is to be caught; but at other times they are drawn back into their cases, which are furnished at the end with spicule that close together round the entrance, and defend this tender part from external injuries. Dr. Bohadsch of Prague had an opportunity of observing one of those animals alive in the water, and he gives the following account of what he saw: A portion of the stern contracted, and became of a strong purple color, so as to have the appearance of a ligature round it; this apparent ligature, or zone, moved upwards and downwards successively through the whole length of the stem, as well the feathered as the naked part; it began at the bottom, and moving upwards to the other extremity, it there disappeared, and at the same instant appeared again at the bottom, and ascended as before; but as it ascended through the feathered or pinnated part it became paler. When this zone is much constricted, the trunk above it swells, and acquires the form of an onion; the constriction of the trunk gives the color to the zone, for the intermediate parts are paler in proportion as the zone becomes deeper. The end of the naked trunk is sometimes curved like a hook; and at its extremity there is a sinus or chink, which grows deeper while the purple ring is ascending, and shallower as it is coming down. The fins have four motions, upward and downward, backward and forward, from right to left, and from left to right. The fleshy filaments or claws move in all directions; and, with the cylindrical part from which they proceed, are sometimes protruded from the fins, and sometimes hidden with them. Upon dissecting this animal, the following phenomena were discovered :-When the trunk was opened lengthwise, a saltish liquor flowed out of it, so viscid as to hang down an inch. The whole trunk of the stem was hollow, the outward membrane being very strong, and about a tenth part of an inch thick; within this membrane appeared another much thinner; and between these two membranes, in the pinnated part of the trunk, innumerable little yellowish eggs, about the size of a white poppy seed, were seen floating in a whitish liquor; about three parts of the cavity within the inner membrane is filled by a kind of yellowish bone; this bone is about two inches and a half long, and one-twentieth of an inch thick; in the middle it is four square, but towards the ends it grows round and very taper, that end being finest which is next the pinnated part of the trunk. This bone is covered in its whole length with a clear yellowish skin, which at each end runs out into a ligament; one is inserted in the top of the pinnated trunk, and the other in the top of the naked trunk: by the help of the upper ligament, the end of the bone is either bent into an arch, or disposed into a straight line. The fins are composed of two skins; the outward one is strong and leathery, and covered over with a vast number of crimson streaks; the inner skin is thin and transparent: the suckers are also in the same manner composed of two skins, but the outer skin is something softer. Both the fins and suckers are hollow, so that the cavity of the suckers may communicate with those of the fins, as the cavity of the fins does with that of the trunk. Dr. VOL. XVI. Shaw, in his History of Algiers, says, these animals are so luminous in the water that in the night fishermen discover fishes swimming about in various depths of the sea by the light they give. From this extraordinary quality Linnæus calls this species of the sea pen pennatula phosphorea, and remarks, after giving the synonymes of other authors, Habitat in oceano fundum illuminans. Of all the pennatulæ yet known, this feather-shaped one, or, as it is called by others, the silver sea pen, is the largest, as well as the most specious in its appearance. It is of a beautiful silvery white, elegantly striated on each of the feather like processes with lines or streaks of the deepest black. It is very rare, and is a native of the Indian seas. There is a very fine specimen of this species in the British Museum. 6. P. reniformis, the kidney-shaped sea pen. The kidney-shaped sea pen was discovered some time ago on the coast of South Carolina, and sent to Mr. Ellis by John Gregg, esq., of Charlestown. It is of a fine purple color; the kidney part is about an inch from end to end, and about half an inch wide in the narrowest part; a tail proceeds from the middle of the body, which is roundish, and about an inch long; is also full of rings like an earth worm, and along the middle both of the upper and under part of it there is a small groove which runs from one end to the other, but there is no perforation at either extremity. The upper part of the body is convex, and about an inch thick; the whole surface is covered with small yellow starry openings, through which little suckers are protruded, each furnished with six tentacula, or filaments, like what are observed on some corals; the under part of the body is quite flat, and is full of ramifications of fleshy fibres, which proceeding from the insertion of the tail, as a common centre, branch out so as to communicate with the starry openings on the exterior edge and upper surface of the animal. 