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of the sovereign power, of which he said they had been unjustly deprived, first by the Macedonians and afterwards by the Parthians their vassals. Artabanus, upon the news of this revolt, marched with the whole strength of his kingdom to suppress it; but being met by Artaxerxes, at the head of a no less powerful army, a bloody battle ensued, which is said to have lasted three days. At length the Parthians, though they behaved with the utmost bravery and fought like men in despair, were forced to yield to the Persians, who were commanded by a more experienced leader. Most of their troops were cut off in the flight; and the king himself was taken prisoner, and soon after put to death by Artaxerxes's order. The Parthians, having lost in this fatal engagement both their king and their army, were forced to submit to the conqueror, and become vassals to a nation which had been subject to them for 475 years.

PARTHICUS, a title absurdly assumed by the emperors Verus and Caracalla, upon their pretended conquest of Parthia. See PARTHIA.

PARTI, PARTIE, PARTY, OF PARTED, in heraldry, is applied to a shield or escutcheon, denoting it divided or marked out into partitions. Thus,

1. PARTI PER BEND DEXTER is when the division comes from the upper corner of the shield on the right hand, and descends obliquely to the opposite lower corner.

2. PARTI PER BEND SINISTER is when the division, coming from the upper left corner, descends across to the opposite lower one.

3. PARTI PER FESs is when the division is across the middle from side to side.

All

4. PARTI PER PALE is when the shield is divided perpendicularly into two halves. these partitions, according to M. de la Colombiere, have their origin from the cuts and bruises that have appeared on shields after engagements; and, being proofs of the dangers to which the bearers had been exposed, they were transmitted to posterity, and became arms and marks of honor to their future families. See HERALDRY.

PARTIAL, adj. Fr. partial. Inclined to PARTIALITY, n. s. one part or party; disPARTIALIZE, V. a. posed to favor without PARTIALLY, adv.. reason; affecting one part; not total or general: partiality is, bias of judgment to one side; prejudice in favor of a party: to partialize (used by Shakspeare, after the Fr. partialiser) is, to make partial: partially follows the senses of partial.

Ye have not kept my ways, but have been partial in the law. Malachi ii. 9. Then would the Irish party cry out partiality, and complain he is not used as a subject, he is not suffered to have the free benefit of the law. Spenser.

Such neigbour-nearness to our sacred blood Should nothing privilege him, nor partialize The unstooping firmness of my upright soul. Shakspeare. That stole into a total verity, which was but par

tially true in its covert sense.

Browne.

Self-love will make men partial to themselves and friends, and ill-nature, passion, and revenge, will carry them too far in punishing others; and hence God hath appointed governments to restrain the partiality and violence of men Locke.

Thus kings heretofore who showed themselves partial to a party, had the service only of the worst part of their people. Davenant.

If we compare these partial dissolutions of the earth. with an universal dissolution, we may as easily conceive an universal deluge from an universal dissolution, as a partial deluge from a partial. Burnet's Theory.

That which weakens religion, will at length destroy it; for the weakening of a thing is only a partial destruction of it.

South.

Partiality is properly the understanding's judg ing according to the inclination of the will and affections, and not according to the exact truth of things, or the merits of the cause. Id. Sermons.

The message he brought opened a clear prospect of eternal salvation, which had been but obscurely and partially figured in the shadows of the law. Rogers.

Authors are partial to their wit, 'tis true,
But are not criticks to their judgment too?

All discord, harmony, not understood;
All partial evil, universal good.
Nor any partial, private end,

Such reverence to the public bears;
Nor any passion, Virtue's friend,
So like the virtue's self appears.
PARTICIPABLE, adj.
PARTICIPANT, n. s.
PARTICIPATE, v. n. & v. a.
PARTICIPATION.

S

Pope.

Id.

Akenside.

Fr. participer; Latin, participo. Divisible; such as may be shared:

participant is, having a share or part of: participate, to partake; have share; have part of more things than one; have a reciprocated part; taking of, in, and with: as an active verb, to partake; share; receive part of: participation is, the act or state of participating : also (in an obsolete sense) division or distribution into parts.

As Christ's incarnation and passion can be available to no man's good, which is not made partaker of Christ, neither can we participate him without his presence.

Hooker.

