The places partridges delight in most are corn fields, especially whilst the corn grows; for under that cover they shelter and breed; and they are frequented by them when the corn is cut down, for the grain. In the furrows, amongst the clods, branches, and long grass, they hide both themselves and coveys, which are sometimes twenty in number, nay thirty in a covey. When winter is arrived, and the stubble fields are ploughed up, or over-soiled with cattle, partridges resort into the upland meadows, and lodge in the deadgrass, or fog under hedges, amongst mole-hills, or under the roots of trees; sometimes they resort to coppices and under-woods, especially if any corn-fields are adjacent, or where there is grown broom, brakes, fern, &c. In harvest, when every field is full of men and cattle, in the day they are found in fallow fields adjoining to corn-fields, where they lie lurking till evening or morning, and feed among the sheaves of corn. This bird contributes so much to the pleasures of the table that many experiments were formerly in use to take them alive. Having deceived the timid creatures by a happy imitation of their notes, it was easy to entice them into the snare'; but their destruction is now almost entirely reserved for the shot of the sportsman, or the net of the poacher. The partridges of Abyssinia are said to be as large as capons.

PARTURITION, n. s.
PARTURIENT, adj.

to bring forth,

Lat. parturio. The I state of being about

foreigners and half natives: party-wall, a partition wall between two houses.

The cause of both parties shall come before the judges. Exodus.

As she paced on, she was stopped with a number of trees, so thickly placed together that she was afraid she should, with rushing through, stop the speech of the lamentable party, which she was so desirous to understand. Sidney.

Men in a party have liberty only for their motto: in reality they are greater slaves than any body else would care to make them.

Savile.

The minister of justice may, for public example. virtuously will the execution of that party, whose pardon another, for consanguinity's sake, as virtuHooker. ously may desire.

When you are hearing a matter between party and party, if pinched with the cholick, you make faces like muminers, and dismiss the controversy more entangled by your hearing: all the peace you make in their cause is calling both parties knaves.

Shakspeare. How shall this be compast? canst thou bring me to the party? Id. Tempest.

The fulsome ewes,

If the jury found that the party slain was of English race, it had been adjudged felony. Davies.

The smoke received into the nostril causes the Abbot.

party to lie as if he were drunk.

He that confesses his sin, and prays for pardon, hath punished his fault: and then there is nothing left to be done by the offended party, but to return Taylor. to charity.

When princes idly lead about,
Those of their party follow suit,
Till others trump upon their play,

And turn the cards another way. Butler.
The peace, both parties want, is like to last.
Dryden.

Id.

Egle came in, to make their party good. Constrained him in a bird, and made him flv With party-coloured plumes a chattering pie. Id. The leopard was valuing himself upon the lustre of his party-coloured skin. L'Estrange.

When any of these combatants strips his terms of ambiguity I shall think him a champion for truth, and not the slave of vain glory and a party. Locke.

'Tis an ill custom among bricklayers to work up a whole story of the party-walls, before they work up

the fronts.

Moxon.

As he never leads the conversation into the violence and rage of party disputes, I listened to him with pleasure. Tatler.

Party writers are so sensible of the secret virtue of an innuendo, that they never mention the q-n at length. Spectator. I looked with as much pleasure upon the little party-coloured assembly, as upon a bed of tulips. Addison's Spectator. This account of party patches will appear improbable to those who live at a distance from the fashionable world

Addison.

There is nothing so bad for a face as party zeal. It gives an ill-natured cast to the eyes, and a dis

The little ones of parvitude cannot reach to the same floor with them. Glanville.

What are these for fineness and parvity, to those minute animalcula discovered in pepper-water?

Ray. PARULIDES, in surgery, tumors and inflammations of the gums, commonly called gumboils. They are to be treated with discutients like other inflammatory tumors.

PARUS, the titmouse, in ornithology, a genus belonging to the order of passeres. The bill is very entire, covered at the basis with hairs; the tongue is truncated and hairy. There are fourteen species, of which the most remarkable are these:

1. P. biarmicus, the bearded titmouse, has a short, strong, and very convex bill, of box color; the head of a fine gray; the chin and throat white; the middle of the breast flesh-colored; the sides and thighs of a pale orange; the hind part of the neck and back of orange bay; the tail is two inches and three quarters long; the legs of a deep shining black. The female wants the flesh-color on the breast, and a triangular tuft of black feathers on each side the bill which adorn the male. They are found in marshy places.

