could read tolerably; and neither he nor Sonini thought they had any library; later travellers have found some books and MSS. here. The priests, however, did not appear to make use of them; and Dr. Clarke persuaded them without much difficulty to sell him their most valuable MSS., which are yet to be seen in the university library at Cambridge. One traveller, who visited the monastery of St. John in 1817, found a monk who was acquainted with the ancient Greek, and who had a library with a few MSS. There is a hermitage built on the grotto, where John received his revelations. The disastrous effects of monachism are imprinted on the very soil of Patmos ; there is no agriculture, no industry, no population. The Caloyers are the most considerable inhabitants in the island, there is but one town, or rather village, built on the side of the mountain on which the convent stands. The land is overgrown with weeds and in many places bare and very wild in its appearance; misery indeed weighs heavily on this island; the soil is naturally fruitful and needs only the cultivation of the hand of inan; but he has chosen rather to cover it with churches than harvests. The little agriculture that is attended to is the work of the women; the men, during the fine season, go to seek their living elsewhere, especially by transporting the productions of one island of the Archipelago, or of one sea port of the Levant, to another. They go as far as the Black Sea for the corn they want. Notwithstanding the hard labor that they undergo, the women of Patinos excite the attention of foreigners by their beauty; in the time of Tournefort they used to load themselves with heavy burdens, without being sensible that it affected their shape; but they now carry lighter loads and with much more address. At that time they thought every foreigner who accosted them was looking for a woman, because a Marseillese had married one for her beauty; but foreigners so often abused their easy access, that after some time the women fled at their approach to hide themselves in the deserts, especially when their husbands were absent. With the very fine red and shining cotton thread, cultivated in Scio, and spun in the convents, the women of this island, as well as those of Seripho, make caps, net-work, purses, stockings, &c. A German author supposes this silky cotton is the byssus, so much esteemed in ancient times as one of the most precious articles for luxurious clothing. Great neatness prevails in their dwell ings, and they have a peculiar custom of raising their beds to the height of ten feet above the ground. PATNA, PADMAVATI. A large city of Hindostan, the capital of the province of Bahar, and standing in lat. 25° 37′ N., long. 85° 15′ E. It is situated on the south side of the Ganges, which is here five miles wide during the rainy season. The town is one continued street for many miles along the river; the houses of the natives being generally of mud; but those of the Europeans of brick, and of handsome appearance. There are also several large old buildings of brick. It was formerly fortified after the native manner, with a wall and small citadel. The surrounding country is perfectly flat. This town is prosperous and populous; but the number of inhabitants has never been correctly ascertained; they cannot, however, be estimated, says Mr. Hamilton, at less than 150,000. Every article of food is remarkably cheap. Chintzes and dimities are manufactured here, and also cloths resembling diaper and damask linen. In the vicinity flannels well wove, but ill fulled, are made, and also a sort of canvas from cotton. A large quantity of salt-petre is annually despatched to Calcutta. Patna is a city of great antiquity, and supposed by some to be the site of the ancient Palibothra. By the modern Mahometans it is named Azimabad, and by the Hindoos Sri Nagur. Many years since the East India Company erected a depot here to contain rice. It is a building of stone in the shape of a bee-hive, with two winding staircases on the outside, which have been ascended on horseback. The gram is poured in at the top, there being a small door at the bottom to take it out. The walls at the bottom, although twenty-one feet thick, have given way-a circumstance of very little consequence, as were it filled (which it never was) it would not contain one day's consumption for the inhabitants of the province. It originally cost 120,000 rupees. Here are also the remains of the British factory, where the massacre of 200 prisoners was perpetrated in 1763 by a German adventurer, Somro (Summers), in the service of Meer Cossim; immediately after which the city was captured by the British troops under major Adams, and has ever since remained in our possession. A monument, but without inscription, is erected to the memory of the sufferers. In Bankipoor, one