spirited expostulation with the magistrates; their journey through Amphipolis and Apollonia, to Thessalonica and Berea; the tumults raised by the Jews against them in these cities; Paul's voyage to Athens, A. D. 52; his disputes there with the philosophers; his defence before the Areopagus; the conversion of Dionysius and Damaris; his Journey to Corinth, where he continued eight months, and whence, or from Athens, he wrote his two epistles to the Thessalonians; his accusation before Gallio, and acquittal; his voyage to Ephesus, Cæsarea, and Jerusalem; his journey through Antioch, Galatia, Phrygia, and the higher provinces of Asia; his return to Ephesus, where he continued three years, from A. D. 54 to 57, wrote his epistle to the Galatians, and performed many miracles; and where he says, he also fought with beasts, but whether literally in the amphitheatre, in consequence of a sentence of the heathen magistrates, or whether the expression is only a metaphorical allusion to the trouble he had with Demetrius and the silver-smiths, commentators are not agreed; his journey after this to Philippi in Macedonia, along with Timothy, whence he wrote his two epistles to the Corinthians; thence to Achaia, Corinth, Assos, Mitylene, Miletus, Coos, Rhodes, Patara, Tyre, Ptolemais, and Casarea, where he met with Philip the evangelist, and the prophet Agabus, who foretold his future sufferings; his journey thence to Jerusalem, where, by the advice of St. James, he took the vow of a Nazarite; the riot raised in the temple against him by the Jews; his rescue from their fury by Lysias; his unjust treatment by Ananias the high priest; the division between the Pharisees and Sadducees respecting him; the bloody vow of the Jewish assassins to murder him; his transmission to Felix by Lysias; his accusation by Tertullus, and his animated defence; the injustice of Felix; Paul's spirited oration before Festus and Agrippa; its effect upon the latter; Paul's appeal to Cæsar, and consequent voyage from Adramyttium over the seas of Cilicia and Pamphylia, to Myra, and thence to Crete; the storm of fourteen days; the shipwreck on the coast of Malta; the cure of Publius, &c.; Paul's re-embarkation and voyage to Syracuse, Rhegium, and Puteoli, with his final arrival at Rome, and reception there by his countrymen, are all fully recorded by St. Luke, in the Acts of the Apostles, from chap. ix. to xxviii. Paul dwelt for two whole years at Rome, from A. D. 61 to 63, in a hired lodging; where he received all that came to him, preaching the religion of Jesus Christ without intermission. His captivity contributed greatly to the advancement of religion: for he converted several persons even of the emperor's court.-Philip. i. 12-18, and iv. 22. The Christians of Philippi, hearing that St. Paul was a prisoner at Rome, sent Epaphroditus to him, with money, to assist him in their name. Phil. ii. 25. Epaphroditus fell sick at Rome; and when he went back to Macedonia the apostle sent by him his Epistle to the Philippians. It is not known by what means St. Paul was delivered from prison, but it is certain that he was set at liberty, after having been two years a prisoner at Rome. He wrote VOL. XVI.

also, during this imprisonment, his Epistles to Philemon and the Colossians. He travelled over Italy; and, according to some of the fathers, passed into Spain; then into Judea; went to Ephesus, and there left Timothy (Heb. xiii. 24, and 1 Tim. i. 3); preached in Crete, and there fixed Titus, to cultivate the church in that place. Probably he might also visit the Philippians (Phil. i. 23, 26, and ii. 24); and it is believed that it was from Macedonia that he wrote the First Epistle to Timothy. Some time after he wrote to Titus, whom he had left at Crete; desiring him to come to Nicopolis, whence probably he sent this letter. The year following, that is, A. D. 65, he went into Asia, and came to Troas (2 Tim. iv. 13). Thence he went to visit Timothy at Ephesus, and from that to Miletus. (2 Tim. iv. 20.) Lastly, he went to Rome; and St. Chrysostom says that it was reported, that having converted a cup-bearer and a concubine of Nero, this so provoked the emperor that he caused St. Paul to be apprehended and put in prison. It was in this last place of confinement that he wrote his Second Epistle to Timothy, which Chrysostom looks upon as the apostle's last testament. This great apostle is said to have at last consummated his martyrdom, the 29th of June, A. D. 66, by having his head cut off, at a place called the Salvian Waters. He was buried on the Via Ostia.