7. P. sagitta, the arrow pennatula. PENNELHEUGH, a hill of Roxburghshire, in Crailing parish; on the top of which are relics of a strong camp. PENNI (John Francis), born at Florence in 1488, was the disciple of Raphael, who, observing his genius and integrity, intrusted his domestic concerns entirely to his management; by which means he got the appellation of il fatore, or the steward. His genius was universal; but his greatest pleasure was in painting landscapes and buildings; he was an excellent designer, and colored well in oil, distemper, and fresco. He painted portraits exquisitely, and had such happy talents that Raphael left him heir to his fortune, in partnership with Romano his fellow disciple. Penni died at Naples in 1528. PENNI (Luke), brother of the above, worked at Genoa and other parts of Italy, with Del Vaga, who married his sister; he went thence to England, where he worked for Henry VIII., and was employed by Francis I. at Fontainbleau; but at last devoted himself to engraving. PENNINE ALPES, a division of the Alps.Liv. xxi. 38. See ALPS. PEN'NON, n.s. or color. Fr. pennon. A small flag 3 C Spenser. Washington Wayne 23 Washington. 12 Bethany. Westmoreland York 14 Greensburg. And, when the wind amongst them did inspire. They waved like a pennon wide dispred. Harry sweeps through our land With pennons painted in the blood of Harfleur. Shakspeare. High on his pointed lance his pennon bore, His Cretan fight, the conquered Minotaur. Dryden. PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United States of North America, bounded north by New York; east by the river Delaware, which separates it from New Jersey; south by Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; and west by Virginia and Ohio. It is 307 miles long, and 160 broad; containing about 44,000 square miles. Population, in 1790, 434,373; in 1800 602,545; and in 1810 810,091, of whom 795 were slaves, and 22,492 free blacks. The number of militia in 1817 amounted to 118,016. The counties, number of townships, and chief towns, are exhibited in the following table: 22 York. 651 There are three incorporated cities in this state, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, and Lancaster. Harrisburg is the seat of government. The other most considerable towns are Reading, Easton, Bethlehem, Carlisle, York, Germantown, Chambersburg, Columbia, Sunbury, Brownsville, Washington, &c. There are about fifty banks in this state, of which ten are at Philadelphia. Here is also a university, and colleges have been established at Carlisle, Lancaster, Canonsburg, Washington, and Meadville. There are respectable and flourishing Moravian schools at Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Litiz; and academies have been established at Allenstown, Beavertown, Bellefont, Bustletown, Chambersburg, Easton, Erie, Germantown, Greensburg, Griersburg, Meadville, Newtown, Norriston, Northumberland, Pittsburg, Union, Waterford, Wilkesbarre, York, and some other places. Provision has been made by the legislature for establishing an academy in every county. The congregations of the different denominations of Christians in Pennsylvania were stated, in 1816, to be in the following proportions:Presbyterians 186; German Calvinists ninetyfour, German Lutherans seventy-four; Friends fifty-five, Episcopalians twenty-six, Baptists fifteen, Roman Catholics fourteen, Scotch Presbyterians eight, Universalists one, Covenanters two, Methodists many, and two Jews' synagogues; amounting in all to about 500 religious societies. Some of these numbers are doubtless stated too low. From a statement made by the society of Friends, it appears that they have ninety-seven meetings in this state; and, according to the Baptist report, the number of Baptist churches is sixty. The inhabitants are principally descendants of the Welsh, English, Irish, Germans, and some Scotch, French, Swedes, and a few Dutch. The Germans are numerous; they consist of Lutherans, Calvinists, Moravians, Catholics, Menonists, &c.; and are distinguished for temperance, industry, and economy. The Swedish language is almost extinct, but the German prevails to a very considerable extent. There are now published in Pennsylvania