CHAPTER III. Influence of the Progress of Industry and Population on Rents, Profits, and Wages. § 1. First case; population increasing, capital stationary, 2. Second case; capital increasing, population stationary, 3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally, the arts of production stationary, .. 4. Fourth case; the arts of production progressive, capital and CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum. § 1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital, 3. What determines the minimum rate of profit, 5. 4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the minimum, 6. 7. 8. - - - by the importation of cheap necessaries and instruments, 308 § 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss, 327 CHAPTER VI. Of the Stationary State. § 1. Stationary state of wealth and population, dreaded and deprecated by writers, - CHAPTER VII. On the probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes. 341 2. The future well-being of the labouring classes principally 3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a better 5. Examples of the association of labourers with capitalists, CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation. § 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation, 394 5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit 6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, but a rent-charge in CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes. CHAPTER IV. Of Taxes on Commodities. § 1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits, 4. how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum, 6. Effects produced on international exchange by duties on ex- CHAPTER V. Of some other Taxes. § 1. Arguments for and against direct taxation, CHAPTER VII. Of a National Debt. § 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary. public expenses by 2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general con- CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Govern- ment considered as to their Economical Effects. CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser- faire or Non-Interference Principle. 1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authoritative 565 566 569 superior efficiency of private agency, owing to stronger but liable to large exceptions. Cases in which the con- 9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protection 10. Case of contracts in perpetuity, 12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to 13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the persons other miscellaneous examples, - Government intervention may be necessary in default of |