PAUL, first bishop of Narbonne, or Sergius Paulus the proconsul, converted and made bishop by St. Paul, was descended from one of the best families of Rome. The Spaniards venerate him as their apostle; and say that he died a martyr at Narbonne.

PAUL III. (Pope), whose original name was Alexander Farnese, was born in 1467, and elected pope in 1534. He established the inquisition, approved of the society of the Jesuits, and acted with great violence against Henry VIII. of England. The famous council of Trent was held in his reign. He died in 1549, aged eighty-two.

PAUL IV. (Pope), whose original name was John Peter Caraffa, was born in 1475. He was a learned man, and wrote on the Creed, and other subjects; but was very violent against the reformers. He was elected pope in 1555, when he was eighty, and died in 1559.

PAUL V. (Pope), was born in 1552, in Rome; was first clerk of the chamber, and afterwards nuncio to Clement VIII. in Spain, who made him a cardinal. He was elected pope on the 16th May, 1605, after Leo. XI. The ancient quarrel between the secular and ecclesiastical jurisdictions, which formerly had occasioned much bloodshed, revived in his reign. The senate of Venice had condemned by two decrees, The new foundations of monasteries made without their concurrence; and, The alienation of the estates both ecclesiastical and secular. The first decree passed in 1603, and the second in 1605. About this time a canon and abbot, accused of rapine and murder, were arrested by order of the senate, and delivered over to the secular court; which gave great offence to the court of Rome. Clement VIII. took no notice of the affair; but Paul V., who had managed the Genoese upon a similar occasion, hoped that the Venetians would

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be equally plant. But the senate maintained that they held their power to make laws of God only; and therefore refused to revoke their decrees, and deliver up the ecclesiastical prisoners to the nuncio. Paul, provoked at this behaviour, excommunicated the doge and senate; and threatened to put the whole state under an interdict if satisfaction was not given him within twenty-four hours. The senate protested against this menace, and forbad the publication of it in their dominions. A number of pamphlets were published on both sides. The Capuchins, Theatins, and Jesuits, were the only religious orders who observed the interdict. The senate shipped them all off for Rome, and banished the Jesuits for ever. Meantime Paul was preparing to make the refractory republic submit to his tyranny by force of arms. He levied troops against the Venetians; but at length had recourse to Henry IV. to settle the differences; who soon brought about a reconciliation. His ambassadors at Rome and Venice began the negociation, and cardinal de Joyeuse finished it in 1607. Paul was strongly solicited to make the immaculate conception of the holy virgin an article of faith, but he only prohibited the contrary doctrine to be publicly taught. He afterwards embellished Rome, and collected the works of the most eminent painters and engravers. He brought water into the city by an aqueduct thirty-five miles long. He completed the frontispiece of St. Peter, and the magnificent palace of Mount Cavallo. He also restored and repaired several ancient monuments. His pontificate was honored with several illustrious embassies. The kings of Japan, and other Indian princes, sent ambassadors to him; and he sent missionaries, and founded bishoprics in their countries. He showed the same attention to the Maronites and other eastern Christians. He also sent legates to different orthodox princes. He died 28th January 1621, aged sixty-nine; after having confirmed the French oratory, the Ursulines, the Order of Charity, and some other institutions. He enjoined all the religious in the prosecution of their studies to have regular professors for Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic.

PAUL (Father), whose name, before he entered into the monastic life, was Peter Sarpi, was born at Vienna, August 14th, 1552. His father was a merchant, who died leaving his family unprovided for, but the son's abilities rendered him, under the tuition of a maternal uncle, master of languages and science at a very early age. At fourteen he took the habit of the order of the Servites, and at twenty-two was made a priest. After passing successively through the dignities of his order, he was chosen provincial for Venice at twenty-six years of age; and discharged this post with such honor, that in 1579 he was appointed, with two others, to draw up new regulations and statutes. This he executed with great success; and, when his office of provincial was expired, he retired to the study of experimental philosophy and anatomy, in which he is said to have made some useful discoveries. In the dispute between the pope and the senate of Venice, his controversial writings irritated the papal court so highly, that they hired assassins to mur

der him, but he escaped with severe wounds. This, and other attempts upon his life, obliged him to confine himself to his convent, where he engaged in writing the History of the Council of Trent, on which, and other works of less consequence, he spent the remaining part of his life. He died on the 14th of January, 1623. He was buried with great pomp at the public expense; and a magnificent monument was erected to his memory.

