mitted a pupil in the chemical laboratory of the French College, when very young, and gave early proofs of genius. He studied five years under the celebrated professor Darcet, and at twentyone years of age published Observations on the Arsenical Acid. After this his discoveries and publications becaine numerous : on the crystallisation of sulphur, cinnabar and the deliquescent salts; on zeolites; on the oxygenated muriatic acid; on æthers, phosphorus, the phosphoric acid, &c. But during his operations on that most astonishing production of chemistry phosphorus, he burned himself so dangerously, that he was confined to bed for six months. On his recovery, he began his analysis of the plumbagos of various countries: and, during his analysis of the carbonate of barytes, discovered by experiments on various animals that this earth is a true poison. He also analysed strontian, verditer, &c. &c., and was going on successfully with his chemical experiments, when he at last fell a sacrifice to his thirst after science, by respiring the oxygenated muriatic gas till it had almost killed him instantaneously; but, though he recovered for the moment, it induced a convulsive asthma, and pulmonary consuinption, which cut him off in the flower of his age; and he died at Paris, July 21st, 1797. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. PELLEW'S (Sir Edward), ISLANDS, a group of islands on the north coast of New Holland, and west shore of the gulf of Carpentaria. They extend thirty-four miles east and west, by twentytwo north and south: the five principal islands being from seven to seventeen miles in length. They are of a hard close grained sand-stone, with a small mixture of quartz, slightly impregnated with iron. Where the surface is not bare rock, it is sand, with a small proportion of vegetable soil, in no case approaching to fertility. The larger islands are, however, covered with trees, bushes, and in some low places with grass. In the larger islands traces of the kangaroo and turtle tracks are to be seen. The names of them are Vanderlin's, North-West, South-West, and Centre Islands. Lat. of Centre Island 15° 39′ south.

PELLEW, CAPE, the northern point of an isand of Sir Edward Pellew's group, in the gulf of Carpentaria, called North Island. Long.

137° 2' E., lat. 16° 30′ 30′′ S.

PELLICLE, n. s. Lat. pellicula. A thin skin or film.

After the discharge of the fluid, the pellicle must be broke. Sharp. PELLICLE, among physicians, denotes a thin film or fragment of a membrane.

PELLISON, or PELISSON FONTANIER (Paul), an author of the seventeenth century, was born at Beziers in 1624, and educated in the Protestant religion. In 1652 he purchased the post of secretary to the king, and in 1657 became first deputy to M. Fouquet. He suffered by the disgrace of that minister; and in 1661 was confined in the Bastile, whence he was not discharged till 1665. During his confinement he applied himself to the study of controversy; and in 1670 abjured the Protestant religion. Louis XIV. rewarded him with an annual pension of 2000

crowns, and several posts. In 1676 he had the abbey of Giment, and some years after the priory of St. Orens at Auch. He died at Versailles in 1693. His principal works are 1. The History of the French Academy. 2. Reflections on Religious Disputes, &c., in four vols. 12mo. 3. The History of Louis XIV. 4. Historical Letters and Miscellanies in three vols. 12mo.

PELLITORY, BASTARD, PELLITORY, DOUBLE. Two species of achillæa.

PELLITORY OF SPAIN. See ANTHEMIS. PELLITORY OF SPAIN, FALSE, a species of chrysanthemum.

PELLITORY, TREE. See ZANTHOXYLUM. PE'LLMELL, adv. Fr. pelle melle; Lat. pello and miscella. Confusedly; tumultuously; with confused violence.

When we have dashed them to the ground,
Then defie each other; and pell-mell
Make work upon ourselves.

Shakspeare. King John.

Never yet did insurrection want
Such moody beggars, starving for a time
Of pell-mell havock and confusion.

Shakspeare.

He knew when to fall on pell mell, To fall back and retreat as well. Hudibras. After these senators have in such manner, as your grace hath heard, battered episcopal government, with their paper-shot, then they fall pell-mell upon the service-book.

White.

PELLS, n. s. Lat. pellis, pell, a record. Rolls or records of the Exchequer.

Clerk of the pells, an officer belonging to the exchequer, who enters every teller's bill into a parchment roll called pellis acceptorum, the roll of receipts; and also makes another roll called pellis exituum, a roll of the disbursements. Bailey.

