Molecular Adhesion and Its Applications: The Sticky UniverseAt the beginning of the twentieth century, engineers and technologists would have recognized the importance of adhesion in two main aspects: First, in the display of friction between surfaces — at the time a topic of growing importance to engineers; the second in crafts requiring the joining of materials — principally wood—to form engineering structures. While physical scientists would have admitted the adhesive properties of glues, gels, and certain pastes, they regarded them as materials of uncertain formulation, too impure to be amenable to precise experiment. Biological scientists were aware also of adhesive phenomena, but the science was supported by documentation rather than understanding. By the end of the century, adhesion and adhesives were playing a crucial and deliberate role in the formulation of materials, in the design and manufacture of engineering structures without weakening rivets or pins, and in the use of thin sections and intricate shapes. Miniaturization down to the micro- and now to the nano-level of mechanical, electrical, electronic, and optical devices relied heavily on the understanding and the technology of adhesion. For most of the century, physical scientists were aware that the states of matter, whether gas, liquid, or solid, were determined by the competition between thermal energy and int- molecular binding forces. Then the solid state had to be differentiated into crystals, amorphous glasses, metals, etc. , so the importance of the molecular attractions in determining stiffness and strength became clearer. |
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Molecular Adhesion and Its Applications: The Sticky Universe Kevin Kendall No preview available - 2013 |
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adhere adhesion energy adhesion force adhesive contact adhesive joints aggregates applied atomic force microscope attraction behavior bond Brownian Brownian motion Brownian movement cell adhesion ceramic Chem coating colloidal contact spot contamination Coulomb’s law crack speed crystal curve debonding deformation diameter dispersion doublets effect elastic energy elastic modulus electrical electron equation equilibrium example experiment failure fibers Figure film fluid fracture friction geometry give glass Hertz hysteresis increased interaction interface ISAAC NEWTON Kendall lap joint law of adhesion layer liquid load material measured mechanism metal mica microscope molecular adhesion molecular contact Newton observed optical Opticks particles peeling Phys plastic polymer polymer molecules powder probe Proc reduced repulsion roughness rubber sample shear shown in Fig shows shrinkage silica sintering smooth solid spheres stick strength stress structure substrate surface energy surfactant temperature theory thickness viscosity volume fraction Waals zero