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Now pleafing transports fill his youthful breaft,

Mifs Cowell loves, and he is more than bleft.

It is impoffible to defcribe the alteration which took place in my brother after this declaration. He was like one deprived of his fenfes, and company coming in, he retired to his ftudy till dinner.

Next Monday week is the day fixed on for our journey to London, and as nothing more is likely to occur, I fhall not write till I am there-fo adieu.

Your's, &c.

LUCY CLIFFORD.

(To be continued.)

Suite Hiftoire d'EPAMINONDAS.

(Continued from Page 68.)

CE

LIVRE II.

E pays fi riche, fi puiffant, fi feconde en brave foldats, & en grands généraux, la Gréce étoit cruelment devifée par fes troubles domeftiques. La conquête des états voifins qui partageoient avec elle l'empire de P'Afie, lui auroit coûté moins de fang qu'ils ne lui en firent répandre: il ne falloit pour cela qu' employer fes armes contre eux, au lieu de les tourner contre elle-même.

Un ancien difoit que les Grecs qui n'avoient pas vû Alexandre affis fur le trône de Darius, avoient été privés de plus beau jour de leur vie. Plutarque dit au contraire par un fentiment plus délicat & plus vrai, que ces mêmes Grecs qui l'avoient precedes auroient. du verfer des torrens de l'armes, s'ils avoient été témoins de fa gloire, en réfléchiffant fur l'honneur & les triomphes qu'ils lui avoient laiffés. Il ne le dut qu'à l'imprudence qu'ils avoient eue de fe livrer à leurs divifions intestines.

Quoi qu'il en foit, une guerre fi vive & fi fanglante, jetta bien-tôt la Gréce dans une épuifement qui fit univerfellement defirer la paix. taxerxes Mnémon, roi de Perfe, dont les Lacédémoniens étoient les allies,

Ar

faifoit tous fes efforts pour termine cette guerre civile; il connoifot le troupes Grecques, & dans le deffei où il étoit de déclarer la guerre à l'E gypte, il esperoit après avoir rétabli l'union entr'elles, les engager à fuiv fon parti.

Agefilas, malgré fon opiniâtret pour la guerre, entra dans fes vûes, & convoqua à Sparte une affemblée d toutes les villes de la Grèce. Elle y envoyerent des députés, fuivant l' fage ordinaire, pour procéder fans di férer aux moyens de rétablir entr'elle cette belle harmonie qui faifoit le principale force.

Epaminondas fut mis par les The bains à la tête de leur députation. C' toit la fermeté qui ce grand homm leur avoit infpirée,, c'etoit l'horre qu'il leur avoit fait concevoir pour dépendance honteufe où ils vivoient vant lui, qui avoit allumé cette guerre ce fut lui qu'ils chargerent de négoci la paix au nom de fa patrie & aux co ditions qu'ils jugeroient lui être les pl: avantageufes.

L'autorité que les Lacédémonie avoient ufurpée fur toute la Gréc rendoit Agefilas abfolu dans cette a femblée. Le refpect & la crainte f foit de fes volontés, autant de lo qu'on recevoit aveuglement; il y a roit eu plus de danger encore que hardieffe à le contredire. Le ze d'un bon citoyen, joint à la ferme d'un philofophe intrepide, mirent E minondas au deffus de cette comp! fance fervile. Il fe leva avec une r ble affurance, lorfque tous les memb de l'affemblée étoient prêts à foufer aux propofitions de l'ambitieux A filas. Il prononça fur le champ a tout le feu de la plus mâle eloquen une harangue pleine de force, feulement pour les Thébains, mais faveur de toutes les villes de la Gre Il fit voir que les différentes gue qu'on avoit effuyées jufqu' alors voient fervi qu'augmenter la puiffa de Lacédémonie, que la fupcriorite fes forces, & l'accroiffement de terrétoire qu'on avoit imprudemm tolérés, avoient mis tous ics x hors d'état de pouvoir lui réliter

Of the Powers and Progress of Mufic.

ks Lacédémoniens dont la puiffance augmentoit chaque jour, n'avoient qu'à fe montrer, pour vaincre des peuples affoiblis par leurs attaques fucceffives; qu'il reftoit cependant un moyen d'affarer à la Gréce un paix inaltérable, & que ce moyen étoit d'y rétablir l'equilibre entre toutes les puiffances, que fans cela c'étoit plutôt un engagement de fervitude, qu'un traite de paix que les deputés alloient figner.

