Origin of Life: Proceedings of the Second ISSOL Meeting, the Fifth ICOL Meeting

activity adenosine adenylate adsorbed alanine algae amino acids anaerobic aqueous solution atmosphere atoms bacteria base Biochem Biol biological carbon CGDE Chem chemical evolution chloroplast chromatogram chromatography clay coacervate complex compounds concentration condensation cyanide cytochrome DAYHOFF degassing electron energy enzyme ethanethiol eukaryotic Evol evolutionary EVREINOVA experiments fatty acids formaldehyde formation formed formose reaction fraction function GC-content genetic glycine hydrogen hydrolysis interaction interstellar irradiation matrix membrane meteorites mixture molecular molecules montmorillonite NaCl nitriles nucleic acids nucleotide obtained oligomers OPARIN organic ORGEL origin ORÓ oxidation oxygen peak peptide phosphate photosynthetic planet poly polymerization polymers polynucleotides PONNAMPERUMA prebiotic Precambrian precursors present primitive earth prokaryotic protein proteinoid ratio reaction redox reduced samples sequence shown in Fig structure surface synthesis Table temperature thymine tion TOUPANCE tRNA type cells uracil values yield