The Philosophy of Biology

adaptive analysis argue argument artificial selection axiomatic axiomatic system biological biologists biospecies birds cell chapter characters claim classification clutch-size concept consider contributory conditions covering-law explanation covering-law model criticism crossing-over Darwin Darwin's finches deductive deny discussion entities evidence evolutionary explanations evolutionary taxonomists evolutionary theory evolutionists example explanandum explanans explicans fact functional statement future causes G-state Gallie genes geneticists genotype goal-directed Goudge Goudge's groups H-W law Hence heritable homozygotes kind logical macromutations Mayr Mendelian genetics molecular molecule morphological morphospecies mutation Nagel narrative explanation natural selection necessary conditions observable obviously occur one's organisms OTUs paleontologist particular phenetic taxonomy phenomena phenotypic philosophical phylogeny physical sciences physics and chemistry population genetics problem question reason reference reproductively isolated saltation theory scientific seems sense similar Simpson Sokal and Sneath species species problem sufficient condition suppose survive and reproduce synthetic theory taxa taxon teleology theory of evolution things