mind producing different effects which are visible on the features and the gestures, and that those features and gestures ought to be diligently studied by the artist, are truths which cannot be denied; but it is absurd to consider all these different states of mind as passions, since tran quillity is one of them, which is the reverse of passion. A question of considerable importance in the philosophy of the human mind has been discussed at no small length, by several eminent authors, whether the different passions be each a degree of an original and innate disposition, distinct from those dispositions which are respectively the foundations of the other passions, or only different modifications of one or two general dispositions common to the whole race? The former opinion is held by all who build their system of metaphysics upon a number of distinct internal senses; and the latter by those, who, with Locke and Hartley, resolve what is commonly called instinct into an early association of ideas. See INSTINCT and METAPHYSICS. This question also involves in it the arguments respecting the disinterestedness of our most benevolent passions. But as it would swell this article beyond all due bounds to give even an abridged view of the arguments on both sides, we shall refer the ader to the writings of Messrs. Locke and Hartley, lord Kames, Reid's Enquiry into the Human Mind, and Dr. Sayer's Disquisitions Metaphysical and Literary, where they will find the question amply discussed. PASSIONEI (Dominic), an Italian ecclesiastic, born at Fossombrone, in Urbino, in 1682, studied in the Clementine College at Rome, after which he went to Paris with Gualterio, the papal nuncio. In 1708 he was employed as secret agent of the court of Rome in Holland, and subsequently in Switzerland. Innocent XIII. made him titular archbishop of Ephesus, and Clement XII. a cardinal and secretary of the briefs. Finally he became keeper of the Vatican library, where he was distinguished by the encouragement he gave to the collation of MSS. of the Old Testament, for the use of Dr. Kennicott, &c. He died in 1761. He published an account of his negociations in Switzerland, under the title of Acta Legationis Helvetica, folio; and formed a library at the Clementine. College. Benedict Passionei, his nephew, published a collection of ancient inscriptions, with annotations, folio, 1763. PASSIR, a town and district of the southeast coasts of Borneo. The town is situated about fifty miles from the mouth of the river of this name, near the bottom of a large bay; it has sixteen reaches, and five other rivers joining it. Near the town it is very rapid: the tide rises nine feet, and ascends above the town. Over a bar at the mouth of the river is two fathoms water, with a muddy bottom. The town consists of 300 wood houses, situated on the north side of the river, most of them inhabited by Buggess merchants. The house or palace of the sultan is on the south side, a short distance from the river. The neighbourhood, though flat and unhealthy, produces rice in great abundance; musk, benzoin, aloes, pepper, cassia, and long nutmegs; also mastic and other gums, particularly dragon's blood; honey, gold dust, camphor, and various fruits. The imports are similar to those of the other Malay ports. The inhabitants are fraudulent, and have cut off many ships by treachery. This was formerly a place of considerable trade. The East India Company about 1772 attempted to settle a factory here for the sale of opium, piece-goods, &c., and for the purchase of the many valuable articles brought thither by the Buggesses from Celebes, Sooloo, &c. But the plan was frustrated by a commotion amongst the natives, at which the English commander took an alarm, and quitted the country, much against the wishes of the principal inhabitants. Since that period Passir has been seldom visited by Europeans. A few Chinese are settled here, who are in possession of the chief trade. PAS'SIVE, adj. Fr. passif; Lat. pussiPAS'SIVELY, adv. โย vus. This is, strictly, the PASSIVENESS, n. s. (adjective of passion in its first sense, and means re PASSIVITY. ceptive of impressions from an external agent; suffering without resistance; in grammar, a particular form of the verb: passively and passiveness correspond with these senses: passivity is an innovation of Cheyne's, see below; and passiveness is sometimes used to express calmness; patience of suffering. We shall lose our passiveness with our being, and be as incapable of suffering as heaven can make us. Decay of Piety. High above the ground Their march was, and the passive air upbore Milton's Paradise Lost. The lamb was the remembrance of the passover, as the blessed eucharist is of the death of Christ. Jer. Taylor. The Lord's passover, commonly called Easter, was ordered by the common law to be celebrated every year on a Sunday. Ayliffe. The PASSOVER was called pascha by the old Greeks and Romans; not we presume from anyw, I suffer, as Chrysostom, Irenæus, and Tertullian, suppose, but from the Hebrew word ПDD, passage, leap. The institution of this solemn festival, the reason of it, the alteration of the Hebrew calendar, and its other consequences, with all the peculiar ceremonies