of the suburbs of Fatna, the East India Company's civil servants reside. The provincial court of appeal and circuit, its registers and clerks, the district and city court, with the commercial resident, collector, and other agents of the Company, compose a numerous establishment. The Patna division of the court of circuit comprehends the following districts, viz. 1. Ramgur; 2. Bahar; 3. Tirhoot; 4. Sarum; 5. Shahabad; 6. The city of Patna. Travelling distance from Patna to Čalcutta, by Moorshedabad, 400 miles; by Birbhoom 340; from Benares, by Buxar, 155; from Delhi 661; from Agra 544; and from Lucknow 316 miles. PATRE, a city of Achaia, at the north-west of the Peloponnesus, which assisted the Etolians when invaded by the Gauls under Brennus. It was afterwards reduced to extreme poverty, till Augustus reunited the scattered citizens, and made it a Roman colony, settling a portion of the troops which obtained the victory of Actium, with other inhabitants from the adjacent places. Patræ reflourished and enjoyed dominion over Naupactus, Eanthea, and several cities of Achaia. In the time of Pausanias it was adorned with temples and porticoes, a theatre, and an odéum which was superior to any in Greece, but that of Atticus Herodes at Athens. In the lower part of the city was a temple or Bacchus Esymnetes, in which was an image preserved in a chest, and conveyed from Troy by Eurypylus. By the port were temples; and by the sea, one of Ceres, with a pleasant grove and a prophetic fountain of unerring veracity in determining the event of any illness. After supplicating the goddess with incense, the sick person appeared, dead or living, in a mirror suspended so as to touch the surface of the water. In the citadel of Patra was a temple of Diana Laphria, with her statue in the habit of a huntress, of ivory and gold, given by Augustus Cæsar, when he laid waste Calydon and the cities of Etolia to people Nicopolis. The Patrensians honored her with a yearly festival, which is described by Pausanias who was a spectator. They formed a circle round the altar with pieces of green wood, each sixteen cubits long, and within heaped dry fuel. The solemnity began with a most magnifi. cent procession, which was closed by the virgin priestess in a chariot drawn by stags. On the following day, the city and private persons offered at the altar fruits, and birds, and all kinds of victims, wild boars, stags, deer, young wolves, and beasts full grown; after which the fire was kindled. It was not remembered that any wound had ever been received at this ceremony, though the spectacle and sacrifice were as dangerous as savage. The number of women at Patre was double that of the men. They were employed chiefly in a manufacture of flax which grew in Elis, weaving garments, and attire for the head.' For the state of the modern town of PATRAS, see our article GREECE, Vol. X. p. 630. PATRIARCH, n. s. PATRIARCHAL, adj. PATRIARCHATE, N. s. PATRIARCHSHIP PATRIARCHY. Fr. patriarche ; Lat. patriarcha; Greek, πατριάρχης. The father and ruler of a family; one who governs by a paternal right; applied to ecclesiastical superiors: patriarchal is the corresponding adjective: and patriarchate, patriarchship, and patriarchy, all express the state or quality of a patriarch. Calabria pertained to the patriarch of Constanti nople, as appeareth in the novel of Leo Sophus, touching the precedence of metropolitans belonging to that patriarchy. Brerewood. The patriarchs for an hundred years had been of one house, to the prejudice of the church, and there yet remained one bishop of the same kindred. Raleigh. The good Patriarch was the same in Potiphar's dungeon, and on Pharaoh's bench. Hall. Between ecclesiastical, the questions are as ancient as the differences between Rome and any other of the old patriarchats. Selden. So spake the patriarch of mankind; but Eve Persisted, yet submits. Milton's Paradise Lost. The monarch oak, the patriarch of the trees, Shoots rising up, and spreads by slow degrees, Three centuries he grows, and three he stays Supreme in state; and in three more decays. PATRIARCHS, the name given to those fathers who lived towards the beginning of the world, and who became famous by their long lines of descendants. