4. The irregularities of the conditional appear not in the terminations, but in the stem of the verb. They are precisely the same as those of the future. The irregularities will be found in the last section, and need not be repeated here. The conditional of any irregular verb may be formed by placing Permett-re, 4, ir., to after the last r of the future the terminations of the imperfect permit. of the indicative.

two hours every day if I had time. 3. What coat would your
brother put on if he went to church? 4. He would put on a
black coat. 5. Would you put on a black hat? 6. I would
put on a straw hat (chapeau de paille) if it was warm. 7.
Would you not draw [Sect. XXXVIII. 6] near the fire if you
were cold? 8. We would draw near it. 9. Would you not
take off your coat? 10. I would take it off, if it were wet.
11. Would you go to my father's if he invited you? 12. I
would go to his house and to your brother's if they invited me.
13. Would you put on your boots if they were wet?
14. If
they were wet I would not put them on. 15. How much money
would you want, if you went to England? 16. We should
want three thousand francs. 17. Would you not be better if
you lived (demeurer) in the country? 18. I should not be
better. 19. Would it not be better to write to your brother?
20. It would be better to write to him. 21. Would you read
the book if I lent it to you? 22. I would certainly read it.
23. If you were in his place, would you go to school? 24. If
I were in his place, I would go. 25. If you were in my place,
would you write to him? 26. I would write to him every day.
27. Would your sister be mistaken? 28. She would not be
mistaken, she is very attentive. 29. If you rose every morning
at five, would you be better? 30. I should not be better. 31.
Would you prefer going on foot? 32. I should prefer going on
horseback. 33. Would you not sit down? 34. I should sit
down if I were tired.

SECTION LXII.-IDIOMATIC PHRASES, FAIRE LE, LA,
LES, ETC.

EXERCISE 119.

1. Quand ferez-vous bâtir une maison? 2. J'en ferai bâtir une l'année prochaine si je reçois mon argent. 3. Avez-vous fait bouillir ce gigot de mouton ? 4. Je l'ai fait rôtir. 5. Le cuisinier a-t-il fait chauffer votre bouillon? 6. Il ne l'a pas encore fait chauffer, mais il le fera tout à l'heure. 7. N'avezvous pas fait venir des livres ? 8. Nous n'en avons pas fait venir, mais nous avons fait venir des gravures. 9. N'avezvous pas fait peur à ces petites filles? 10. Nous leur avons fait peur. 11. Ferez-vous attention à votre travail? 12. Jy ferai attention. 13. Avez-vous fait mal à cette petite fille? 14. Je ne lui ai pas fait mal. 15. N'avez-vous pas fait mal à ce chien? 16. Je lui ai fait mal. 17. Où avez-vous fait mal à votre fils? 18. Je lui ai fait mal au bras et à la main. 19. Ne lui avez-vous pas fait mal au pied? 20. Je lui ai fait mal a l'épaule. 21. À qui ce maçon a-t-il fait mal? 22. Il n'a fait mal à personne. 23. Vous ai-je fait mal au pied? 24. Vous m'avez marché sur le pied et vous m'avez fait mal. 25. La tête, l'épaule, le bras, le poignet et la main me font mal [R. 5 above]. EXERCISE 120.

1. Will you have your coat mended? 2. I will not have it mended. 3. Will your brother have his house painted? 4. He will have it painted next year. 5. Will you not have a coat made? 6. I would have one made if I had money. 7. Have you hurt your brother? 8. I have hurt him, I have stepped upon his foot. 9. Does his arm pain him? 10. Yes, Sir, his shoulder, arm, and wrist pain him. 11. Will not your son pay attention to his work? 12. He will pay attention to it, he has nothing else (rien autre chose) to do. 13. Have I hurt your hand or your elbow? 14. You have hurt my fingers (doigts). 15. Does your cook understand cooking? 16. He understands cooking. 17. Has the cook roasted that leg of mutton ? 18. He has boiled it. 19. Has he not warmed it? 20. He has not had time to warm it. 21. Has the physician sent for engravings? 22. He has sent for books. 23. Have you hurt his elbow ? 24. I have not hurt his elbow, but his 2. The past participle of faire never varies, when it precedes hand. 25. Have I not hurt your fingers? 26. You have hurt an infinitive:— my wrist. 27. Where have you hurt your son? 28. I have not hurt him. 29. Would the cook boil that meat if he had time ? 30. He would not boil it, he would roast it.