observed in the celebration of it, are particularly related in the twelfth chapter of Exodus. The obligation of keeping the passover was so strict that whosoever neglected to do it was condemned to death. Numb. ix. 13. But those who had any lawful impediment, as a journey, sickness, or any uncleanness, voluntary or involuntary: those that had been present at a funeral, or by any other accident had been defiled, were to defer the celebration of the passover till the second month of the ecclesiastical year, or to the 14th day of the month Jiar, which answers to April and May. See 2 Chron. xxx. 1, 2, &c. The modern Jews observe in general the same ceremonies that were practised by their ancestors, in the celebration of the passover; but add thereto very many superstitious observances. See Whitby's Dissertation in an appendix to the fourteenth chapter of St. Mark. PASS'PORT, n. s. Fr. passport. Permission of passage; a public certificate of leave to travel. Under that pretext, fain she would have given a secret passport to her affection. Sidney. Giving his reason passport for to pass Id. A PASSPORT, or PASS, is a license or writing obtained from a government granting permission and a safe conduct to pass through the country without molestation: also a permission granted by any state to navigate in some particular sea, without molestation. It contains the name of the vessel, and that of the master, together with her tonnage, and the number of her crew, certifying that she belongs to the subjects of a particular state, and requiring all persons at peace with that state to suffer her to proceed on her voyage without interruption. The violation of passports expressly granted by the king, or by his ambassadors, to the subjects of a foreign power in time of mutual war, or committing acts of hostility against such as are in amity, league, or truce with us, who are here under a general implied safe conduct, are breaches of the public faith, without which there can be no intercourse or commerce between one nation and another; and such offences may, according to the writers upon the law of nations, be a proper ground of a national war. Balzac mentions a very honorable passport given by an emperor to a philosopher in these terms: If there be any one on land or sea hardy enough to molest Potamon, let him consider whether he be strong enough to wage war with Cæsar.' PASSPORT is used likewise for a license granted by a prince for the importing or exporting merchandises, moveables, &c., without paying the duties. Merchants procure such passports for certain kinds of commodities; and they are always given to ambassadors and ministers for their baggage, equipage, &c. PASSPORT is also a license obtained for the importing or exporting of merchandises deemed contraband, and declared such by tariffs, &c., as gold, silver, precious stones, ammunition of war, horses, corn, wool, &c., upon paying duties. PASSUMAH, a district of Sumatra, on the south-west coast, bordering south on Rejang, and north by Lamattang. It is governed by four nearly independent chiefs, and is part of the territory of the sultan of Palembang. PASSUS, among the ancient Romans, a measure of length, being about four feet ten inches, or the 1000th part of a Roman mile. The word properly signifies the space betwixt the feet of a man walking at an ordinary rate. See MEASURE. PAST, adj. (part.), n. s., & prep. From PASS. Gone over; gone through or spent ; undergone; the past time: as a preposition, beyond in point not present nor to come: as a noun substantive, of time; out of reach; above or more than; incapable of. We will go by the king's highway, until we be past thy borders." Numbers xxi. 22. Sarah was delivered of a child, when she was past Hebrews xi. 11. The northern Irish Scots have bows not past three quarters of a yard long, with a string of wreathed hemp, and their arrows not much above an ell. age. Spenser on Ireland. Past, and to come, seem best; things present Shakspeare. worst. We must not Prostitute our past cure malady To empiricks. Id. All's Well That Ends Well, Fenton. The past is all by death possest, And frugal fate that guards the rest, By giving bids us live to-day. Many men have not yet sinned themselves past all sense of feeling, but have some regrets; and, when their spirits are at any time disturbed with the sense of their guilt, they are for a little time more watchful over their ways; but they are soon disheartened. Calamy's Sermons. This not alone has shone on ages past, But lights the present, and shall warm the last. Pope. id. A life of glorious labours past. For several months past papers have been written upon the best publick principle, the love of our country. Swift. PASTE is likewise used for a preparation of wheaten flour, boiled up and incorporated with water, used by various artificers, as upholsterers, saddlers, bookbinders, &c., instead of glue or size, to fasten or cement their cloth, leathers, papers, &c. When paste is used by bookbinders, or for paper hangings to rooms, they mix a fourth, fifth, or sixth of the weight of the flour of powdered resin; and, where it is wanted still more tenacious, gum arabic or any kind of size may be added. Paste may be preserved