PEL'LUCID, adj. Lat. pellucidus. Clear; transparent; not opaque.

The air is a clear and pellucid menstruum, in which the insensible particles of dissolved matter float, without troubling the pellucidity of the air; when on a sudden by a precipitation they gather into visible misty drops that make clouds. Locke.

We consider their pellucidness, and the vast quantity of light that passes through them without re

flection.

Keill.

The colours are owing to the intermixture of foreign matter, with the proper matter of the stones, the colours of several whereof may be exstone this is the case of agates and other coloured tracted, and the bodies rendered as pellucid as crystal, without sensibly damaging the texture.

Woodward.

If water be made warm in any pellucid vessel emptied of air, the water in the vacuum will bubble and boil as vehemently as it would in the open air in a vessel set upon the fire, till it conceives a much greater heat. Newton's Opticks.

PELOPEIA, in fabulous history, the daughter of THYESTES, and mother, by him, of GISTHUS. See these articles.

PELOPIA, a festival observed by the Eleans in honor of Pelops. A ram was sacrificed on the occasion, which both priests and people were prohibited from partaking of, on pain of excommunication from Jupiter's temple; the neck only was allotted to the officer who provided wood for the sacrifice. This officer was called uɛve; and white poplar was the only wood made use of at this solemnity.

PELOPIDAS, the son of Hippoclus, a celebrated general of Thebes, in Baotia. He was descended of an illustrious family, and had immense riches, which he distributed with uncommon liberality among the poor citizens. He was the intimate friend of Epaminondas; and these two patriots, by their valor and public spirit, raised theic country to a degree of importance and glory, that it never enjoyed before or after them. Thebes had been for some time under the government of Spartan tyrants, who exiled Pelopidas and the other friends of Theban independence; but Pelopidas returned from Athens, with a chosen band of twelve other exiled Thebans, who killed the Spartan tyrants, and restored liberty to their country. The Thebans then elected him governor of Baotia, and associated Epaminondas with him; and these two great men immortalised their names by the decisive victory at Leuctra. In a war which the Thebans afterwards carried on against Alexander, tyrant of Phera, Pelopidas was appointed commander, but had nearly lost his life, by trusting himself unarmed in the tyrant's camp. Though in the character of an ambassador, he was seized as a prisoner, but rescued by Epaminondas. He was afterwards killed in a battle with the same tyrant, though his troops obtained the victory, A.A.C. 364; but his death was amply revenged by the Thebans, who took Pheræ, and killed the tyrant. Statues of brass were erected, and every other mark of respect paid to the memory of Pelopidas; and his children were endowed with a large territory of land.Xenoph. Plut. C. Nep. Diod. Polyb.

PELOPONNESIAN WAR, Peloponnesiacum bellum, a famous war, which lasted twenty-seven years between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus, with their respective allies, and which ended in the overthrow of the Athenian republic, and its subjection to thirty tyrants. It is the most interesting of all the wars which happened among the inhabitants of ancient Greece. See ATTICA.

PELOPONNESUS, a large peninsula in the south of Greece; so called, from Pelopis veros, or insula, though properly not an island, but a peninsula; yet wanting but little to be one, viz. the isthmus of Corinth, ending in a point.-Dionysius. It was anciently called Apia and Pelasgia; and is situated between the Egean and Ionian Seas, and resembles a plantain leaf, by its angular recesses or bays.-Plin, Strabo, Mela. Strabo adds, from Homer, that one of its ancient names was Argos, with the epithet Achaicum, to distinguish it from Thessaly, called Pelasgium. It was divided into six parts; viz. Argolis, Laconica, Messenia, Elis, Achaia,

and Arcadia.-Mela. It is now called the Morea. It comprehended the most southern parts of Greece; and was 200 miles long, and 140 broad.