eighty-four newspapers, of which fifteen are in German. Sir Walter Raleigh was the first adventurer that attempted to plant colonies on these shores, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. Mr. Hudson, an Englishman, sailing to that part of the coast which lies between Virginia and New England, in the reign of James I., and being about to make a settlement at the mouth of Hudson's River, the Dutch gave him a sum of money to dispose of his interest in this country to them. In 1608 they began to plant it; and, by virtue of this purchase, laid claim to all those countries which are now denominated New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; but, there remaining some part of this coast which was not planted by the Hollanders, the Swedes sent a fleet of ships thither, and took possession of it for that crown; but the Dutch, having a superior force in the neighbourhood, compelled the Swedes to submit to their dominion,allowing them, however, to enjoy the plantations they had settled. The English, not admitting that either the Dutch or Swedes had any right to countries first discovered and planted by a subject of England, and part of them at that time possessed by English subjects, under charter from queen Elizabeth and king James I. king Charles II. during the first Dutch war in 1664, granted New York, Jersey, and Pennsylvania, of which the Dutch had usurped the possession, to his brother James duke of York and Sir Robert Carr being sent over with a squadron of men of war and land forces, and summoning the Dutch governor of the city of New Amsterdam, now New York, to surrender, he yielded that capital to the English: and the rest of the places in the possession of the Dutch and Swedes followed his example; and these countries were confirmed to the English by the Dutch, at the next treaty of peace between the two nations. The duke of York afterwards parcelled them out to under proprietors; selling in particular, to William Penn the elder, in 1683, the town of Newcastle, alias Delaware, and a district of twelve miles round the same; to whom his heirs, and assigns, by another deed of the same date, he made over all that tract of land from twelve miles south of Newcastle to the Whorehills, otherwise called Cape Henlopen, now known by the name of the Three Lower Counties upon Delaware River. All the rest of the under-proprietors, some time after, surrendered their charters to the crown; whereby New York and the Jerseys became royal governments; but Penn retained that part of the country which had been sold to him by the duke of York, together with what had been granted to him before, in 1680, 1681, which now constitutes the State of Pennsylvania. As soon as Penn had got his patent, he began to plant the country. Those who went over from England were generally Dissenters and Quakers, whose religion is established by law here, but with full liberty to all other Protestant sects. The Dutch and Swedes, who were settled before Mr. Penn became proprietor, choosing still to reside in this country, as they did in New York and the Jerseys, obtained the same privileges as the rest of the king's subjects; and their descendants are now the same people, speaking their language and being governed by the same laws. Mr. Penn, however, not satisfied with the title granted him by king Charles II. and his brother, bought the lands also of the Indians for a valuable consideration, or what they esteemed such, paying them in cloth, tools, and utensils, to their entire satisfaction; for they had not hands to cultivate the 100th part of their lands, and, if they could have raised a product, there was nobody to buy: the purchase, therefore, was all clear gain to them; and, by the coming of the English, their paltry trade became so profitable, that they soon found their condition much altered for the better. The Indian council at Onondago, however, disapproved of their deputies parting with so much land; and, in 1755, obliged the proprietaries to reconvey great part of the same to the Indians. A dispute subsisted a long time between the proprietaries of the province and lord Baltimore, proprietary of Maryland, about the right to certain lands; which was at last amicably adjusted, greatly in favor of the Penns. About 1704 there happened some alteration in the constitution of the province. The establishment that took place, and subsisted till the American war broke out, consisted of a governor, council, and assembly, each with much the same power and privileges as in the neighbouring colony of New York. The lieutenant-governor and council were appointed by the proprietors Thomas and Richaid Penn, with his majesty's approbation; but, if the laws enacted