Civil society doth more content the nature of man, than any private kind of solitary living; because, in society, this good of mutual participation is so much larger.

Id.

The' other instruments Did see, and hear, devise, instruct, walk, feel; And mutually participate. Shakspeare. Their spirits are so married in conjunction, with the participation of society, that they flock together in consent, like so many wild geese.

Id.

It sufficeth not, that the country hath wherewith to sustain even more than live upon it, if means be wanting whereby to drive convenient participation of the general store into a great number of well-deservers. Raleigh.

The French seldom atchieved any honourable acts without Scottish hands, who therefore are to participate the glory with them.

Camden.

During the parliament, he published his proclamation, offering pardon to all such as had taken arms, or been participant of any attempts against him; so as they submitted themselves. Bucon.

The species of audibles seem to participate more with local motion, like percussions made upon the

air.

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PARTICIPLE, n. s. Lat, participium. A PARTICIP'IAL, adj. word partaking of the PARTICIPIALLY, adv. S qualities both of a noun and verb: participial, and participially, corresponding.

The participles or confiners between plants and living creatures, are such as are fixed, though they have a motion in their parts: such as oysters and cockles.

Bacon.

A participle is a particular sort of adjective, formed from a verb, and, together with its signification of action, passion, or some other manner of existence, signifying the time thereof. Clarke.

As the perfect participle, and the imperfect tense, are sometimes different in their form, care must be taken that they be not indiscriminately used.

Murray. PARTICLE, n. s. Lat. particula. A diminutive of part; an indivisible part; hence a word unvaried by inflexions.

Till Arianism had made it a matter of sharpness and subtilty of wit to be a sound believing Christian, men were not curious what syllables or particles of speech they used.

Hooker.

From any of the other unreasonable demands, the houses had not given their commissioners authority in the least particle to recede.

Clarendon.

With particles of heavenly fire, The God of nature did his soul inspire.

Dryden.

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A PARTICLE, in physiology, is the minute part of a body, an assemblage of which constitutes

all natural bodies. Particle is often used in the same sense as atom in the ancient Epicurean philosophy. Some writers, however, distinguish them; making particle an assemblage or composition of two or more primitive and physically indivisible corpuscles or atoms; and corpuscle or little body, an assemblage or mass of secondary particles or secondary corpuscles. The distinction, however, is of little moment. Particles are then the elements of bodies; it is the the difference of the cohesion, &c., that constivarious arrangement and texture of these, with tute the various kinds of bodies, hard, soft, liquid, dry, heavy, light, &c. The smallest particles or corpuscles cohere with the strongest attractions, and always compose larger particles of weaker cohesion; and many of these cohering compose larger particles whose vigor is still weaker; and thus on for divers successions, till the progression ends in the largest particles, whereon the operations in chemistry, and the colors of natural bodies depend, and which, by cohering, compose bodies of sensible bulks. The cohesion of the particles of matter, according to the Epicureans, was effected by hooked atoms; the Aristotelians thought it managed by rest, that is, by nothing. But Sir Isaac Newton maintains it to be by means of a certain power, whereby the particles mutually attract or tend towards each other, which is still, perhaps, giving a fact without the cause. By this attraction of the particles, he shows that most of the phenomena of the lesser bodies are affected, as those of the heavenly bodies are by the attraction of gravity. See ATTRACTION and COHE

SION.

PARTICLE, in grammar, is a denomination for all those words that unite or disjoin others; or that express the modes or manners of words or things. It comprehends all those parts of speech divided by grammarians into articles, adverbs, prepositions, interjections, and conjunctions."

PARTICLE, in theology, is used in the Latin church for the crumbs, or small pieces of consecrated bread, called in the Greek church peptides. The Greeks have a particular ceremony, called Twv μεpiowy, of the particles, wherein certain crumbs of bread, not consecrated, are offered up in honor of the Virgin, St. John the Baptist, and several other saints. They also give them the name of porpopa, oblation. Gabriel, archbishop of Philadelphia, wrote a treatise express wηo των μερίδων, wherein he endeavours to show the

antiquity of this ceremony, in that it is mentioned in the liturgies of St. Chrysostom and Basil. There has been much controversy on this head between the reformed and catholic divines. Auberton and Blondel explain a passage in the theory of Germanus, patriarch of Constantinople, where he mentions the ceremony of the particles as in use in his time, in favor of the former; Messieurs de Port Royal contest the explanation; but M. Simon, in his notes on Gabriel of Philadelphia, endeavours to show that the passage itself is an interpolation, not being found in the ancient copies of Germanus, and consequently that the dispute is very ill grounded.