1. The verb faire (4, ir.) is used in the formation of a number of idiomatic sentences [see Sect. XXXI. 3, 4]. Faire faire, to have made, to bespeak; faire raccommoder, to have mended; faire la cuisine, to cook; faire cuire, to cook, to bake; faire bouillir, to boil; faire rôtir, to roast; faire chauffer, to warm (in speaking of food); faire bonne chère, to live well :Nous avons fait faire des habits, Vous avez fait raccommoder vos gilets,

We have had clothes made.

You have had your waistcoats mended.

Les livres que vous avez fait venir, The books which you have sent for.
3. Faire peur, to frighten; faire attention, to pay attention;
faire tort, to injure; faire mal, faire du mal, to hurt; take à
before a noun :-

Nous avons fait peur à ces enfants, We have frightened those children.
Vous leur avez fait mal,
You have hurt them.

4. The last example will show that, when a noun preceded
by à, expressed or understood, is replaced by a pronoun, that
pronoun will take the form of the indirect regimen (dative).
By an exception to the rules for the place of personal pronouns,
when faire attention has for its indirect object a pronoun repre-
senting a person, that pronoun follows the verb :-
Nous ferons attention à lui,

We will pay attention to him.

5. In speaking of the parts of the body, the French use the article le, la, les, etc., instead of the possessive adjective [§ 77 (9)] when the possession is expressed by a reflective [Sect. XXXVI. 1] or other personal pronoun, or by some other word in

the sentence :

Vous m'avez fait mal à la main,
Le bras lui fait mal,

You have hurt my hand.

His arm hurts or pains him.

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

Ferez-vous raccommoder vos souliers ?

Je ferais faire un habit si j'avais de
l'argent.

Il ne sait pas faire la cuisine.
Avez-vous fait cuire votre viande?
Ferez-vous chauffer votre bouillon?
Vous lui avez fait mal au coude.
Vous m'avez fait mal au pied.
Vous avez fait peindre votre maison.

Bâtir, 2, to build.
Bouillon, m., broth.
Bras, m., arm.
Cuisinier, m., cook.
Epaule, f., shoulder.
Gravure, f., engraving.

Will you have your shoes mended?
I would order a new coat if I had

money.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH.
EXERCISE 21 (Vol. I., page 8C).

1. Are our friend's horses restive? 2. His horses are not restive,

but his mules are very restive. 3. Your brother's horses and mules are excellent. 4. Are your sisters very quick? 5. My brothers and my sisters are very quick. 6. Are they often idle? 7. No, Sir, my sisters are never idle. 8. Are you afraid of your brother? 9. No, Sir, I am afraid of nobody. 10. Are we not indulgent? 11. You are indulgent, and you are right. 12. Have I your books? 13. You have them not, you have my eldest brother's. 14. Have you them not! 15. I have them not. 16. Have you a good pair of woollen stockings! 17. I have a handsome pair of silk stockings. 18. Have you the good houses or the bad? 19. I have neither the good nor the bad, I have my cousin's. 20. Is labour agreeable ? 21. Labour is useful and agree able. 22. Have you my handsome morocco shoes? 23. I have not your handsome morocco shoes, I have your handsome velvet slippers.

EXERCISE 22 (Vol. I., page 86).