here were not repealed within six months after they had been presented to the king for his approbation or disallowance, they were not repealable by the crown after that time. A state of peace and happiness affords few materials for the historian. On the breaking out of the American war, the citizens of Philadelphia took an early and active part. In September 1776 they established a new constitution; which was considerably altered and improved in June 1792. In 1793 this state, but particularly the capital, was visited by the yellow fever, which, in the short space of three months, carried off about 5000 people. In 1794 an alarming insurrection took place in the western counties, the ostensible cause of which was an excise upon whisky, but an incendiary letter, afterwards discovered, showed that a deep scheme had been laid to excite a rebellion in the state. But by the wise and decisive measures adopted by the executive government, supported by the great body of the citizens, the insurrection was quelled and tranquillity restored almost without bloodshed. The legislature at this period consists of a senate and a house of representatives. The representatives, whose number cannot be less than sixty nor more than 100, are chosen annually. The senators are chosen for four years, one quarter of them being elected every year. Their number cannot be less than one-fourth, nor more than one-third of the representatives. The governor is elected for three years by the people, but cannot hold the office more than nine years in twelve. The elections are made on the second Tuesday in October and the legislature meets in December. This state sends twenty-three representatives to congress. The principal rivers are the Delaware, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Susquehanna, Juniatta, Alleghany, Monongahela, Ohio, and Youghiogeny. Pennsylvania is intersected by various mountains. The principal ridges of the Alleghany Mountains, comprehended in Pennsylvania, are the Kittatinny, or the Blue Mountains. Behind these, and nearly parallel to them, are Peters, Tuscarora, and Nescopeck mountains, on the east side of the Susquehanna; on the west Shareman's Hill, Sideling Hill, Ragged, Great, Warrior's Evit's and Will's mountains; then the great Alleghany ridge, which, being the largest, gives name to the whole; and west of this are the Chestnut Ridges. Between the Juniatta and the west branch of the Susquehanna, are Jacks, Tussys, Nittiny, and Bald Eagle mountains. The valleys between these moitains are often of a riel, ick soil, suited to the various kinds of grass and grain. Some of the mountains admit of cultivation almost to their summits. The other trts of the state are generally level, or agreeably diversified with hills and valleys. The soil of Pennsylvania is various; a small coin is numbered. See below. Pennyless is without pence or money; poor: pennyweight, a weight of twenty-four grains troy: pennywise, wise only in pence; saving in small sums, and careless of greater: pennyworth, as much as a penny, or any given portion of money, will buy; hence a bargain; a purchase; a good bargain. And whanne the covenaunt was maad with werkmen of a peny for the day he sente hem into his vyneyerd. Wielif. Matt. xx. And they say unto him, Shall we go and buy two hundred pennyworth of bread? Mark vi. 37. The same servant found one of his fellow-servants. which owed him an hundred peace, and took him by the throat. Matthew. part of it is barren, but a great proportion of it fertile, and a considerable part very excellent. It is generally better adapted to tillage than grazing; and much of it, particularly the south east part, is under excellent cultivation. The two As for corn it is nothing natural, save only to best tracts of land are, one in the south-east part, barley and oats, and some places for rye; and therealong the Susquehanna, the other in the north-fore the larger pennyworths may be allowed to them. west part, between Lake Erie and Alleghany River. Wheat is the most important article of produce. The next in value is Indian corn. Buck wheat, rye, barley, oats, flax, hemp, beans, peas, and potatoes, are extensively cultivated. Cherries, peaches, apples, and cider, are abundant. There are large dairies in many parts. Pennsylvania has an excellent breed of horses. The number of domestic animals in the state, according to the returns of 1810, was as follows: horses 255,645, neat cattle 612,908, sheep 619,223. Of the sheep 4128 were Merinos, and breeds mixed with Merinos. Spenser on Ireland. Id. Henry VI. Be not pennywise; riches have wings and flv away of themselves. Bicon. Lucian affirms that the souls of usurers after their death are translated