PARTICULAR, adj.- Fr. particulier; Sp. PARTICULAR'IY, N. s. and Port. particuler; PARTICULARIZE, U. Q. Ital. particulare; Lat. PARTICULARLY, adv. particularis, à pars, a PARTICULATE, v. 4. part. Relating to a part or to a single thing; individual; odd; attention to distinct or minute things: as a noun substantive, a single instance; a detail of single things or items; interest or state of an individual; single self; in particular' means peculiarly; distinctly particularity is distinct notice or account; individuality; petty or detailed account; something belonging to a single person, thing, or occasion; something peculiar; oddity; scrupulousness: to particularise, or particulate (the latter obsolete), means to mention or narrate in detail; show minutely particularly is, singly; distinctly; extraordinarily,

He, as well with general orations as particular dealing with men of most credit, made them see how necessary it was.

Sidney.

Rather performing his general commandment, which had ever been, to embrace virtue, than any new particular, sprung out of passion, and contrary

to the former.

Id.

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This is true of actions considered in their general nature or kind, but not considered in their particular individual instances. South.

Those notions are universal, and what is universal must needs proceed from some universal constant principle; the same in all particulars, which can be nothing else but human nature.

Id.

Providence, that universally casts its eye over all the creation, is yet pleased more particularly to fasten Id. Sermons. it upon some. The reader has a particular of the books, wherein this law was written. Aylife's Parergon,

We are likewise to give thanks for temporal blessings, whether such as concern the publick, as the prosperity of the church, or nation, and all remarkable deliverances afforded to either; or else such as concern our particular. Duty of Man. The master could hardly sit on his horse for laughing, all the while he was giving me the particulars of this story.

Addison.

To see the titles that were most agreeable to such an emperor, the flatteries that he lay most open to, with the like particularities only to be met with on ld. medals, are certainly not a little pleasing.

It is in the power of more particular persons in this kingdom, than in any other, to distress the government, when they are disobliged. Id. Freeholder.

This in particular happens to the lungs.

Blackmore.

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PARTING, in chemistry, an operation by which gold and silver are separated from each other. As these two metals resist equally well the action of fire and of lead, they must therefore be separat by other methods. This separation could not be effected if they were not soluble by different menstruums. Nitrous acid, marine acid, and sulphur, which cannot dissolve gold, attack silver very easily; and therefore these three agents furnish methods of separating silver from gold, or of the operation called parting.

Although parting by aquafortis be easy, it cannot be very exact, unless we attend to some es

1

sential circumstances. I. The gold and silver must be in a proper proportion: for, if the gold be in too great quantity, the silver will be covered and guarded by it from the action of the acid. Therefore, when the essayers do not know the proportion of these two metals in the mass to be operated upon, they discover it by the following method:-They have a certain number of needles composed of gold and silver allayed together in graduated proportions, and the allay of each needle is known by a mark upon it. These are called proof needles. When essayers want to know early the proportion of gold and silver in a mass, they rub this mass upon a touchstone, so as to leave a mark upon it. They then make marks upon the touchstone with some of the needles, the color of which they think comes nearest to that of the mass. By comparing the marks of these needles with the mark of the mass, they discover nearly the proportion of the gold and silver in the mass. If this trial shows that in any given mass the silver is not to the gold as three to one, this mass is improper for the operation of parting by aquafortis. In this case, the quantity of silver necessary to make an allay of that proportion must be added. This operation is called quartation, probably because it reduces the gold to a fourth part of the whole mass. II. That the parting may be exact, the nitrous acid or aquafortis employed must be very pure, and especially free from mixture of vitriolic and marine acids. For, if this be not attended to, a quantity of silver proportionable to these two foreign acids will be separated during the solution; and this portion of silver, reduced by these acids to vitriol of silver and to luna cornea, will remain mingled with the gold, which consequently will not be entirely purified by the operation. When the metallic mass is properly allayed, it is to be reduced to plates, rolled up spirally, called cornets; or to grains. These are to be put into a matrass, and upon them a quantity of aquafortis is to be poured, the weight of which is to that of the silver as three to two: and, as the nitrous acid employed for this operation is rather weak, the solution is assisted, especially at first, by the heat of a sand bath, in which the matrass is to be placed. When, notwithstanding the heat, no further mark of solution appears, the aquafortis charged with silver is to be decanted. Fresh nitrous acid is to be poured into the matrass, stronger than the former, and in less quantity, which must be boiled on the residuous mass and decanted as the former. Aquafortis must even be boiled a third time on the remaining gold, that all the silver may be certainly dissolved. The gold is then to be washed with boiling water. This gold is very pure if the operation has been performed with due attention. It is called gold of parting. See AsSAYING. The gold and silver thus operated upon ought to have been previously refined by lead, and freed from all allay of other metallic matters, so that the gold which remains should be as pure as is possible.