PAUL, in naval affairs, is a short bar of wood or iron, fixed close to the capstern or windlass of a ship, to prevent those engines from rolling back or giving way, when they are employed to heave in the cable, or otherwise charged with any great effort.

PAUL'S (St.), a town and district of Brasil, about twelve leagues from the sea, and 190 miles west of Rio Janeiro. The town stands on an eminence of about two miles in extent, surrounded on three sides by meadow land, and washed at the base by rivulets, which in rainy weather insulate it, except on the narrow ridge by which it is connected with the high land. The rivulets flow into a large stream called the Tieti, which runs within a mile of the town, and are crossed south-west by several bridges of stone and wood. The streets are in general remarkably clean, and the material with which they are paved is said literally to contain particles of gold, that are found in the chinks and hollows after heavy rains. Here are several squares, two convents, three monasteries, and eight churches, the greater part of which, as well as of the whole town, is built of clay beaten into a frame-work of wood. The principal houses are two or three stories high, and stuccoed in various colors. Mr. Mawe mentions that he saw some of these clay houses that had lasted 200 years. He speaks highly of this capital and its inhabitants.

A little coarse cotton is spun by the hand, and woven into cloth for wearing apparel, sheets, &c.; but here are few manufactures of consequence. They also make a beautiful network for hammocks, which are fringed with lace, and form, being slung low, an elegant piece of furniture: the making of lace is a general employment for females. Here are many apothecaries and small dealers who make large sums of money; silver-smiths, whose articles are equally indifferent both in metal and workmanship; tailors and shoemakers in great numbers; and joiners, who manufacture very beautiful wood at high prices. In the outskirts live a number of Creoles, who manufacture earthenware for culinary purposes, large jars, &c. The greatest proportion of the inhabitants, however, consist of agriculturalists, who cultivate small portions of land, on which they breed large stocks of pigs and poultry. The markets are also well supplied with fruit, and a profusion of esculen. plants. The gardens in the vicinity are laid out with great taste and elegance. The jasmine is every where a favorite tree, and in this fine climate bears flowers perennially: carnations, pinks, passionflowers, cocks-combs, &c., are also in great plenty.

The town is said to have been founded in the year 1570, by some malefactors who were transported from Portugal. This, however, is not the

case. It was founded by a colony of Jesuits, and chosen more from the gold which abounded in the neighbourhood, than from the salubrity of the air and climate. The country around, however, has for more than a century been ex- · hausted of this metal. The inhabitants, according to Mr. Mawe, amount to 20,000; the clergy, including all religious orders, to 500. They are in general free from bigotry; so that no stranger would be molested here on account of his religious opinions: the climate is also mild and temperate, the thermometer ranging from 50° to 80°. In the morning it may be observed at 48°; and it is lower in the winter months. Mr. Mawe was obliged to exhibit his license twice in the course of his journey to this place; the city being seldom visited by foreigners, and the passes being guarded with soldiers, who have authority to stop and search all passengers, in order to prevent them from carrying off gold or diamonds. His appearance excited considerable curiosity among all classes: but he was well received and hospitably entertained. 190 miles west of Rio Janeiro.

The province of St. Paul stretches along the coast about 400 miles, and is about 500 in depth. It is connected, as well as the above city, with the history of the singular republic of this name; and is bounded to the west by the great river Parana, which separates it from the Spanish province of Paraguay; on the south by the Iguazu, and a line drawn from this river to the small river St. Francisco, and down to its mouth. It is one of the most fertile and delightful provinces of South America. The great range of mountains which here runs along the coast on the western side, is a vast inclined plain, down which some of the largest branches of the Parana flow into that immense river. The western slope is so gentle as scarcely to be perceptible, and, although not level, it can hardly be considered hilly or mountainous. On the eastern side the ascent is very steep; the road from Santos to St. Paul ascends a mountain 6000 feet high, and is perhaps the most considerable work of this description in Brasil. From this point, however, in following the mountains to the southward, they gradually retire from the coast, leaving a broken country between them and the sea, through which the Paraiba of the south takes its course. Between these mountains and the coast an extraordinary number of cataracts and cascades are formed, by the waters which are precipitated down the eastern side. The navigation of the rivers on the western side is also impeded by a great number of falls and rapids; but the intervals between the portages are navigated by large perogues, such as are used on our western waters, made out of the single trunks of trees, of which there is an abundance on their banks, of a prodigious size. The river Tiete, which rises near the city of St. Paul, is generally used as the channel of communication to the mines of Matto Grosso. After descending to the Parana, they continue down its stream to the mouth of the Pardo, which enters from the west, and up this river to the foot of a chain of mountains, which they cross to the river Taquari, which flows into the river Paraguay, above the Spanish