1. Vos frères et vos sœurs sont-ils bien vifs? 2. Mes frères sont vifs, mais mes sœurs ne sont pas vives. 3. N'avez-vous pas deux chevaux rétifs? 4. Non, mais j'ai une mule rétive. 5. N'avez-vous pas deux bonnes paires de gants de soie? 6. J'ai une bonne paire de gants de coton, et deux paires de gants de soie. 7. N'avez-vous pas peur de vos amis? 8. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai jamais peur de mes amis. 9. Je n'ai peur de personne. 10. Avez-vous raison ou tort? 11. J'ai raison. 12. Avez-vous mes belles pantoufles de cuir, ou mes vieilles pantoufles de satiu. 13. J'ai vos vieux souliers de cuir, et vos pantoufles de velours. 14. Ces dames sont-elles contentes ? 15. Ces dames sont contentes, et elles ont raison. 16. L'Allemande a-t-elle les souliers de votre père ou les miens. 17. Elle n'a ni les siens ni les vôtres, elle a ceux de ma sœur. 18. Votre frère aîné a-t-il de bonnes les maisons ou de mauvaises? 19. Ses maisons sont meilleures que Pied, m., foot. votres et que les miennes. 20. Ses maisons sont-elles vieilles? 21. Poignet, m., wrist. Ses maisons sont vieilles, mais elles sont bonnes. 22. Les avez-vous? Tėte. f., head, 23. Non, Monsieur, je ne les ai pas, je n'ai pas de maisons. Tout à l'heure, by-and- vous celles de mon frère, ou celles de ma sceur? 25. Votre sæeur a les by. siennes et celles de ma mère. 26. Vos écoliers sont-ils attentifs? Travail, m., work, labour 27. Mes écoliers sont très-attentifs et très-studieux.

He does not understand cooking.
Have you cooked your meat?
Will you warm your broth?
You have hurt his elbow.
You have hurt my foot.
You have had your house painted.
VOCABULARY.
Gigot de mouton, m.,
leg of mutton.
Maçon, m., mason.
March-er, 1, to step,
tread.

Où, where.

24. Arez

28. Ces Alle

RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY.

175

mandes sont-elles studieuses? 29. Elles sont très-studieuses et très- point had been chopped off. Now you may put the worm attentives ? 30. Avez-vous souvent tort ?

EXERCISE 23 (Vol. I., page 87).

1. Have you a good guitar? 2. Yes, Sir, I have an excellent guitar. 3. Have you good coats? 4. Yes, Madam, I have good black coats and beautiful white dresses. 5. Has not your mother a silk shawl ? 6. Yes, Miss, she has a silk one and a woollen one. 7. Has the innkeeper good English horses ? 8. The innkeeper has English, French, and Arabian horses. 9. He has very beautiful ones. 10. Has your brother's friend gold jewels? 11. Yes, Sir, he has. 12. Has he also silver jewels? 13. He has also. 14. Has he many? 15. No, Sir, he has not many. 16. Has your friend relations ? 17. Yes, Sir, he has. 18. Has that gentleman a good steel pen or a handsome gold pen? 19. He has a steel one, and we have a gold one. 20. Has not the general good soldiers? 21. He has some very brave. 22. Have not the Americans good land? 23. They have excellent. chant English or French knives? neither English nor French, they are Belgian.

EXERCISE 24 (Vol. I., page 87).

24. Has the mer

safely in your pocket, if you please; it cannot hurt you, having
no fangs, and the teeth being too small to harm a fly. Mar-
vellous stories and some fibs have indeed been told of its
destructive bite. One ancient writer boldly declares it would
poison a full-grown ox. No wonder that the reptile led a sad
life, after getting so bad a name. Why is it called the blind-
worm ? From ignorance at first, and then from custom. It
was supposed to be blind; but why, is one of the puzzles con-
stantly presented by popular names. Any one can see two very
bright, though small eyes in its head. The popular lines express
the common belief on this point-

"If the snake could hear, and the blind worm could see,
Neither man nor beast should e'er go free."