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and Testament; Adam, Seth, Enoch, &c., were antehis twelve sons, are the patriarchs of the Old diluvian patriarchs. The authority of patriarchal government existed in the fathers of families, and their first-born after them, exercising all kinds of tive households; and to this government, which ecclesiastical and civil authority in their respeclasted till the time of the Israelites dwelling in Egypt, some have ascribed an absolute and desby death. potic power, extending even to the punishment PATRIARCHS, CHRISTIAN, are ecclesiastical dignitaries, or bishops, so called from their paternal authority in the church. The power of patriarchs was not the same in all, but differed according to the customs of countries, or the pleasure of kings and councils. Thus the patripatriarch over the patriarchs of Ephesus and arch of Constantinople became in course of time universal patriarch; and the patriarch of AlexCæsarea, and was called the ecumenical and andria had some prerogatives which no other patriarch but himself enjoyed, such as the right of consecrating and approving every single bishop under his jurisdiction. The patriarchate has ever been esteemed the highest dignity in the ritory of the city of which he was bishop: the church: the bishop had only under him the termetropolitan superintended a province, and had for suffragans the bishop of his province; the primate was the chief of what was then called him; and the patriarch had under him several a diocese, and had several metropolitans under dioceses, composing one exarchate, and the primates themselves were under him. Usher, Pagi, De Marca, and Morinus, attribute the establishment of the grand patriarchates to the apostles themselves; who, say they, chose the three principal cities in the three parts of the known world; viz. Rome in Europe, Antioch in Asia, and Alexandria in Africa: and thus formed a trinity of patriarchs. Others maintain that the name of patriarch was unknown at the time of the council of Nice; and that long afterwards patriarch and primates were confounded together, as being all equally chiefs of dioceses, and superior to metropolitans, who were only chiefs of provinces. Hence Socrates gives the title patriarch to all the chiefs of dioceses, and reckons ten of them. It does not appear that the dignity of patriarch was appropriated to the five grand sees of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, till after the council of Chalcedon in 451; for when the council of Nice regulated the limits and prerogatives of the three patriarchs of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria, it did not give them the title of patriarchs, though it allowed them the pre-eminence and privileges 2X2 thereof. Nor is the term patriarch found in the decree of the council of Chalcedon, whereby the fifth place is assigned to the bishop of Jerusalem; nor did these five patriarchs govern all the churches. There were besides many independent chiefs of dioceses, who, far from owning the jurisdiction of the grand patriarchs, called themselves patriarchs; such as that of Aquileia; nor was Carthage ever subject to the patriarch of Alexandria. Mosheim imagines that the bishops, who enjoyed a certain degree of pre-eminence over the rest of their order, were distinguished by the Jewish title of patriarchs in the fourth century. The authority of the patriarchs gradually increased, till, about the close of the fifth century, all affairs of moment within their patriarchate came before them. They consecrated bishops; assembled yearly in council the clergy of their respective districts; pronounced a decisive judgment in those cases where accusations were brought against bishops; and appointed vicars or deputies, clothed with their authority, for the preservation of order in the remote provinces. In short, nothing was done without consulting them; and their decrees were executed with the same respect as those of the princes. But the authority of the patriarchs was not acknowledged through all the provinces. Several districts, both in the eastern and western empires, were exempted from their jurisdiction The Latin church had no patriarchs till the sixth century; and the churches of Gaul, Britain, &c., were never subject to the authority of any patriarch. There was no primacy, no archate nor patriarchate, owned here; but the bishops, with the metropolitans, governed the church in comDu Cange says that some abbots have borne the title of patriarchs. mon. PATRIARCHS, JEWISH, a dignity respecting the origin of which there is a variety of opinions. The learned authors of the Universal History think, that the first appearance and institution of those patriarchs happened under Nerva the successor of Domitian. It seems probable that the patriarchs were of the Aaronic or Levitical race; the tribe of Judah being at that time too much depressed, and too obnoxious to the Romans, to be able to assume any external power. But, of whatever tribe they were, their authority came to be very considerable. Their principal business was to instruct the people; and for this purpose they instituted schools in several cities. And by this means having gained great reputation for their learning, zeal, and piety, they ventured at length to levy a kind of tribute from their brethren, to defray the charges of their dignity, and of the apostoli, or legati, under them, whose business it was to carry