Concentrated parting is performed by cementation, and may be used when the quantity of gold is so great in proportion to the silver that it cannot be separated by aquafortis. A cement

must be first prepared, composed of four parts of bricks powdered and sifted, of one part of green vitriol calcined till it becomes red, and of one part of common salt. The whole is very accurately mixed together, and a firm paste is made of it by moistening it with a little water or urine. The gold to be cemented is to be reduced to thin plates, as thin as small pieces of money. At the bottom of the crucible or cementing pot, a stratum of cement, of the thickness of a finger, is to be put, which is to be covered with plates of gold; upon these another stratum of cement is to be laid, and then more plates of gold, till the crucible is filled with these alternate strata of cement and of gold. The whole is then to be covered with a lid, which is to be luted with a mixture of clay and sand. This pot is to be placed in a furnace or oven, and heated by degrees till it is moderately red, which heat is to be continued during twenty-four hours. The heat must not be so great as to melt the gold. The pot is then left to cool, and the gold is to be carefully separated from the cement, and boiled at different times in a large quantity of pure water. This gold is to be assayed upon a touchstone or otherwise; and, if it be found not sufficiently purified, it is to be cemented a second time in the same manner. The sulphuric acid of the bricks and of the calcined vitriol disengages the muriatic acid of the common salt during this cementation; and this last acid dissolves the silver allayed with the gold, and separates it by that means. Instead of sea-salt, nitre may be used with equal success; because the nitrous acid is then put in a state to attack the silver, notwithstanding the quantity of gold which covers it.

Parting by fusion, or dry parting, is performed by sulphur, which has the property of uniting easily with silver, while it does not attack gold. This method of separating these two metals would be the cheapest, the most expeditious, and convenient of any, if the sulphur could dissolve the silver, and separate it from the gold as well ́ and as easily as nitrous acid does: but, on the contrary, we are obliged to employ a particular treatment, and a kind of concentration, to begin the union of the sulphur allayed with gold. The most advantageous method of separating a small portion of gold from a large one of silver appears to be by sulphur, which unites with and scorifies the silver without affecting the gold; but as sulphuretted silver does not flow thin enough to suffer the small particles of gold diffused through it to reunite and settle at the bottom, some addition is necessary for collecting and carrying them down. In order to the commixture with the sulphur, fifty or sixty pounds of the mixed metal, or as much as a large crucible will receive, are melted at once, and reduced into grains, by taking out the fluid matter with a small crucible made red hot, and pouring it into cold water stirred with a rapid circular motion. From one-fifth to one-eighth of the granulated metal, according as it is richer or poorer in gold, is reserved, and the rest well mingled with one-eighth of powdered sulphur. The grains enveloped with the sulphur are again put into the crucible, and the fire kept gentle for some time, that the silver, before it melts may be