into the bodies of asses, and there remain certain days for poor men to take their Iron ore is distributed in large quantities in many parts of the state; and in some places copworths out of their bones and sides by cudgel per, lead, and alum are found. Here are also numerous lime-stone quarries, and various kinds of marble; and in the middle and western parts there is an abundance of coal. The general style of architecture in this state is neat and solid. Stone buildings are most common in old settlements; brick houses are fre. quent; log and frame houses abound in the new country. In the towns there is a considerable proportion of brick houses. Many turnpike roads of the most durable materials, and best construction, are made in various parts of the state. That from Philadelphia to Lancaster is sixty-two miles in length, twenty-four feet wide, and covered eighteen inches deep with powdered stone. Numerous bridges, of great strength and beauty, are constructed over the rivers. Pennsylvania exceeds all the other states in the variety and extent of her manufactures, some of which are of superior excellence. In 1810 there were sixty-four cotton-manufactories, fortyfour blast furnaces, six air furnaces, four bloomeries, seventy-eight forges, fifty trip-hammers, eighteen rolling and shitting mills, 175 naileries, Sixty-four paper-mills, eight glass works, thirtyfive rope-walks, and 108 printing-offices. The total amount of the manufactures, embracing 220 articles, was 44,194,740 dollars. The exports in 1816 amounted to 7,196,246 dollars. They consist of flour, grain, iron, and various manufactured articles. PEN'NY, n. s. PEN'NYLESS, adj. PEN'NYWEIGHT, PENNYWISE, PEN'NYWORTH, Plural pence. Sax. peng. A small coin, of which twelve make a shilling; the radical denomination from which English and spur. Peacham. Because there is a latitude of gain in buying and selling, take not the utmost penny that is lawful, for although it be lawful, yet it is not safe. Taylor. She sighs and shakes her empty shoes in vain, No silver penny to reward her pain. Dryden. Pepper and Sabean incense take; Id. Id. For fame he prayed, but let the event declare He had no mighty penn worth of his pray'r. Though in purchases of church lands men have usually the cheapest pennyworths, yet they have not always the best bargains. South. It may be a contrivance of some printer, who hath a mind to make a penny. Swift's Miscellany. My friendship I distribute in pennyworths to those about me who displease me least. Swift. The Seville piece of eight is 13 pennyweight in the pound worse than the English standard; weighs fourteen pennyweight; contains thirteen pennyweight, twenty-one grains, and fifteen mites, of which there are twenty in the grain of sterling silver; and is in value forty-three English pence, and eleven hundredths of a penny. Arbuthnot. PENNY, or PENY, in commerce, an ancient English coin, which had formerly considerable course; but, till of late, was dwindled into an imaginary money, or money of account, containing the twelfth part of a shilling, or 240th of a pound. Camden derives the word from the Latin pecunia, money. The ancient English penny, penig, or pening, was the first silver coin struck in England; and the only one current among the Anglo-Saxons: according to Camden, Spelman, Dr. Hicks, &c. The penny was equal in weight to our three-pence: five of them made one shilling, or scilling Saxon; thirty a mark of mancuse, equal to our seven shillings and sixpence. Till the time of king Edward I. the penny was struck with a cross, so deeply indented in it that it might be easily broke, and parted, on occasion, into two parts, thence called half-pennies; or into four, thence called fourthings, or farthings. But that prince coined it without indenture; in lieu of which he first struck round halfpence and farthings. He also reduced the weight of the penny to a standard; ordering that it should weigh thirty-two grains of wheat, taken out of the middle of the ear. This penny was called the penny sterling. Twenty of these pence were to weigh an ounce; when the penny became a weight as well as a coin. See COINS. The silver penny is now disused. PENNY, in ancient statutes, is used for all silver money and hence the ward-penny, averpenny, hundred-penny, tithing-penny, and brothal-penny. PENNYCUICK (Alexander), M. D., a Scottish poet and physician, who published a small volume of humorous poems in the Scottish dialect, in the seventeenth century. He was proprietor of New Hall and Romanno. PENNY-ROYAL, in botany. See MENTHA. PENNY-ROYAL, VIRGINIAN. See SATUREIA. The PENNY-WEIGHT is a Troy weight, containing twenty-four grains; each grain weighing a grain of wheat gathered