their orders and decisions through the other provinces of their dispersion, and to see them punctually executed by all, that some shadow of union might be kept up among the western Jews. They likewise nominated the doctors who were to preside over their schools and academies; and these were in process of time styled chiefs and princes, in order to raise the credit of that dignity, or to imply the great regard which their disciples were to pay to them. These chiefs became at length rivals of the patriarchs; and some of them possessed both dignities at once; a usurpation which caused not only great confusion amongst them but oftentimes violent and bloody contests. However, the Jewish rabbis have contended for a much older era for this patriarchal dignity, and have given us a succession of them down to the fifth century, in which it was abolished. According to them, the first patriarch was Hillel, surnamed the Babylonian, because he was sent for from Babylon to Jerusalem, about 100 years before the ruin of their capital, or thirty before the birth of Christ, to decide a dispute about keeping the Passover, which on that year fell out on the Sabbath day; and it was on account of his wise decision that he was raised to that dignity, which continued in his family till the fifth cen tury. He was likewise looked upon as a second Moses, because he lived like him forty years in obscurity, forty more in great reputation for learning and sanctity, and forty more in possession of this patriarchal dignity. They make him little inferior to that lawgiver in other of his excellencies, as well as in the great authority he gained over the whole Jewish nation. The wonder is, how Herod the Great, who was so jealous of his power, could suffer a stranger to be raised to such a height of it, barely for having decided a dispute of little importance. Hillel was succeeded by his son Simeon, whom many Christians pretend to have been the venerable old person of that name, who received the divine infant in his arms. The Jews give him but a very obscure patriarchate; though the Christian authors make him chief of the sanhedrim; and Epiphanius says, that the priestly tribe hated him so much, for giving so ample a testimony to the divine child, that they denied him common burial. But it is hardly credible that St. Luke should have so carelessly passed over his two-fold dignity, if he had been really possessed of them. He was succeeded by Jochanan, not in right of descent, but of his extraordinary merit, which the rabbis describe in terms of the most extravagant hyperboles. He enjoyed his dignity but two years, or at most five years, and is said to have foretold to Titus that he was ordained to destroy the temple; on which account they pretend that general gave him leave to remove the sanhedrim to Japhne. The Jewish writers add that he erected an academy there, which subsisted till the death of Akiba; was the seat of the patriarch; and consisted of 300 schools; and another at Lydda, near Japhne, and where the famed St. George is buried. He lived 120 years; and, being asked what he had done to prolong his life! he gave this answer: I have taken care to celebrate all festivals: and my mother even sold my head ornaments to buy wine to make me merry on such days; and left me at her death 300 hogsheads of it, to sanctify the sabbath! The doctors that flourished in his time were no less considerable, particularly the famed rabbi Chanina of whom the Bath Col was heard to say, that the world was preserved for the sake of him; and R. Nicodemus, who, they pretend, stopped the course of the sun, like Joshua. He was succeeded by Gamaliel, a man of insufferable pride; and yet of so universal authority over all the Jews, not only in the west but over the whole world, that the very monarchs suffered his laws to be obeyed in their dominions. In his day flourished Samuel the Less, who composed a prayer full of the bitterest curses against heretics, by which they mean the Christians; and which are still in use. Gamaliel was no less an enemy to them; and yet both have been challenged, the former as the celebrated master of our great apostle, the other as his disciple in his unconverted state. Simon II., his son and successor, died during the siege of Jerusalem. The people so regretted his death that an order was given, instead of ten bumpers of wine, which were usually drank at the funeral of a saint, to drink thirteen at his. These are the patriarchs who, the rabbis tell us, preceded the destruction of the temple; and we need no farther confutation of this pretended dignity than the silence of the sacred historians, who not only make not the least mention of it, but assure us all along that the highpriests presided in the sanhedrim; before whom all cases relating to the Jewish religion were brought and decided. It was