Le

137

livered therein afforded a great latitude..... and many, who had a relation to the church, fet themselves to frame compofitions for its fervice, in which the powers both of harmony and melody were united. And hence we may, at leaft with a fhew of probability, date the origin of an office that yet fubfifts in the choral establishments of Italy, namely that of Maestro di Capella, the duty of which feen's u niformly to have been not only that the perfon appointed to it fhould, as precentor, regulate the choir, but alfo adapt to mufic the offices performed both on ordinary and folemn occafions. Of the dignity and importance of the office of Maestro di Capella, a judgment may be formed from this circumftance, that the perfons elected to it for fome centuries paft, appear to have been of diftinguished eminence *, and of its utility and neceflity no ftronger argument can be offered, than that among the Germans, to whom of the knowledge of mufic was very foon communicated after its revival, the office was recognized by the appointment of a director of the choir in the principal churches of all the provinces

Tout l'affemblée applaudit en fecret à la propofition d'Epaminondas, & au courage qu'il avoit eu de la faire. feul Agefilas, qui fentit le coup qu'elle portoit à fes deffeins, en parut indigne. Pour terminer le difcours du genereux Thébain, il lui demanda s'il croyoit qu'il fut jufte & raifonable de laiffer les villes de la Béotie libres & indépendantes.

(To be continued.)

Of the POWERS and PROGRESS
MUSIC.

From Sr JOHN HAWKINS's preliminary
Difcourfe to the HISTORY of Mu-

SIC. Vol. I.

O

(Continued from Page 16.)

F

the many who profited in this new science, as it may be called, one was Franchinus Gaffurius, a native of Lodi, who having quitted the tuition of a Carmelite monk, who had been his inftructor, became foon diftinguished for skill in thofe theoretic principles, the knowledge whereof he had derived from an attendance on the Greek teachers; and befides difcharging the duty of a public profeffor of mufic in the feveral cities of Italy, he became the reviver of mufical erudition; and that as well pofterity, as thofe of his own time, might profit by his labours, he digefted the fubftance of his lectures into diftinct treatifes, and gave them to the world.

The writings of Franchinus were fo generally ftudied, that mufic began now to affume the character of a fecular profeffion. The precepts deVOL. X.

and cities. The fame fenfe of the importance of this office appears to have been entertained by the proteftants, who, at the time of the reformation, we find to have been no lefs fedulous in the cultivation of mufic, with a view to religious worship, than the church. that had established it. It is true that Calvin was, for fome time, in doubt whether to adopt the folemn choral fervice, or that plain metrical pfalmody, which is recommended by St. Paul to the Coloffians, as an incentive to fuch mirth as was confiftent with the Chriftian profeffion, and at length determined on the latter.

But Luther, who was excellently fkilled in mufic, confidered it not merely as a relief under trouble and anxiety, but as the voice of praise, and as

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tains.

Indeed fo general was the propenfity in the profeffors of the science in Italy, and in Germany more especially, to the compilation of musical inftitutes, dialogues, and difcourfes in various forms, that the fcience was for fome time rather hurt by the repeti

fited by any intelligence that could, in ftrictnefs, be faid to be new.

having a tendency to excite and encou- | Hawkins's History of Mufic] con rage devout affections, befides that he tranflated into the German language the Te Deum, and compofed fundry hymns, as alfo tunes to fome of the German pfalms, he, with the approbation of Melanéthon, received into his church a folemn fervice, which include anthems, hymns, and certain fweet motets, of which he speaks very feel-tition of the fame precepts, than beneingly, and of mufic in general he gives his opinion in thefe words *:-" Scimus muficam dæmonibus etiam invifam & intolerabile effe."-That the office of a chapel master was recognized by the protestants in the manner abovementioned is hardly to be doubted, fecing that it was exercifed at Bavaria by Ludovicus Senfelius, a difciple of Henry Ifaac, and an intimate friend and correfpondent of Luther, and fubfifts in Germany to this day.

As the revival of the theory of mufic is to be afcribed to the Italians, fo alfo are thofe improvements in the practice of it, that have brought it to the state of perfection in which we behold it at this day. It is true that in the prac tice of particular inftruments the mafters of other countries have been eminently diftinguished, as, namely, those of Germany for fkill in the organ; the French for the lute and harpfichord; and we are indebted for many valuable difcoveries touching the nature and-properties of found, of confonance, and diffonance, the method of conftructing the various kinds of mufical inftrumenta, and above all, for a nice and accurate investigation of the principles of harmonics, to the learn

For the reafons above affigned, we may, without fcruple, attribute to Franchinus a fhare of that merit, which is afcribed to the revivers of literature in the fifteenth century, and rather as his writings, and the feveral tranflations of ancient treatifes on harmonics which he procured to be made, furnished the ftudents in the fcience with fuch a copious fund of informa-ing and induftry of Mercennus, ‘a tion, as enabled them not only to reafon juftly on its principles, but to extend the narrow bounds of harmony, and lay a foundation for those improvements, which it has been the felicity of later times to experience: and it is not a groundlefs fuppofition, that the reputation of his writings was a powerful incentive to the publication of thofe numerous difcourfes on mufic, which the enfuing work [Sir John

*In an epiftle to Senfelius Maficus, cted by Dr. Wetenal from Seshes Calvifius, in his Gifts and Offices in the public Worship of God, page 434, but without r. forence to any work of Calvifius. This epiftle, wherever it is, and the above-cited pallage is also noticed by Butler, in his principles of Mulic, page 115. Dr. Wetenhall applies this paflage to the music of our church, and on the authori ty thereof pronounces it to be fuch " as no demon can fiand agamit."