2. P. cæruleus, the blue titmouse, is a very beautiful bird. The bill is short and dusky; the crown of the head a fine blue, from the bill to the eyes is a black line; the forehead and cheek white; the back of a yellowish green; the lower side of the body yellow; the wings and tail blue, the former marked transversely with a

white bar; the legs of a lead color. They frequent gardens; and do great injury to fruit trees, by bruising the tender buds in search of the insects which lie under them. They breed in holes of walls, and lay twelve or fourteen eggs.

:

about five inches and a quarter long, and seven 3. P. caudatus, the long-tailed titmouse, is inches broad. The bill is black, very thick, and convex, differing from all others of this genus. The top of the head, from the bill to the hind part, is white, mixed with a few dark gray feathers this bed of white is entirely surrounded with a broad stroke of black; which, rising on each side of the upper mandible, passes over each eye, unites at the hind part of the head, and continues along the middle of the back to the rump. The feathers on each side of this black stroke re of a purplish red, as are those immediately incumbent on the tail. The tail is the longest, in proportion to the bulk, of any form not unlike that of a magpie, consisting of British bird, being in length three inches, the twelve feathers of unequal lengths, the middlemost the longest, those on each side growing gradually shorter. These birds are often seen passing through our gardens, going from one tree to another, as if in their road to some other place, never making any halt. They make their nests with great elegance, of an oval shape, and about eight inches deep, having near the upper end a hole for admission. The external materials are mosses and lichens curiously interwoven with wool. On the inside it is very warmly lined with a thick bed of feathers. The female lays from ten to seventeen eggs. The young follow their parents the whole winter; and from the slimness of their bodies, and great length of tail, appear, while flying, like darts cutting the air.

4. P. cristatus, the crested titmouse, weighs thirteen pennyweights; the bill is black, with a spot of the same color above it; all the upper part of the body gray; the neck and under parts are white, with a faint tincture of red, which is deepest just below the wings. The legs are of a lead color. It erects its crown feathers into a crest. They inhabit the warm parts of North America; and frequent forest-trees, feeding upon insects.

5. P. major, the great titmouse, has the head and throat black, the cheeks white, the back green; the belly yellowish green, divided in the middle by a line of black which extends to the vent; the rump a bluish gray, the legs of a lead color, the toes divided to the very origin, and the back toe very large and strong. This species sometimes visit our gardens; but for the most part inhabit woods, where they build in hollow trees, laying about ten eggs. They feed on insects, which they find in the bark of trees. In spring, they do a great deal of mischief by picking off the tender buds of the fruit trees. Like woodpeckers, they are perpetually running up and down the bodies of trees in quest of food. These birds have three cheerful notes which they begin to utter in February.

6. P. pendulinus, the remiz, or small titmouse. It is often found in Lithuania. Mr. Coxe, in his Travels through Poland, gives the following

account of this little animal:- They are the smallest species of titmice. The head is of a pale bluish ash color; the fore part of the neck and the breast tinged with red; the belly white; wings black; back and rump of a yellowish rust color; quill feathers cinereous, with the exterior sides white; the tail rust-colored. The male is singularly distinguished from the female by a pair of black pointed whiskers. Its nest is in the shape of a long purse, which it forms with amazing art, by interweaving down, gossamer, and minute fibres, in a close and compact manner, and then lining the inside with down alone, so as to make a snug and warm lodge for its young brood. The entrance is at the side, small, and round, with its edge more strongly marked than the rest of this curious fabric: the bird, attentive to the preservation of its eggs or little ones from noxious animals, suspends it at the lesser end to the extremity of the slender twigs of a willow, or some other tree, over a river. Contrary to the custom of titmice, it lays only four or five eggs possibly Providence has ordained this scantiness of eggs to the remiz, because, by the singular instinct imparted to it, it is enabled to secure its young much more effectually from destruction than the other species, which are very prolific.'