the high-priest who condemned our Saviour and St. Stephen; who forbad the apostles to preach in Christ's name; and who sat as judge on St. Paul. The same may be urged from Josephus, who must have known and mentioned this pretended dignity, if any such there had been; and yet is so far from taking the least notice of it, that he places the pontiffs alone at the head of all the Jewish affairs; and names the high-priest Ananus as having the care and direction of the war against the Romans; which is an evident proof that there were then no such patriarchs in being. If there had been any such remarkable succession, the Talmudists would have preserved it; whereas, neither they, nor any of the ancient authors of the Jewish church, make any mention of it; but only some of their doctors, who have written a considerable time after them, to whom little credit can be given, as there are such insurmountable contradictions between them, as no authors either Jewish or Christian have been able to reconcile. Their succession, according to those rabbies, stands as follows: 1. Hillel the Babylonian. 2. Simeon, the son of Hillel. 3. Gamaliel, the son of Simeon. 4. Simeon II., the son of Gamaliel. 5. Gamaliel II., the son of Simeon II. 6. Simeon III., the son of Gamaliel II. 7. Judah, the son of Simeon III. 8. Gamaliel III., the son of Judah. 9. Judah II., the son of Gamaliel III. 10. Hillel II., son of Judah II. 11. Judah III., son of Hillel II. 12. Hillel III., son of Judah III. 13. Gamaliel IV., son of Hillel III. But Gants Tzemach David has reduced them to ten. On the whole, it cannot be doubted but that their first rise was in Nerva's time, however much Jewish pride may have prompted them to assert their origin to have been more ancient than it really was. In time, however, they certainly imposed upon the people; and what power they did possess (which the Romans only allowed to be in religious matters, or in such as were connected with religion) they exercised with great rigor. Their pecuniary demands became very exorbitant; and were the cause of their suppression in the year 429. PATRIARCHAL CROSS, in heraldry, is that where the shaft is twice crossed; the lower arms being lower than the upper ones. PATRICIAN, adj. & n. s. Fr, patricien; Lat. patricius. Senatorial; noble; not plebeian : a nobleman, or man of high rank. Noble patricians, patrons of my right, You'll find Gracchus, from patrician grown PATRICIAN was a title given, among the ancient Romans, to the descendants of the 100 or 200 first senators chosen by Romulus; and by him called patres, fathers. Romulus established this order after the example of the Athenians; who were divided into two classes, viz. the evπαyoudas, patricios, and onμoyikovs, populares. Patricians, therefore, were originally the nobility; in opposition to the plebeians. They were the only persons whom Romulus allowed to aspire to the magistracy; and they exercised all the functions of the priesthood till A. U. C. 495. But the cognizance and character of these ancient families being almost lost by a long course of years, and frequent changes in the empire, a new kind of patricians were afterwards set on foot, who had no pretensions from birth, but whose title depended entirely on the emperor's favor. This new patriciate, Zozimus tells us. was erected by Constantine, who conferred the quality on his counsellors, not because they were descended from the ancient fathers of the senate, but because they were the fathers of the republic or of the empire. This dignity in time became the highest of the empire. Justinian calls it summam dignitatem. PATRICIAN was also a title of honor often conferred on men of the first quality in England, in the time of the Anglo-Saxon kings. See THANE. PATRICIAN DEITIES, PATRICI DI, 1 mythology, were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, Pluto. Bacchus, the sun, the moon, and the earth. PATRICIANS, in ecclesiastical writers, were ancient sectaries, who disturbed the peace of the church in the beginning of the third century: thus called from their founder Patricius, preceptor of a Marcionite called Symmachus. His distinguishing tenet was, that the substance of the flesh is not the work of God, but that of the devil; on which account his adherents bore an implacable hatred to their own flesh; which sometimes carried them so far as to kill themselves. They were also called Tatianites, and made a branch of the Encratitæ. PATRICK (Peter), a native of Thessalonica, who was sent by the emperor Justinian I. ambassador to Amalasuntha, queen of the Goths, A.D. 534; and in 550 to Chosroes, king of Persia, to conclude a peace. On his return he was appointed mayor of the palace. He wrote a work, entitled The History of Ambassadors, part of which is extant, and was published in the Collection of Byzantine Historians; in 