from vermin by dissolving a little sublimate, in the proportion of a drachm to a quart, in the water employed for making it, which will prevent them from preying upon it. PASTES used in the imitation or counterfeiting of gems in glass. Gems made of pastes are no way inferior to the native stones, when carefully made and well polished, in brightness or transparence, but want their hardness. To make paste of extreme hardness, and capable of taking the colors of the gems. Take of prepared crystal 10 lbs., salt of pulverine 6 lbs., sulphur of lead 2 lbs. ; mix all these well into a fine powder: make the whole with common water in a hard paste, and make this paste into small cakes of about 3 oz. each, with a hole in their middle; dry them in the sun, and afterwards calcine them in the straitest part of a potter's furnace. After this, powder them, and levigate them to a perfect fineness on a porphyry stone, and set this powder in pots in a glass furnace to purify for three days; then cast the whole into water, and afterwards return it into the furnace, where let it stand fifteen days, in which time all foulness and blisters will disappear, and the paste will greatly resemble the natural jewels. To give this the color of the emerald, add to it brass thrice calcined; for a sea-green, brass simply calcined to a redness; for a sapphire, add zaffer, with manganese; and for a topaz, manganese and tartar. The color of the counterfeit gems may be made deeper or lighter according to the work for which the stones are designed; and small stones for rings, &c., require a deeper color, and large ones a paler. Besides the colors made from manganese, verdigris, and zaffer, which are the ingredients commonly used, there are other very fine ones which care and skill may prepare. A very fine red may be made from gold, and one not much inferior to that from iron; a very fine green from brass or copper; a sky-color from silver, and a much finer one from the garnets of Bohemia. Another way of making the paste to imitate the colored gems is this: Take a quantity of sugar of lead; set it in sand, in a glass body well luted from the neck downwards; leave the mouth of the glass open, and continue the fire twenty-four hours; then take out the salt, and, if it be not red but yellowish, powder it fine, and return it into the vessel, and keep it in the sand heat twentyfour hours more, till it becomes as red as cinnamelt it; for then all the process is spoiled. Pour bar. The fire must not be made so strong as to distilled vinegar on this calcined salt, and separate the solution from the dregs; let the decanted liquor stand six days in an earthen vessel, to give time for the finer sediment to subside filter this liquor and evaporate it in a glass body, and there will remain a most pure salt of lead; dry this well, then dissolve it in fair water; let the solution stand six days in a glazed pan; let it subside, then filter the clear solution, and evaporate it to a yet more pure white and sweet salt; repeat this operation three times; put the now perfectly pure salt into a glass vessel, set it in a sand heat for several days, and it will be calcined to a fine impalpable powder of a lively red. Take all the ingredients as in the common composition of the pastes of the several colors, only, instead of red lead, use, this powder; and the produce will well reward the trouble of the operation. A paste proper for receiving colors may be readily made by pounding and mixing 6lbs. of white sand cleansed, 3 lbs. of red lead, 2 lbs. of purified pearl-ashes, and 1 lb. of nitre. A softer paste may be made in the same manner, of 6 lbs. of white sand cleansed; red lead, and purified pearl-ashes, of each 3 lbs; 1 lb. of nitre, half a pound of borax, and 3 ozs. of arsenic. For common use, 1 lb. of common salt may be substituted for the borax. This glass will be very soft, and will not bear much wear if employed for rings, buckles, or such imitations of stones as are exposed to much rubbing; but for ear-rings, ornaments worn on the breast, and those little used, it may last a considerable time. See GLASSMAKING. To make doublet pastes, let the crystal or glass be first cut by the lapidaries in the manner of a brilliant, except that, in this case, the figure must be composed from two separate stones, or parts of stones, formed in the manner of the upper and under parts of a brilliant, if it was divided in a horizontal direction, a little lower than the middle. After the two plates of the intended stone are thus cut, and fitted so exactly that no division can appear when they are laid together, the upper part must be polished ready for setting; and then the color must be put betwixt the two plates by this method. Take of Venice or Cyprus turpentine two scruples; and add to it one scruple of the grains of mastich chosen perfectly pure, free from foulness, and previously powdered. Melt them together in a small silver or brass spoon ladle, or other vessel, and put to them gradually any of the colored substances below mentioned, being first well powdered; stirring them together as the color is put in that they may be thoroughly commixed. Warm then the doublets to the same degree of heat as the melted