PARUTA (Paul), a noble Venetian, born in 1540; distinguished for his learning, and knowledge as a statesman. He filled several high offices; was sent on several embassies; was appointed governor of Brescia, and procurator of St. Mark: in all which stations he showed great talent and probity. He wrote, Notes upon Tacitus; Political Discourses; A Treatise of the Perfection of the Political Life; A History of Venice, from 1513 to 1572, with the War of Cyprus; all in Italian. He died in 1598.

PARYSATIS, an infamous Persian queen, wife of Darius Nothus, and mother of Artaxerxes Mnemon and Cyrus the younger. Her partiality for Cyrus led her to commit the greatest injustice and barbarities; and she poisoned Statira, the wife of Artaxerxes. See PERSIA.

Precedence; right of

PAS, n. s. Fr. pas. going foremost; a Gallicism.

In her poor circumstances, she still preserved the mien of a gentlewoman; when she came into any full assembly, she would not yield the pas to the best of them. Arbuthnot.

PASARGADA, a town of Persia, near Caramania, founded by Cyrus the Great, on the spot where he conquered Astyages. The kings of Persia were afterwards crowned in it.

PASCAL (Stephen), a French gentleman of an ancient family, born in 1588. He was president of the court of aids in Auvergne; he was a very learned man, an able mathematician, and a friend of Descartes. In 1631 he quitted his office in his province, and went and settled at Paris, that he might be quite at leisure for the instruction of his only son.

PASCAL (Blaise), one of the finest mathematicians France has produced. He was born at Clermont in Auvergne in 1623. His father had kept all mathematical books out of his way, lest they should interrupt his study of the languages: but nevertheless he advanced considerably in

the knowledge of mathematics, without ever hearing a single term. He understood Euclid's Elements as soon as he cast his eyes upon them. At sixteen years of age he wrote A Treatise on Conic Sections; and, at nineteen, contrived an admirable arithmetical machine, which would have done credit to any man versed in science. About this time his health became impaired, and he was in consequence obliged to suspend his labors for four years. In his twenty-third year, having seen Torricelli's experiment respecting a vacuum and the weight of the air, he turned his attention towards these objects; and he published the result of a variety of experiments, in two small treatises, the one entitled A Dissertation on the Equilibrium of Liquors; and the other, An Essay on the Weight of the Atmosphere. These labors procured him so much reputation, that the greatest mathematicians and philosophers of the age consulted him about such difficulties as they could not solve. But his career, though brilliant, was ordained to be but short. His health declined so rapidly that he renounced all severe study, and, in mistaken devotion, inflicted on himself the most severe torHe died in Paris 1662, aged thirty-nine years. Besides the works above-mentioned, he wrote Lettres Provinciales, satirising the Jesuits, and some religious pieces. His works were

tures.

collected by Bossu, in 5 vols. 8vo. PASCITE', n. s. Fr. pascal; Lat. paschalis. PAS'CHAL, adj. The passover: relating to the passover: hence relating to Easter.

Neither would God have cast the Christian Easter

upon the just time of the Jewish Pasch, and their Whitsuntide upon the Jewish Pentecost. Bp. Hall.

PAS-DE-CALAIS, DEPARTMENT OF THE, France, is formed out of the former province of Artois, and takes its name from its situation, being near the strait that separates France from England, called the Pas-de-Calais, and by the English the Straits of Dover. The principal place of this prefecture is Arras; it is divided into six arrondissements: Arras, containing 165,864 inhabitants, Bethune 123,247, Boulogne 85,141, Montreuil 75,983, St. Omer 98,274, and St. Pol 78,075; being a total population of 626,584 souls, on an area of 2932 square miles, yielding a territorial revenue of 32,305,000 francs. It is subdivided into forty three cantons and 953 communes, forming part of the sixteenth military division, having a royal court at Douay and a bishopric at Arras, and consisting of four electoral arrondissements which send seven members to the chamber of deputies. This department is bounded on the north-east and east by that of the North, on the south by that of the Somme, and on the west by the ocean.