1648, folio. PATRICK (Simon), D. D., a learned English bishop, born at Gainsborough in Lincolnshire in 1626. In 1644 he was admitted into Queen's College, Cambridge, and entered into holy orders. After being for some time chaplain to Sir Walter St. John, and vicar of Battersea, in Surry, he was made rector of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, London. In 1678 he was made dean of Peterborough where he was much beloved. During the reign of king James II. he boldly preached and wrote against the church of Rome. In 1689 he was appointed bishop of Chichester, and was employed with others of the new bishops to settle the affairs of the church in Ireland. In 1691 he was translated to the see of Ely. He died in 1707, after having published various works; among which the most distinguished are Paraphrases and Commentaries on the Holy Scriptures, 3 vols. folio. 2. Tracts against Popery; 3. Sermons; 4. History of the Church of Peterborough. PATRICK (St.), commonly styled the apostle of Ireland, and second bishop of that country. Ee was born A. D. 373, at Kirk-l'atrick, near Dumbarton, now in Scotland, but then comprehended under Britain. His baptismal name, Suceath, signifies, in the British language, valiant in war. On some inroad of certain exiles from Ireland, he was taken prisoner, and carried into that kingdom, where he continued six years in the service of Milcho, who had bought him, when Patrick acquired the new name of Cothraig, or Ceathur-Tigh, i. e. four families. In this time he made himself master of the Irish language, and at last made his escape, and returned home on board a ship. About two years after he formed a design of converting the Irish. To qualify himself for this, he travelled to the continent, where he continued thirty-five years, pursuing his studies under his mother's uncle, St. Martin, bishop of Tours, who had ordained him deacon; and after his death with St. Gerinain, bishop of Auxerre, who ordained him priest, and gave him his third name, Mawn or Maginim. Pope Celestine consecrated him bishop, and gave him his most familiar name, Patricius, expressive of his honorable descent, and to give lustre and weight to the commission which he now charged him with to convert the Irish. Patrick landed in the country of the Evolein, or at Wicklow, A. D. 441. His first convert was Sinell, the eighth in descent from Cormac king of Leinster. He then proceeded to Dublin, and thence to Ulster, where he founded a church (afterwards the famous abbey of Saul, in the county of Down),remarkable for its position, and being made out of a barn. After laboring seven years indefatigably in his great work, he returned to Britain, which he is said to have delivered from the heresies of Pelagius and Arius; engaged several eminent persons to assist him; visited the Isle of Man, which he converted in 440, when the bishopric was founded; and, A. D. 448, returned to the see of Armagh, which he had founded in 445; and in thirteen years more completed the conversion of the whole island. After giving an account of his commission at Rome, he once more returned to Ireland, and spent the remainder of his life between the monasteries of Armagh and Saul, superintending and enforcing the doctrine and discipline which he had established. After having established schools, he died at Saul abbey, aged 120, March 17, A. D. 493, and was afterwards buried at Down, in the same grave with St. Bridget and St. Columb. His genuine works were collected and printed by Sir James Ware, 1656. His inmediate successor in this see was St. Binen or Begnus. PATRICK, ST., ORDER Or, an institution which took place in Ireland in 1783. On the 5th of February, 1783, the king ordered letters patent to be passed under the great seal of the kingdom of Ireland, for creating a society or brotherhood, to be called knights of the illustrious order of St. Patrick, of which his majesty, his heirs, and successors, shall perpetually be sovereigns, and his majesty's lieutenant-general and general governor of Ireland, &c., for the time being, shall officiate as grand-masters; and also for appointing prince Edward, and several of the chief nobility of Ireland, knights companions of the said illustrious order. PATRICK, a county of Virginia, bounded north by Franklin county, east by Henry county, south by North Carolina, and north-west by Grayson and Montgomery county. PATRIMONIO DI S. PIETRO, the name of a province in the west of Italy, belonging to the Papal states. It lies to the north-west of Rome, and is in length about forty-five miles; in breadth thirty-five. Its chief towns are Civita Vecchia on the coast; Viterbo in the interior; and Bolsena towards its northern limit. It is in general fertile, and was the earliest possession of the bishop of Rome, the grant of it having been originally made by the emperor Constan |