25. The merchant's knives are Well, the creature can see, and man does go free. The other
name, slow-worm, is a much more suitable designation, as the
reptile's motions are by no means active; and even the old West
country term for a snake, namely, long cripple, would not involve
any error. The name fragile snake (Anguis fragilis), given by
Linnæus, refers to the singular manner in which the animal
stiffens its whole body when seized, and especially to the ease
with which it is then broken. Thus the reptile has more reason
to dread man than he has to fear it. Not only has the slow-
worm eyes, but three eyelids for the protection of vision,
resembling in this respect the birds, and differing from all the
true serpents. Whether the reptile can hear may be debated;
it has ears, but they lie concealed under the skin. This harmless
creature forms the link between the lizards and the true snakes,
and it can thus boast of a large circle of relations, from the
chameleon on the one side to the boa-constrictor on the other.

1. Votre frère a-t-il des chevaux arabes? 2. Oui, Monsieur, il en a. 3. En a-t-il de beaux? 4. Oui, Monsieur, il en a de beaux? 5. Les bons Américains ont-ils tort? 6. Non, Mademoiselle, ils n'ont pas tort, ils ont raison. 7. Avez-vous un châle français ? 8. Oui, Monsieur, j'en ai un, j'ai un beau châle français. 9. Votre aubergiste a-t-il votre couteau d'argent ou le mien? 10. Il n'a ni le vôtre ni le mien, il a le beau couteau d'acier de sa sœur. 11. Le Belge a-t-il une bonne guitare? 12. Il a une guitare française excellente. 13. Il en a une excellente. 14. Le Monsieur a-t-il des livres amusants? 15. Oui, Monsieur, il en a deux. 16. Le général a-t-il des chevaux français ou des chevaux arabes. 17. Il n'a ni chevaux français ni chevaux arabes, il a des chevaux anglais. 18. Qui a des chevaux arabes ? 19. L'Arabe en a. 20. L'Anglais en a-t-il? 21. L'Anglais en a. 22. La sœur de votre ami a-t-elle une bonne plume d'acier ? 23. La sœur de mon ami en a une, mais mes parents n'en ont pas. 24. N'avez-vous pas tort, Monsieur ? 25. Oui, Madame, j'ai tort. 26. Ces couteaux sont-ils

anglais ? 27. Non, Monsieur, ils sont belges. 28. Avez-vous des parents? 29. J'en ai deux, et ils sont ici. 30. Le boucher anglais a-t-il de la viande? 31. Oui, Monsieur, il en a beaucoup. 32. A-t-il beaucoup d'argent? 33. Il n'en a guère. 34. Le général belge a-t-il des soldats braves? 35. Oui, Monsieur, il en a de bons.

EXERCISE 25 (Vol. I., page 107).

1. Are you as pleased as your brother? 2. I am as pleased as your brother. 3. Has your father as much courage as modesty? 4. He

has less modesty than courage. 5. Has the bookseller as many manu

your brother?

On what does the blind-worm feed? Chiefly on the fat white slug, so common in fields and gardens; it has also no objection to a plump earth-worm. But how does the reptile manage to live through the winter, when even the most stupid slug is cautious of showing himself? Nothing is easier: the slow-worm benefits itself by a long fast in that season, retiring into warm holes at the close of autumn, and sleeping comfortably until spring returns.