The surface presents a very flat country, gradually declining from the side of Belgium; there is, however, a chain of small mountains, which, stretching from Abbeville beyond Boulore, contains the sources of several rivers. The sea-coast is bordered by sandy hills, called the Downs, which are yet uncultivated. The soil is very fruitful, and produces in abundance all sorts of grain, vegetables and fruit for cyder. The artificial meadows are very numerous. The low country presents but little running

water; there are marshes, fens, and some fine meadows, fat pastures, fruitful fields, and turf pits. Cattle of all kinds are fed here, and horses of excellent quality. There are but few thickets, and not one forest of any size, on which account the people burn chiefly turf and coal. The vine is not cultivated here; the climate is very variable. The soil is chiefly cultivated with horses, and yields more than sufficient for its inhabitants, producing on an average forty-six francs forty-three centimes from every hectare of arable land. There is much small game; also fresh and salt water fish, asses, milch cows, merino sheep, pigs, and great quantities of poultry. There are quarries of marble, gray paving-stone, flint, lime-stone, pipe-clay, potter's-clay, and sand. At Arras and at Courset there are botanical gardens, and mineral waters of a chalybeate quality at Boulogne.

The manufactures of this department consist of common cloths, caps of thread, cotton and wool, cotton velvet, lace, soap, bright iron goods, plate-iron, candles, gingerbread, fishing-nets, and baskets. There are linen and cotton spinning-factories, numerous oil-mills, sugar and salt refining-houses, brandy and hollands distilleries, forges, powder-mills, bleaching grounds, starch manufactories, paper-mills, bark-mills, and considerable tan-yards. A great trade is carried on in grain, wine, brandy, oil, honey, salt, cattle, linen, lace, thread, leather, earthenware for the colonies, coal, &c. There are also cod, herring, and mackerel fisheries, and a coasting trade. This country is watered by the Lys, the Scarpe, the Canche, the Aa, the Auty, the Lawe, and other rivers and rivulets; the canals of Calais, St. Omer, Ardres, and Marck, intersect it, and it is crossed by the great roads of Mons, Lille, Dunkirk, Montreuil, Abbeville, and St. Quentin.

PASH, n. s. Span. paz, a kiss; Scot. pash, t'e head. A face.

Thou want'st a rough pash, and the shoots that I have,

To be full like me. Shakspeare. Winter's Tale. PASH, v. a. Lat. pango. To strike; crush. With my armed fist

I'll pash him o'er the face. Shakspeare. Thy cunning engines have with labour raised My heavy hanger, like a mighty weight, To fall and push thee dead.

Dryden.

PASIPHAE, in fabulous history, daughter of Apollo, by Perseis, and wife of Minos, king of Crete, and mother of the Minotaur. See DEDALUS, MINOS, and MINOTAUR.

PASOR (Matthias), a learned German divine of the seventeenth century, born at Herborne, in Westphalia. He became professor of divinity at Groningen, and afterwards of mathematics at Heidelburg. On the invasion of the Palatinate he came over to England, and read lectures at Oxford on Hebrew and mathematics; and was afterwards appointed professor of oriental languages in that university. He died in 1658.

PASQUIER (Stephen), a learned French lawyer, poet, and historian, born in Paris in 1528. He became an advocate in parliament, afterwards counsellor, and at last advocate general, under Henry III., all of which stations he

The pasquils, lampoons, and libels, we meet with now-a-days, are a sort of playing with the four-andtwenty letters, without sense, truth, or wit. Tatler.

PASQUIN (pasquino, Italian). By this name is designated a group, or rather a torso, in white marble, now in a corner of the Ursini palace in Rome, and which has been regarded by some as the figure of a wrestler, by others as that of Mars, or some earthly warrior, by others again as a gladiator, &c. M. de Ramdohr, in considering the merits of this relic of ancient art, observes that its very mutilated state prevents the connoisseur from arriving at any satisfactory conclusion respecting them. He himself seems to be of opinion that it is the representation of a warrior carrying from the scene of battle his wounded comrade.

The history of this sculpture is remarkable enough. It derives its present name from an Italian cobbler, so called, who lived in Rome, and was notorious for the bitterness of his gibes and the raciness of his jokes. His shop became, consequently, the rendezvous for a quantity of splenetic and idle persons, who diverted themselves by bantering all the passers by.

After Pasquin's decease, in digging the pavement up in front of his shop or stall, the fragments of a statue were exhumed, well chiseled; but, as has been already observed, maimed and half spoiled.