possessions. The inhabitants of St. Paul took advantage of this route at an early period, for the purpose of committing depredations ou the numerous Indian tribes settled on that river.

The climate is probably the most pleasant in Brasil. Though nearer the equator than the provinces of La Plata, the disadvantage is more than counterbalanced by its height; the commencement of the slope is 6000 feet above the sea, and 2000 feet above the inferior limit for the cultivation of European grain. The thermometer descends as low as 40°, though it rarely rises above 80°. In the evenings it is sometimes so cold as to render necessary a change of clothes, and to make use of brazeros (a kind of pan filled with embers, used by Spaniards and Portuguese, instead of fire-places and chimneys). In the vicinity of the capital the tropical fruits are not in as great perfection as they are on the sea coast, but, in lieu of these, all the European fruits, apples, grapes, peaches, are uncommonly fine. This delightful country may be considered as still in a state of wilderness, and inhabited by a number of savage tribes towards the Parana, who are continually at war with the Portuguese, and retain the same ferocity as when the country was first settled. They must finally disappear before the march of civilisation. The principal port of Santo is said to be safe and commodious; but being merely the entrepot to St. Paul, as Laguira is to Caraccas, the town is inconsiderable.

The history of the inhabitants of St. Paul occupies one of the most conspicuous pages in American annals; their character has been variously represented, and generally little to their advantage. Charlevoix, and all the Jesuits, represent them in the most unfavorable light, and they have been spoken of by most writers as barbarians, possessing enough of civilisation to render them formidable, as well as mischievous. They have been also represented as forming a kind of military republic, like that of early Rome, composed of outcasts and adventurers from all countries, under a nominal subjection to the Portuguese, in virtue of which they paid a small tribute of gold and diamonds. A Portuguese writer has undertaken to vindicate their character from these imputations. Mr. Mawe places them above all the people he saw in Brasil, for their highly polished manners, and manly frankness of character, traits by which they are every where distinguished; but he does not reflect, that a century, or even half a century, might produce a very material change in their character. The accounts given of these people, as well as of their enemies the Jesuits, by Dr. Southey, is certainly the most fair and satisfactory. We abstract the substance of it.

The celebrated republic of St. Paul, as it is usually denominated, had its rise about the year 1531, from a very inconsiderable beginning. A mariner of the name of Ramalho, having been shipwrecked on this part of the coast, was received among a small Indian tribe called the Piratininga, after the name of their chief. Here he was found by De Sousa, some years afterwards, and, contrary to the established policy, of permitting no settlement excepting immedi