PELOPS, in fabulous history, the son of Tantalus king of Phrygia. In his infancy he was murdered by his father, cut in pieces, and served up as a feast to the gods, to try their divine omniscience. None of them however eat of him, but Ceres, who eat one of his shoulders. Jupiter restored him to life, and gave him an

ivory shoulder, which had the miraculous power of healing all diseases by its touch; and he punished the impiety of Tantalus, by condemning him to eternal hunger and thirst, in the view of excellent food and drink in hell. Pelops afterwards went into Elis, where he became a suitor of Hippodamia, the daughter of Oenomaus, king of Pisa, who, being warned by an oracle that he would perish by the hands of his son-in-law, and being himself an excellent charioteer, refused to marry her to any person but the man who should overcome him in a chariot race. The previous condition being that those whom he defeated were to forfeit their lives, thirteen young princes had already perished. Pelops, however, ventured to compete with him, and having previously bribed Myrtilus, his charioteer, to mount him on an insufficient chariot, Oenomaus was killed in the course, but, with his last breath, requested Pelops to avenge him on Myrtilus; which he accordingly did, by throwing him into the sea, from him named Myrtoum Mare. Pelops then married Hippodamia, by whom he had Atreus, Thyestes, Pittheus, Troezen, &c. He afterwards became so powerful that all the territory of Greece beyond the isthmus of Corinth was from him named Peloponnesus. After his death he received divine honors, and was revered above all the other heroes of Greece. He had a temple at Olympia, erected by Hercules near that of Jupiter.

PELORIAS, PELORIS, OF PEIORUS, in ancient geography, one of the three capes of Sicily, now called Faro. It is said to have been so named from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carried Hannibal out of Italy, whom that general, when he found the tide driving the vessel into the straits of Charybdis, killed, on the supposition that he was going to betray him to the Romans; and therefore, to gratify his name, he named the cape after him.

PELT, n. s. Teut. peltze; Lat. pellis. Skin;

hide.

The camel's hair is taken for the skin or pelt with the hair upon it. Browne's Vulgar Errours. A scabby tetter on their pelts will stick, When the raw rain has pierced them to the quick. Dryden.

PEIT, v. a.

Fr. peloter; from German

bably as Lye suggests contracted from PELLET. PELTING, adj. § poltern. Skinner. More proTo throw at; strike with something thrown; hence to annoy : pelting, therefore, is used by Shakspeare for paltry annoyance.

Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm! How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides, Your looped and windowed raggedness defend you Shakspeare.

Do but stand upon the foaming shore, The chiding billows seem to pelt the clouds. Id. Could great men thunder, Jove could ne'er be quiet; For every pelting petty officer Would use his heaven for thunder.

Id.

called the mountains; and the people distinguish the country with reference to the hills, the north side being called above the mountains, and the south side below. A considerable tract, consisting of the country which lies west of Milford Haven, and between that bay and St. George's Channel, is called by the Welsh Rhos, which signifies a green field. In this district a colony of Flemings settled, by the permission of Henry I., at the time when the sea had broke through the dykes of their own country, and had done incredible damage. This district was, in Camden's time, called Little England beyond Wales. Giraldus, speaking of the Flemish settled here, says, they are a stout resolute nation, very offensive to the Welsh by their frequent skirmishes: and observes that they were much inured to the clothing trade, and to merchandise; and ready to increase their stock by any labor and hazard, both by sea and land. The Flemings' Way or Road, a work performed by them, may be still seen extending through a long tract of ground. The Welsh, who were not well pleased with this colony, frequently attempted to drive them out by ravaging and spoiling their borders, but without success. The annotator upon Camde informs us, that all Wales with their united force have several times invaded their country, but the Flemings maintained their ground; and Rhos is still inhabited by their descendants, who may yet be distinguished by their speech and custom3. Mr. Malkin observes that Pembrokeshire has a very great extent of coast; and indeed it seems almost as if it were appended to the main land on the eastern side. The instances of longevity are numerous and remarkable, so that persons living to the age of ninety are by no means of rare occurrence. The country is much subject to rain, in which nature seems kindly to have provided for the dryness of the soil. Snow in ordinary seasons is seldom known to lie longer than a day near the coast. The mountains, however, in the north of the county have their full share. It is a circumstance which has been often noticed, but may be worth repeating, how curiously the woods, exposed to the south and west, are shorn by the winds from the sea. With the exception of a small tract towards the north, this is the most level part of Wales, and seems to bear a resemblance to the general face of English country, as close as the affinity of its inhabitants to the English people; so that it has been called Little England beyond Wales, as before observed. The practice of using surnames always prevailed here as in England; at least in the southern hundreds. The style of building in the towns is little if at all superior to that of Wales in general; but the cottages are good and comfortable. Animal food is much more in use than among the common people in the neighbouring counties, who live very much on the produce of the dairy. The churches of the English or Flemish hundreds afford a very pleasing contrast to those whose external meanness and internal deformity has been so frequently noticed here they are never seen without tower or spire, and are in general well kept, and adorned with decent monuments. In the places near the coast the defalcation from the simplicity of the Welsh

character is very apparent; and indeed there are few parts of the country where more dissolute manners seem to prevail than about Fisgard, Newport, and St. Dogmaels.