out of the middle of the ear, well dried. The name took its rise hence, that this was formerly the weight of one of our ancient silver pennies. See PENNY. Twenty of these penny-weights make an ounce Troy. PENNY-WORT, MARSH. See HYDROCO STYLE. PENNY-WORT, WALL. See COTYLEDON. PENNY-WORT, WATER. See HYDROCOTYLE. PENOBSCOT, a county of Maine, North America, bounded on the east by Washington and Hancock counties, on the south by Hancock county, and on the west by Kennebeck and Somerset counties. It is watered by the Penobscot, formed from the north part of Hancock county. Chief town Bangor. PENOBSCOT, a sea-port and post town of Hancock county, Maine, on the east side of Penobscot Bay; four miles north of Castine; and 240 north-east of Boston. Population 1302. It is a place of considerable trade. The shipping belonging to this port, in 1816, amounted to 18,611 tons. PENOBSCOT, the largest river in Maine. The western and principal branch rises in the western part of the state, some of its sources being near the head waters of the Chaudiere, and others near those of St. John's. It flows east by south through Chesuncook and Pemmidumpkok lakes, and unites with the eastern branch, fifty-four miles in a right line, north by east of Bangor. The eastern branch rises near the sources of the Aroostic. After the junction it holds a general course south by west, till it flows into the head of Penobscot Bay, between the towns of Penobscot and Prospect. It is navigable for ships to Bangor, where the navigation and tide terminate, fifty-two miles north of Owl's 'IIcad, at the en trance of the bay. The towns on the west side of the river and bay, beginning at the head of navigation, are Bangor, Hampden, Frankfort, Prospect, Belfast, Northport, Lincolnville, Camden, and Thomastown; on the east side, Brewer, Orington, Bucksport, Orland, Penobscot, Castine, Sedgewick, and Deer Isle. PENOBSCOT BAY, a large bay of the Atlantic, on the south coast of Maine. It embosoms Long Island, on which is the town of Islesborough, the Fox Islands, containing the town of Vinalhaven, and several smaller islands. It is a very fine bay, affords great advantages of navigation, and presents a variety of beautiful landscapes. Its entrance between the Isle of Holt and Owl's Head, is eighteen miles wide, and its length from north to south is about thirty. Long. 68° 40' to 68° 56′ W., lat. 44° to 44° 30' N. PENOBSCOT HILLS, mountains of Maine, Oil the west coast of Penobscot Bay. PENRITH, a market town and parish of Cumberland, seventeen miles south from Carlisle, and 2234 N. N. W. from London. Checks, hats, and fancy waist-coat-pieces, are the manufactures of this place. The town was originally claimed, and continued a long time in the possession of the Scots; but it being disputed by the English, it was twice burnt in the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II., when it had a castle. It consists of several irregular streets, but some of the houses are handsome and commodious, and extensive improvements have been made of late. The church is a large and handsome modern structure. It has a good freeschool, a charity-school, and two Sunday-schools, with several meeting-houses for Presbyterians and Quakers, a museum for natural curiosities, and an assembly-room. On the north bank of the Emont are two caves or grottos, dug out of the solid rock, and very extensive. This town suffered greatly by the plague in 1380 and 1598. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday. Fairs, June 8th, and August 5th. PENROSE (Thomas), was the son of the Rev. Mr. Penrose, rector of Newbury, Berks, a man of great abilities, descended from an ancient Cornish family. Mr. Penrose, jun., being intended for the church, pursued his studies with success, at Christ Church, Oxford, until summer 1762; when, his eager inclination to the naval and military service overpowering his attachment to his real interest, he left college, and embarked in the unfortunate expedition against Nova Colonia, in South America, under captain Macnamara. The issue was fatal. The Clive (the largest vessel) was burnt; and though the Ambuscade escaped (on board of which Mr. Penrose, acting as lieutenant of marines, was wounded), yet the hardships which he afterwards sustained in a prize sloop, in which he was stationed, utterly ruined his constitution. Returning to England with ample testimonials of his gallantry and good behaviour, he finished, at Hertford College, Oxford, his course of studies; and, having taken orders, accepted the curacy of Newbury, the income of which, by the voluntary subscription of the inhabitants, was considerably augmented. After he had cont:nued in that station about nine years, he was |