mixture; and paint the upper surface of the lower part, and put the upper one instantly upon it, pressing them to each other, but taking care that they may be conjoined in the most perfectly even manner. When the cement or paint is quite cold and set, the redundant part of it, which has been pressed out of the joint of the two pieces, should be gently scraped off the side, till there be no appearance of any color on the outside of the doublets and they should then be skilfully set; observing to carry the mounting over the joint, that the upper piece may be well secured from separating from the under one. The color of the ruby may be best imitated, by mixing a fourth part of carmine with some of the finest crimson VOL. XVI. lake that can be procured. The sapphire may be counterfeited by very bright Prussian blue, mixed with a little of the above mentioned crimson lake, to give it a cast of the purple. The Prussian blue should not be very deep-colored, or but little of it should be used: for otherwise it will give a black shade that will be injurious to the lustre of the doublets. The emerald may be counterfeited by distilled verdigris, with a little powdered aloes. But the mixture should not be strongly heated, nor kept long over the fire after the verdigris is added: for the color will be soon impaired by it. The resemblance of the garnet may be made by dragon's blood; which, if it cannot be procured of sufficient brightness, may be improved by a very small quantity of carmine. The amethyst may be imitated by the mixture of some Prussian blue with the crimson lake; but the proportions can only be well regulated by direction, as different parcels of the lake and Prussian blue vary extremely in the degree of strength of the color. The yellow topazes may be counterfeited by mixing the powdered aloes with a little dragon's blood, or by good Spanish anotto; but the color must be very sparingly used, or the tinge will be too strong for the appearance of that stone. The chrysolite, hyacinth, vinegar garnet, eagle marine, and other such weaker or more diluted colors, may be formed in the same manner, by lessening the proportions of the colors, or by compounding them together correspondently to the hue of the stone to be imitated; to which end it is proper to have an original stone, or an exact imitation of one, at hand when the mixture is made, in order to the more certain adapting the colors to the effect desired: and when these precautions are taken, and the operation well conducted, it is practicable to bring the doublets to so near a resemblance of the true stones, that even the best judges cannot distinguish them, when well set, without inspecting them betwixt the eye and light, in such position that the light may pass through the upper part and corners of the stone; when it will easily be perceived that there is no color in the body of the stone. M. Fontaineu, of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, proposed the following processes for imitation pastes, which were approved: Although the different calces of lead are all adapted to produce the same effect in vitrification; yet M. Fontaineu prefers lead in scales, and next to that minium, as being the most constantly pure. Sift through a silk sieve the preparations of lead to be used in the vitrification, to separate the grosser parts; as also the lead in a metallic state when white lead in scales is employed. The base of factitious gems is calx of lead and rock-crystal. Pure sand, flint, and the transparent pebbles of rivers, are substances equally fit to make glass; but as it is first necessary to break masses of crystal, stones, or pebbles, into smaller parts; so by this operation particles of iron or copper are frequently introduced, and to these dust or greasy matters are also apt to adhere. Our author therefore begins by putting the pounded crystal or pebbles into a crucible, which he places in a degree of heat ea2 U pable of making the mass red hot; he then pours it into a wooden bowl filled with very clear water; and, shaking the bowl from time to time, the small portions of coals furnished by the extraneous bodies swim on the surface of the water, and the vitrifiable earth, with the iron, &c., rests on the bottom. He then decants the water; and, having dried the mass, pounds it, sifts the powder through the finest silk sieve; then digests the powder four or five hours with muriate acid, shaking the mixture every hour. After having decanted the acid from the vitrifiable earth, he washes the latter until the water no longer reddens the tincture of turnsol. The earth, being dried, is passed through a silk sieve, and is then fit for use. Nitre, salt of tartar, and borax, are the three species of salts that enter with quartz and the calces of lead into M. Fontaineu's vitrifications. The success depends much on the accurate proportion of the substances made use of to form the crystal which serves as a base. After having tried a great variety of receipts, our author recommends the following: 1. Take two parts and a half of lead in scales, one part and a half of rock crystal or prepared flints, half a pint of nitre, as much borax, and a quarter part of glass of arsenic. These, being well pulverised and mixed together, are put into a Hessian crucible and submitted to the fire. When the mixture is well melted, pour it into cold water; then melt it again a second and a third time, taking care after each melting to throw it into fresh cold water, and to separate from it the lead that may be revived. The same crucible should not be used a second time, as the glass of lead is apt to penetrate it, and lose the contents. Cover the crucible well, to prevent any coals getting into it, which would spoil the composition. 