The great division of the county is into English and Welsh. There are about 144 parishe of these seventy-four are inhabited by the English, and sixty-four by the Welsh. The rest speak both languages, or rather neither. The country west of Kilgernow, Remais, and Dewis Land hundreds, is esteemed equal in purity to that of any other district. The English hundreds, four out of the seven, are those of Ross, CastleMartin, Narberth, and Dangleddy. In these two last, and in the western and northern parts of Ross hundred, the English and Welsh are mixed. It is far from being the fact that these two descriptions of people are so estranged from each other as never to intermarry. In all the English towns and villages of Pembrokeshire we find instances enough of English husbands and Welsh wives, or the reverse, to contradict at least the universality of a separation, in itself so highly unnatural. It is one of those strange tales which, having once gone abroad, is inadvertently ban died about by the very people of whom it is told. In former ages, when great animosities prevailed between the old and new settlers, they might probably stand aloof from each other; but after the tranquillity of centuries, that so unaccounta ble a reserve should continue among the inhabitants of a little district, not exceeding a square of thirty miles, under the same government and laws, frequenting the same weekly markets for the sale of their agricultural produce, and united by the same interests, is in itself improbable, and will be found to be a mistake, to the extent in which it is asserted. This mistaken idea derives its origin from Giraldus, when these puny rivals were continually at war. No doubt it was then true and from this source the notion was scat tered abroad in popular opinions and tales, which still keep their ground; while the original facts and circumstances that occasioned them have been vanishing gradually away. The result of more recent inquiries into the actual state of the two parties is, that though doubtless the subsisting diversity of language prevents that unrestrained intercourse which would otherwise be natural to near neighbours, and tends to perpe tuate the recollection of national rivalship, the accounts of absolute and unconquerable alienation, contained in many writers, are by far too highly colored. A similar but equally mistaken idea prevails respecting the difference of language in North and South Wales. It has been said that those who speak one dialect cannot understand the other. In truth they differ not so much from each other as the vulgar English dialects of Kent and Somersetshire. Their principal repugnance consists in the different idiomatic acceptations of words, referable to common roots. The same literary dialect is used by all writers, and is equally understood in all parts Wales.

of

The principal rivers of this county are the Teify, Cleddy, and Dougledge: the less considerable ones are the Gwain, Biran, Nefren, and Rudford. The Teify rises at Llyn Teife, in the

north-east part of Cardiganshire; and, running south-west, passes the towns of Tregaron, Llambeter, and Newcastle-in-Emlin; at the latter town, turning north-west, it soon afterwards enters this county at Maen, or Defy, and, forming its boundary on the north, passes the town of Cardigan, and unites with St. George's Channel at Kemmaes Head. The Cleddy rises in the north part of the county, in the Prescles Mountains, near Monachlogdu, and, running nearly south, passes within a short distance of Narberth; and, gently winding to the S. S. W., meets the West Cleddy at Llandshipping, and both united flow into Milford Haven, near Lawrenny. The Dougledge River rises in the west part of the county, to the north of Walwy's Castle, and running east is augmented by the waters of the Hiog, about a mile below Haverfordwest; here it turns to the south-east, and unites with the Cleddy opposite Llandshipping.