thoroughly penetrated by the sulphur: if the fire be hastily urged, great part of the sulphur will be dissipated, without acting upon the metal. If to sulphureted silver infusion pure silver be added, the latter falls to the bottom, and forms there a distinct fluid not miscible to the other. The particles of gold, having no affinity with the sulphureted silver, join themselves with the pure silver, wherever they come in contact with it, and are thus transferred from the former into the latter, more or less perfectly, according as the pure silver was more or less thoroughly diffused through the mixed. It is for this use that a part of the granulated metal was reserved. The sulphureted mass being brought into perfect fusion and kept melted for near an hour in a close covered crucible, one-third of the reversed grains is thrown in; and, as soon as this is melted, the whole is well stirred, that the fresh silver may be distributed through the mixed to collect the gold from it. The stirring is performed with a wooden rod; an iron one would be corroded by the sulphur, so as to deprive the mixed of its due quantity of sulphur, and likewise render the subsequent purification of the silver more troublesome The fusion being continued an hour longer, another third of the unsulphureted grains is added, and an hour after this the remainder; after which the fusion is further continued for some time, the matter being stirred at least every half hour from the beginning to the end, and the crucible kept closely covered in the intervals. The sulphureted silver appears in fusion of a dark brown color; after it has been kept melted for a certain time, a part of the sulphur having escaped from the top, the surface becomes white, and some bright drops of silver, about the size of peas, are perceived on it. When this happens, which is commonly in about three hours after the last addition of the reserved grains, sooner or later, according as the crucible has been more or less closely covered, the process is discontinued; for otherwise more and more of the silver, thus losing its sulphur, would subside, and min

fuston continued about an hour and a half. The gold thus collected into a part of the silver may be further concentrated into a smaller part, by granulating the mass and repeating the whole process. The operation may be again and again repeated, till so much of the silver is separated that the remainder may be parted without much expense.

PARTING GLASSES. Glass vessels used for parting gold and silver. They have the form of truncated cones, the bottom being commonly about seven inches wide, the aperture about one or two inches wide, and the height about twelve inches. These vessels ought to have been well annealed, and chosen free from flaws; as one of the chief inconveniences attending the operation is, that the glasses are apt to crack by exposure to cold, and even when touched by the han Some operators secure their glasses by a coating. For this purpose they spread a mixture of quick lime, slaked with beer and whites of eggs, upon linen cloth, which they wrap round the lower part of the vessel, leaving the upper part uncovered, that they may see the progress of the operation; and over this cloth they apply a composition of clay and hair. Schlutter advises to put the parting glasses into copper vessels, containing some water, and supported by trevets with fire under them. When the heat communicated by the water is too great, it may be diminished by adding cold water; which must be done very carefully by pouring against the sides of the pan, to prevent too sudden an application of cold to the parting glass. The intention of this contrivance is, that the contents of the glasses, if these should break, may be received by the copper vessel. Into a glass fifteen inches high, and ten or twelve inches wide at bottom, placed in a copper pan twelve inches wide at bottom, fifteen inches wide at top, and ten inches high, he usually put about eighty ounces of metal, with twice as much aquafortis.

PARTISAN, n. s. Fr. partisan; Ital. partisano. An adherent to or head of a party; also gle with the part at the bottom in which the gold (Fr. pertuisane) a kind of pike or halbert.

is collected; the whole is poured out into an iron mortar greased and duly heated; or, if the quantity is too large to be safely lifted at once, a part is first taken out from the top with a small crucible, and the rest poured into the mortar. The gold diffused at first through the whole mass is now found collected into a part of it at the bottom, amounting only to about as much as was reserved unsulphureted. This part may be separated from the sulphureted silver above it by a chisel and hammer; or, more perfectly, the surface of the lower mass being generally rugged and unequal, by placing the whole mass with its bottom upwards in a crucible: the sul phureted part quickly melts, leaving unmelted that which contains the gold, which may thus be completely separated from the other. The sulphureted silver is assayed by keeping a portion of it in fusion in an open crucible till the sulphur is dissipated, and then dissolving it in aquafortis. If it should still be found to contain any gold, it is to be melted again; as much more unsulphureted silver is to be added as was employed in each of the former injections, and the

Let us

Find out the prettiest dazied plot we can,
And make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave.
Shakspeare. Hamlet.
Some of these partisans concluded, the govern-
ment had hired men to be bound and pinioned.

Addison.

I would be glad any partisan would help me to a tolerable reason, that, because Clodius and Curio agree with me in a few singular notions, I must blindly follow them in all. Swift.

PARTITION, n. s. & v. a. From PART. Division; the act of dividing or division made; that by which a whole is separated into parts; the point or time of separation.

For he is our peace, who hath made both one; and hath broken down the middle wall of partition beEphes. ii. 14.

tween us.

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