2. Take two parts and a half of white ceruse, one part of prepared flints, half a part of salt of tartar, and a quarter part of calcined borax: melt the mixture in a Hessian crucible, and then pour it into cold water; then melt it again and wash it a second and a third time, the same precautions being observed. 3. Take two parts minium, one part rock-crystal, half a part of nitre, and as much salt of tartar: this mixture, being melted, must be treated as the former. 4. Take three parts of calcined borax, one part of prepared rock-crystal, and one part of salt of tartar; these, being well mixed and melted together, must be poured into warm water; the water being decanted, and the mass dried, an equal quantity of minium must be added to it; it is then to be melted and washed several times as directed above. 5. That called by our author the Mayence base, and which he considers as one of the finest crystalline compositions hitherto known, is thus composed: Take three parts of fixed alkali of tartar, one part of rockcrystal or flint pulverised: the mixture to be well baked together, and then left to cool. It is afterwards poured into a crucible of hot water to dissolve the fritt; the solution of the fritt is then received into a stone-ware pan, and aquafortis added gradually till it no longer effervesces: this water being decanted, the fritt must be washed in warm water till it has no longer any taste: the fritt is then dried, and mixed with one part and a half of fine ceruse or white lead in scales; and this mixture must be well levigated with a little distilled water. To one part and a half of this powder dried add an ounce of calcined borax: let the whole be well mixed in a marble mortar, then melted and poured into cold water. These fusions and washings having been repeated, and the mixture dried and powdered, a twelfth part of nitre must be added, and then melted for the last time; when a very fine crystal will be found in the crucible. 6. For very fine white stones: take 8 ozs. of ceruse, 3 ozs. of rock-crystal pulverised, 2 ozs. of borax finely powdered, and half a grain of manganese; having melted and washed this mixture as above, it produces a very fine white crystal. There are three degrees of heat prope! for pastes very different in their energy. The fire kept up in the wind-furnaces in the laboratories of chemists is less active than that whose effect is accelerated by the means of bellows; and a fire supported by wood, and kept up during sixty hours without interruption, produces singular effect in vitrification, and renders the glass finer and less alterable. When recourse is had to the forge, in order to operate a vitrification, it is necessary to turn about the crucible from time to time, that the mass may melt equally. Some coal also should be replaced, in proportion as it consumes towards the nozel of the bellows; for, without this precaution, we should run the risk of cooling the crucible opposite to the flame, and probably of cracking it, when all the melted mass, running among the coals, would be totally lost. Though this is the readiest way of melting, it should not be employed out of choice; for the crucible often breaks, or coals get into it, and reduce the calx of lead to a metallic state. The wind-furnace is either square or round. A small cake of baked clay or brick, of the thickness of an inch, is placed upon the grate; and upon this cake is placed the crucible, surrounded with coals. of The following are some of the receipts recommended by M. Fontaineu:-1. For the white diamond:-Take the base of Mayence. This crystal is very pure and has no color. 2. For the yellow diamond :-To an ounce of the fourth base, add for color 25 grains of luna cornea, or 10 grains of glass of antimony. 3. For the eme rald:-1.To 15 ozs. of either of the bases, add for color 1 dr. of mountain-blue and 6 grs. of glass of antimony; or, 2. To 1 oz. of the second base add 20 grs. of glass of antimony, and 3 grs. calx of cobalt. 4. For the sapphire :-To 24 ozs. of the Mayence base add 2 drs. 64 grs. of the calx of cobalt. 5. For the amethyst :-To 24 ozs. of the Mayence base add 4 drs. of prepared manganese and 4 grs. of precipitate of cassius. 6. For the beryl :-To 24 ozs. of the third base add 96 grs.of glass of antimony, and 4 grs. of calx of cobalt. 7. For the black agate:-To 24 ozs. of either of the bases add 2 ozs. of the mixture directed above in par. f. 8. For the opal :-To 1 oz. of the third base add 10 grs. of luna cornea, 2 grs. of magnet, and 26 grs. of absorbent earth. 9. For the oriental topaz-To 24 ozs. of the first or third base add 5 drs, of glass of antimony. 10. For the topaz of Saxony :-To 24 |