The sea coast is in general hilly, with steep or perpendicular cliffs. On tracing it from its north-east point, at the mouth of the Teify, the most remarkable place is Aberkibor Bay, formed by Cammaes Head on the north, and Pendrowry Head on the south, having in its centre the small fishing town of Penyrallt. Next succeeds Newport Bay, near which are the town of Newport and fishing-village of Eglwys Dinas. Fishguard Bay, formning a much better harbour than either of the above, next presents itself, which has near its centre the town of Fishguard, noted for its trade in herrings. Hence the coast running south-west winds round Stumble Head to that of St. David's, off which lies Ramsey Island, with a group of rocks called the Bishop and his Clerks, which are frequented in the breeding season by vast multitudes of sea-fowl, many of which are unknown in every other part of the island. The large bay of St. Bride's succeeds, forming a safe retreat for vessels in all winds but the west and south-west; and beyond some islands on its south side is the entrance to the celebrated Milford Haven and its branches. This justly admired harbour, indenting deeply the southern coast of this county, occupies a large space of it with its great basin and the various curving branches that contribute to form it, which are fed by some inconsiderable streams from the interior of the country. Few of these are dignified with any certain appellation, except the Hiog, though most of them suddenly become great estuaries from mere rivulets, united with the main basin as the claws are with the body of a crab, and equally sinuous. The Hiog rises near the village of St. Catherine, in the northwestern part of the county, not far from Fishguard, passing through the centre of the county, and forming a romantic dell for many miles before it reaches the capital town of Haverfordwest in its way to the south. It then becomes navigable, and, widening in its course, meets another branch of the Haven at Llandshipping Ferry, which, fed also by its creative stream, descends from the north-east beneath the groves of Slebatch and Picton Castle. A long winding course succeeds, till a third branch from Loveston in the north-east, and a fourth from the noble ruin of Carew Castle in the south-east, unite beneath VOL. XVI.

the elevated mansion, fine park, and rich woods of Lourenny, and form a second junction with this great body of water beneath their impending shades. Swelling into various bays, and studded with sails, this increased estuary inclines towards the west, being soon afterwards joined by a fifth branch, flowing from the ancient town and majestic bastions of Pembroke Castle. Here the grand basin opens, inclining chiefly to the west, but turning abruptly southward near its mouth, and appearing perfectly land-locked when viewed from within. The ports of Hubberston, Haikin, and Milford, occupy one of the many bays near the centre of this great sheet of water, which undoubtedly constitutes the most spacious harbour in the British Island.

The chief manufactures of this county consist of a cotton-mill, near Haverfordwest, which employs about 150 persons; an iron forge at Blackpool; and some iron and tin works on the Teify. This county sends three members to the imperial parliament, viz. one for the shire, one for the town of Pembroke, and one for the town of Haverfordwest. Pembroke, the county town, gives the title of earl to the family of Herbert: Haverfordwest the title of baron to the family of Dela-Poer-Beresford and Castle Martin the title of baron to the family of Campbell.

PEN, v. a. & n. s. (pret. and part. pass. pent). Sax. pennan and pindan. To coop; shut up; incage: a fenced or shut up place. Away with her, and pen her up. My heavy son

Shakspeare.

Id.

Id.

Private in his chamber pens himself. My father stole two geese out of a pen. The plaister alone would pen the humour already contained in the part, and forbid new humour.

Bacon.

The prevention of mischief is prescribed by the Jewish custom; they pen up their daughters, and permit them to be acquainted with none. Harvey. Their armour helped their harm, crushed in and bruised

Into their substance pent.

Milton.

Id.

Whom hunger drives to seek new haunts for prey,
As when a prowling wolf,
Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve
In hurdled cotes, amid the field secure,
Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold.
The glass, wherein it is penned up, hinders it to
deliver itself by an expansion of its parts. Boyle.
Ah! that your business had been mine,
Το pen the sheep.
Dryden.
She in pens his flocks will fold. Id. Horace.
The cook was ordered to dress capons for supper,
and take the best in the pen.
L'Estrange.

Ducks in thy ponds, and chickens in thy pens,
And be thy turkeys numerous as thy hens. King.
PEN, n. s. & v. a.
PEN'-KNIFE,
PEN'-MEN.

Lat. penna. An instrument of writing: to write: Sthe knife used for making or mending pens: penmen, those who write, or largely use the pen.

I hadde many thingis to write to thee, but I wolde not write to thee bi enke and penne, for I hope soone to see thee. Wiclif Jon. iii.

No longer might he in this wise endure, But prively a penner gan he borwe, And in a lettre wrote he all his sorwe. Chaucer. Cant. Tales. 3 B