his courage vanished, and he retired from the army. In a combat with Menelaus, Paris must have perished, had not Venus interfered. He wounded, however, in another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes; and, according to some, be killed with an arrow the great Achilles. The death of Paris is differently related: some say he was mortally wounded by one of the poisoned arrows of Philoctetes; and that when he found himself languid by his wounds, he ordered himself to be carried to the feet of Enone, whom he had basely abandoned, and who had foretold him that he would solicit her assistance in his dying moments. He expired before he came into the presence of Enone, who threw herself upon his body, and stabbed herself to the heart. According to others, Paris did not immediately go to Troy when he left the Peloponnesus, but he was driven on the coasts of Egypt, where Proteus, the king of the country, detained him. He died about 1188 B. C. See TROY.

PARIS (Matthew), one of the best English historians, from William the Conqueror to the latter end of the reign of Henry III. Leland, his original biographer, informs us that he was a monk of St. Alban's, and that he was sent by pope Innocent to reform the monks of the convent at Holm in Norway. Bishop Bale adds, that, on account of his extraordinary gifts, he was much esteemed by Henry III., who ordered him to write the history of his reign. Fuiler makes him a native of Cambridgeshire, and says, he was sent by the pope to visit the monks in the dio

cese of Norwich. Paris died in the monastery of St. Alban's in 1259. He was a man of extraordinary knowledge for the thirteenth century; of an excellent moral character, and, as an historian, of strict integrity. His works are, 1. Historia ab Adamo ad Conquestum Angliæ, lib. i. MS. col. C. C. Cantab. c. ix. Most of this book is transcribed by Matthew of Westminster into the first part of his Florilegium. 2. Historia Major, seu rerum Anglicanarum Historia à Gul. Conquestoris Adventu ad annum 43 Henrici III., &c., several times printed. 3. Vitæ duorum Offarum, Merciæ regum, S. Albani fundatorum. 4. Gesta 22 abbotum S. Albani. 5. Additamenta Chronicorum ad Hist. Majorem: printed. 6. Historia Minor, sive Epitome Majoris Historiæ; MS. Besides many other things

in MS.

PARIS, in botany, herb paris, or true-love, a genus of the order trigynia, and class octandria; natural order eleventh, sarmentacea: CAL. tetraphyllous; petals four, narrow in proportion; the berry quadrilocular. There is but one species, growing naturally in woods and shady places both in Scotland and England. It has a single naked stem, greenish blossoms, and bluish black berries. The leaves and berries are said to partake of the properties of opium; and the juice of the berries is useful in inflammations of the eyes. Linnæus says that the root will serve as an emetic as well as ipecacuanha, but must be taken in double the quantity. Goats and sheep eat the plant; cows, horses, and swine, refuse it.

PARIS, PLASTER of. See PLASTER. PA'RISH, n. s. & adj. Į Fr. paroisse; Ital., PARISHIONER, n. s. Span., Port. and Barb. Lat. parochia; Gr. #apoikia, i. e. apa near, and ourog, a house. A multitude of neighhours pertaining to one church.' says Minsheu: hence the particular charge of a secular priest,' according to Dr. Johnson; a particular district of land; and, as an adjective, belonging to, appointed over, or maintained by, a parish: a parishioner is one who belongs to a particular parish.

Dametas came piping and dancing, the merriest man in a parish. Sidney.

I praise the Lord for you, and so may my parishioners; for their sons are well tutored by you.

Shakspeare.

Hail, bishop Valentine, whose day this is,
All the air is thy diocese;
And all the chirping choristers

And other birds, are thy parishioners. Donne. At every point that concerns himself, the good parishioner turns down a leaf in his heart; and rejoiceth that God's word hath pierced him, as hoping that whilst his soul smarts, it heals.

Fuller.

In the greater out-parishes, many of the parishioners, through neglect, do perish.

Graunt.

By the Catholick church is meant no more than the common church, into which all such persons as belonged to that parish, in which it was built, were wont to congregate.

Pearson.

The tythes, his parish freely paid, he took; But never sued, or cursed with bell or book. Dryden.

A parish priest was of the pilgrim train, An awful, reverend, and religious man. Id. I have deposited thirty marks, to be distributed among the poor parishioners. Addison's Spectator.

A PARISH, in law, is the precinct of a parochial church, or a circuit of ground inhabited by people who belong to one church, and are under the particular charge of its minister. The word comes from Tapoiria, habitation; or of rapa, near, and ourog, house. Du Cange observes that the name apoikia was anciently given to the whole territory of a bishop, and derives it from neighbourhood; because the primitive Christians, not daring to assemble openly in cities, were forced to meet secretly in neighbour houses. In the ancient church there was one large edifice in each city for the people to meet in; and this they called parochia, parish. But the signification of the word was afterwards enlarged, and meant a diocese, or the jurisdiction of a bishop, consisting of several churches. Du Pin observes that country parishes had not their origin before the fourth century; but those of cities are more ancient. Alexandria is said to have been divided into parishes. In the early ages of Christianity, in this island, parishes were unknown, or at least signified the same that a diocese now does. There was then no appropriation of ecclesiastical dues to any particular church; but every man was at liberty to contribute his tithes to any priest or church he pleased, but he was obliged to do it to some; or, if he made no special appropriation, they were paid to the bishop, to distribute them among the clergy, and for other pious purposes. Sir Henry Hobart maintains that parishes were first erected by the council of But Selden proves Lateran, held A. D. 1179. that the clergy lived in common, without any division of parishes, long after the time mentioned by Camden (A. D. 636); and it appears, from the Saxon laws, that parishes were in being long before the council of Lateran in 1179. The distinction of parishes occurs in the laws of king Edgar about 970. It seems pretty clear and certain, says Blackstone, that the boundaries of parishes were first ascertained by those of a manor or manors; because it very seldom happens that a manor extends itself over more than one parish, though there are often many manors in one parish. The lords, he adds, as Christianity spread, began to build churches upon their own demesnes or wastes, to accommodate their tenants in one or two adjoining lordships; and, that they might have divine service regularly performed therein, obliged all their tenants to appropriate their tithes to the maintenance of the one officiating minister, instead of leaving them at liberty to distribute them among the clergy of the diocese in general; and this tract of land, the tithes of which were so appropriated, formed a distinct parish; and this accounts for the frequent intermixture of the parishes one with another. For if a lord had a parcel of land detached from the main of his estate, but not sufficient to form a parish of itself, it was natural for him to en