ately on the sea coast, he allowed this man to remain, on account of his having intermarried and having a family. The advantages of this establishment were such that permission was soon after given to others to settle here, and, as the adventurers intermarried with the natives, their numbers increased rapidly. Romalho also allied himself with one of the chief of the Goaynazes by marrying his daughter; for it seems he had conformed to the Indian custom of polygamy. A mixed race was formed, possessing a compound of civilised and uncivilised manners and customs. The Jesuits soon after established themselves with a number of Indians they had reclaimed, and exerted a salutary influence in softening and humanising the growing colony. In 1581 the seat of government was removed from St. Vincent on the coast to St. Paul's; but its subjection to Portugal was little more than nominal; cut off from all communication, and almost inaccessible, but little notice was taken of it. The mixture produced an improved race; 'the European spirit of enterprise,' says Southey, developed itself in constitutions adapted to the country. But it is much more likely that the free and popular government which they enjoyed produced the same fruits here as in every other country; a restless spirit of enterprise and emulation among each other; the mother of great qualities, but, without a well ordered government, the good was not likely to outweigh the bad. They soon quarrelled with the Jesuits, on account of the Indians whom they had reduced to slavery. The Jesuits declaimed against the practice; but as there were now many wealthy families among the Paulistas, the greater part of whose fortunes consisted in their Indians, it was not heard with patience. The Paulistas first engaged in war against the enemies of their allies, and afterwards on their own account, on finding it advantageous. They established a regular trade with the other provinces whom they supplied with Indian slaves. They by this time acquired the name of Mamelukes, from the peculiar military discipline they adopted, bearing some resemblance to the Mamelukes of Egypt. The revolution in Portugal, when Philip II. of Spain placed himself on its throne, cast the Paulistas in a state of independence, as they were the only settlement of Brasil, which did not acknowledge the new dynasty. From the year 1580, until the middle of the following century, they may be regarded as a republic, and it was during this period they displayed that active and enterprising character for which they were so much celebrated. They discovered and worked the gold mines of Jaragua near St. Paul's; they established colonies in the interior at the numerous mines which they discovered; and their exploring parties were sometimes absent for years, engaged in wandering over this vast country. While a Spanish king occupied the throne of Portugal, they attacked the Spanish settlements on the Paraguay, alleging that the Spaniards were encroaching on their territory, and destroyed the Spanish towns of Villa Rica, Ciudad Real, and Villa de Xerez, besides a number of small settlements. They attacked the Jesuit missions, which by the most extraordinary perseverance, after repeated trials during 100

years, had been at last established. As they had fixed themselves east of the Parana, the Paulistas laid hold of this as a pretext. They carried away upwards of 2000 of their Indians into captivity, the greater part of whom were sold and distributed as slaves. The Jesuits complained to the king of Spain and to the pope; the latter fulminated his excommunication. The Paulistas attacked the Jesuits in their college, and put their principal to death, expelled the remainder, and set up a religion of their own; at least no longer acknowledged the supremacy of the pope. In consequence of the interruption of the African trade during the Dutch war, the demand for Indian slaves was very much increased. The Paulistas redoubled their exertions, and traversed every part of the Brasils in armed troops, to the great terror of the Indians; who were on some of the principal rivers numerous, and established in villages. The foundation was laid of enmity to the Portuguese, which continues to this day, although a complete stop was put to the infamous practice in the year 1756.

This little republic, like all others, was continually distracted by internal factions. Two families, the Piratiningo and the Thaubatenos, were continually struggling for a monopoly of power, and at one time actually engaged in a civil war; but a reconciliation was brought about by the interposition of some ecclesiastics, who proposed that the governor should be alternately elected from the members of the rival families. This continued for nearly a century. When the house of Braganza, in 1640, ascended the throne, the Paulistas, instead of acknowledging him, conceived the idea of electing a king for themselves. They actually elected a distinguished citizen of the name of Bueno, who persisted in refusing to accept, upon which, they were induced to acknow ledge Joam IV. It was not until long afterwards, that they came under the Portuguese government.

PAUL'S, BAY OF ST., on the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, runs about three miles inland, and is thirty-five miles below the island of Orleans. From the capes Corbeau and LaBaire, which form the exterior points of the bay, the ridges of high lands describe a circuit before they close upon the river. Their lofty and craggy summits form a grand back ground, in the form of an amphitheatre, where is situated the St. Paul's Bay settlement.

PAUL'S ISLAND (St.), an island in the strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton. It is about fifteen miles north-east of North Cape, in Cape Breton. Long. 60° 2′ W., lat. 47° 15′ N.

PAULA, a learned Roman lady, who flou rished in the fourth century. She was descended from the Scipios and the Gracchi, and added to the brightest qualities of the mind the virtues of Christianity. She was well versed in the Hebrew Scriptures, and was the intimate friend of St. Jerome. She died A. D. 407.

PAULEE, a town of the province of Ajmeer, one of the greatest commercial marts in Hindostan. Here the merchants exchange the commodities of Europe, Persia, and the Dekkan, for those of the Cashmere and the eastern and northern parts of Hindostan.

PAULEE, PAULEIGUR, or Surgusgur, a fortress