To this statue, by common consent, was affixed the narse of the jocular cobbler, in the neighbourhood of whose nest it was discovered, and immediately set up on the same spot; and from that time and circumstance arose the well known term of pasquinade, all lampoons and satires having been, in Rome, ascribed to this figure, being put in its mouth or pasted against it as if the bonâ fide lucubrations of Pasquin redivivus. The usual method is, to make Pasquin address himself to Marfiorio (another statue in the same town) or the latter to Pasquin, who never fails to make reply, the one being often made to assist the other, when either is assailed. PASS, v. n., v. a. & n. s. PASS'ABLE, adj. PASSAGE, n. s. PASS'ER, PASSENGER, n. s. PAS'SIBLE, adj. PAS'SIBLENESS, n. s. PASSING, part. & adj. PASS'ING-BELL.

Fr. passer; Ital. passare; Span. and Port. passar; of Lat. passus, a step. To move progressively or from step to step; go; change by regular gradaJtion; go through regular stages or vessels of the body; go away;

omit; vanish; die; be lost; be spent ; be at an end or crisis: progress to or beyond the final stage: hence to be enacted, as a bill in parliament; be effected; be determined; be supremely excellent; become current; be practised shrewdly or artfully; occur; heed or regard (obsolete); thrust; be in a tolerable state: taking away' (intens.) when it signifies to be completely lost; vanish or glide off: as an active verb, to go beyond or through; hence surpass or excel; spend ; live through; carry over; transfer; strain (a liquid); pronounce; admit or allow; enact; impose or practise upon: to pass away' is, to spend or waste: pass by', excuse or forgive; also neglect; disregard to pass over' is, to omit; leave unregarded: a pass is an entrance or avenue; road; order or permission to travel or to go from place to place; a push or thrust; state arrived at; condition or disposition: passable is, that can be passed or travelled through or over; tolerable; popular: passible is, impressible passage, the act or course of passing; journey; voyage; road or way: avenue; state of decay; occurrence or hap (obsolete m both these last senses); aptness to pass; unsettled state; incident; conduct; single part or plan of a book or writing: a passer is, he who passes, or is upon a road: passenger, a traveller; wayfarer; one who passes: passing is, supreme; eminent; exceeding: passing-bell, a bell rung to obtain prayers for a passing or dying soul; also the bell rung immediately after a death. If I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away from thy servant. Genesis.

This beap and this pillar be witness, that I will not pass over to thee, and that thou shall not pass over it and this pillar unto me for harm. Id.

While my glory passeth by, I will put thee in a clift of the rock, and will cover thee, while I pass by. Exodus xxxiii. 22. The money of every one that passeth the account, let the priests take. 2 Kings xii. 4. Why sayest thou, My way is hid from the Lord, and my judgment is passed over from my God! Isaiah xl. 27. Whom do'st thou pass in beauty? Ezekiel. Thus will I cut off him that passeth out, and him that returneth. Id. xxxv. 7. The father waketh for the daughter, lest she pass away the flower of her age. Eccius. xlii. 9. Antiochus departed in all haste, weening in his pride to make the land navigable, and the sea passuble by foot. 2 Maccabees. To what a pass are our minds brought, that from the right line of virtue, are wryed to these crooked shifts? Sidney. The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth attend the unskilful words of a passenger.

Id.

She, more sweet than any bird on bough, Would oftentimes amongst them bear a part, And strive to pass, as she could well enough, Their native musick by her skilful art. Spenser. They shall protect all that cone in, and send them to the lord deputy, with their safe-conduct or pass, to be at his disposition. Id. on Ireland.

I have heard it enquired, how it might be brought to pass that the church should every where have able preachers to instruct the people. Hooker.

Theodoret disputeth with great earnestness, that God cannot be said to suffer; but he thereby meaneth Christ's divine nature against Apollinarius, which held even deity itself passible.

ja.

The story of such a passage was true, and Jason, with the rest, went indeed to rob Colchos, to which they might arrive by boat. Raleigh's History.

When the case required dissimulation, if they used it, it came to pass that the former opinion of their good faith made them almost invisible. Bacon. They speak of severing wine from water, passing it through ivy wood. Id. Natural History. How far ought this enterprize to wait these upon other matters, to be mingled with them, or to pass by them, and give law to them, as inferior unto itself?

Bacon.