The young make their appearance in June or July, and grow rapidly under the fostering heat, which aids both reptiles and men. The slow-worms manage to get a new suit of clothes once or twice in the season, casting their skins with some little trouble and wriggling. Some of the old doctors made a peculiar broth by stewing the unhappy blind-worms, and the preparation was then given to equally unhappy patients. This singular medicine was deemed a first-rate remedy against the plague. Whether it was more allopathic or homoeopathic may be sagely debated. Now, the blind-worm is not so very fearful after all; surely even St. Patrick would have tolerated it.

scripts as engravings? 6. He has more of these than of those. 7. Has he as many friends as enemies? 8. He has more of these than of those. 9. Has he as much bread as cheese? 10. He has quite as much of this as of that. 11. Has the blacksmith more horses than 12. He has more than my father and more than my brother. 13. Are you not cold? 14. No, Sir, I am not cold, I am very warm. 15. Have you two cloth cloaks ? 16. I have one of cloth and one of blue velvet. 17. Have you not more glasses than plates? 18. We have more. 19. Has the blacksmith more iron than steel? 20. He has not so much of this as of that. 21. He has less of this than of that. 22. Have the Dutch handsome gardens ? 23. Their gardens are very beautiful. 24. The gardens of the Italians are more ringed snake (Natrix torquata). This, too, in spite of popular beautiful than those of the Spaniards.

RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY.

ENGLISH SNAKES.

SOME years ago we witnessed a scene which illustrated in a very plain fashion the hatred shown by most people to all members of the serpent family. Five or six country boys were pelting with flints some creature crawling close to a garden-wall. A glance showed the object of their natural but ignorant wrath, and we could not help saying, "That can't hurt you, it never harmed anybody." They stared, as we proceeded to explain to them that the reptile was as "harmless as a baby." They were silenced, it is true, but doubtless believe to this day in the venomous powers of the blind-worm. Thousands of English peasants would, probably, support the boys in their view, and we therefore begin this notice of English snakes with a few remarks on this timid member of the family.

Some naturalists might object to class it among serpents at all; but there seems to be no sufficient reason on this occasion for departing from the popular notion.

Have any of our readers ever seen a blind-worm? No? Then look out for the first opportunity. They will see an eel-like creature, about twelve inches long, of a greyish colour, somewhat ruddy along the sides, which are marked by small darkish spots. Observe that the tail is not pointed, but blunt, as if a

We must next notice a better known reptile, the common or

prejudice, is quite harmless, and must not be carelessly confounded with the venomous viper. How, then, may the two be distinguished? Chiefly by the black spots on the body being distinct in the ringed snake, instead of running together and forming one continuous line, as in the adder.

The ringed snake is a type of all the non-poisonous serpents, which, though they may bite fiercely enough, have no venom to pour into the wound.

Let us

In the spring the snake leaves its winter retreat, and becomes a formidable enemy to the frogs and mice. Not that it bears them the least malice, but they furnish very good breakfasts, which are absolutely necessary for the snake's happiness. The mode in which this reptile swallows a frog well illustrates the peculiarity of jaw in all the non-venomous serpents. suppose the chase to be over, and that the snake has caught the frog by its hind leg. The struggle then begins; the frog remonstrates against being eaten, but the serpent cannot possibly do without its breakfast. Notice how gradually the frog's body is drawn, or rather sucked, into the mouth of its foe. The fourlegged reptile utters a peculiarly plaintive cry as it struggles, but Nature provides no police to interfere in such a case, and at last the frog is swallowed. Even then some naturalists declare that the frog lives for several minutes in the stomach of the snake, and that a faint cry has been heard for two or three minutes after the victim has disappeared. The snake does not deserve the name of a glutton; he eats simply for the good

2. VIPER.

are employed as flavouring matters in domestic economy, and as perfumes, in addition to their medicinal uses. SECTION XXXVI.-SCROPHULARIACEE, OR THE FOXGLOVE TRIBE.

Characteristics: Calyx free; corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, generally irregular, bilabiate; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, generally less numerous than the divisions of the latter; ovary, bipartite, bilocular. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy; seeds dicotyledonous, albuminous.

tered except under the sanction of a medical man. The foxwort, veronica, snapdragon, monkey-flower, and verbascum, all belong to the natural order we are now considering; but perhaps the most beautiful species in this family is that the representation of which is shown above in Fig. 169, the Paulownia imperialis,