Frenchman; but in the fcience of compofition, the muficians of Italy have been the instructors of all Eu

rope.

To relate the fubfequent inftancea of the improvement in mufic, or to enumerate the many perfons of distinguifhed eminence, that have excelled in the theory or practice of it, would be to anticipate that information, [ which it is the end of hiftory to communicate; and to animadvert on the numberless defects of the ancient mufic, may feem unneceflary, feeing that as well the paucity as the ftructure of the ancient inftruments, afford abun dant evidence of a great difproportion between their practice and their theory.

Powers and Progress of Mufic.

To celebrate formally the praifes of mufic, in a work, the defign whereof is to difplay its excellencies, may feem unneceffary, and the rather as it has, from the infancy of the world, with hiftorians, orators, and poets, been a fubject of panegyric. Befides, the power and effect of musical founds to affuage grief, and awaken the mind to the enjoyment of its faculties, is acknowledged by the most intelligent of mankind; and were it neceflary to prove that the love of mufic is implanted in us, and not the effect of reAnement, examples thereof might be produced from the practice of those, who, from their particular fituation of country, or circumftances of life, are prefumed to approach nearly to that Atate in which the genuine fuggeftions of the will are fuppofed to be moft clearly difcernible.

139

foftom in his homily on Pfalm XLI. eltimates the importance of Mufic by plicity, correfponding with the manits univerfality, and, in a ftrain of fimners of the times in which he lived, ed with canticles and poems, that by fays, "That human nature is fo delightthem infants at the breaft, when they are froward or in pain, are lulled to noon, driving. their beafts, fuch as reft; that travellers, in the heat of treading or preffing grapes, or bringing are occupied in rural labours, as labouring at the oar, as also women home the vintage; and even mariners, mitigate the feverity of their labour at their diftaff, deceive the time, and by fongs adapted to their several employments or peculiar conditions."

(To be continued.)

ΤΗΣ

though they wanted the quavers, femiquavers, airs, and many voices, which perfect the harthe pipes of fhepherds: with thefe they played mony among us. They had alfo other pipes, which were flutes with four or five Aops, like not bi concert, but fingle, and tuned them to fonn ts, which they compoled in metre, the

To fay nothing of the Turks, who are avowed enemies of literature, or of the Chinese, who, as has been shown, notwithstanding all that has been afferted of them, are fo circumftanced, as feemingly never to be able to attain to any degree of excellence, nations the most favage and barbarons profefubj &t of which was love, and the paffions

to admit mufic into their folemnities, fuch as they are, their rejoicings, their triumphs for victories, the meetings of their tribes, their feafts and their marriages, and to ufe it for their recreation and private folace *. St. Chry

Father Lafiteau, in his Afeurs de Sava. a. tome II. p. 213, & fcq. has given a full defcription of the feltal folemnities, accompa nied with mufic, of the Iroquois, Hurons, and other tribes of American Savages; and in the Royal Commentaries of Peru, Book 11. Chap. 14, the author, Gareillaff, de la Vega, be fides informing us that their fabulous fongs were innumerable, and carried in them the e vidence of a favage fpirit, fpeaks thus parti cularly of their music. In mufic they ar rived to a certain harmony, in which the In dians of Colla did particularly excell, having been the inventors of a certain pp made of canes glued together, every one of which having a different note of higher and lower, in the manner of organs, made a pleafing mufic by the diffonancy of founds, the treble, tenor, and bafe exactly co-responding and anfwering to each other. With thefe pipes they often played in concert, and made tolerable music,

which arife from the favours or displeasures of a miftrefs. These musicians were trained up in that art for the divertitement of the incas

and the Curacas who were his nobles, which, as ruitical and barbarous as it was, it was not common, but acquired with great industry and Rudy.

44

Every fong was fet to its proper tune, for two fongs of diffrent fubjects could not correfpond with the fame air, by reason that the music which the gallant made on his flute, was defigned to exprefs the fatisfaction or difcontent of his mind, wh ch were not fo intellancholy or cheerfulness of the tune which ligible, perhaps, by the words, as by the mehe played. A certain Spaniard one night late encounter d an Indian woman in the streets of Cozco, and would have brought her back to his lodgings, but the cried out, "For God's fake, Sir, let me go, for that pipe which you hear in yonder tower, calls fion, and I cannot refufe the fummons, for me with great paflove constrains me to go, that I may be his wife, and be my husband."

"The fongs which they composed of their wars and grand atchievements were never fet to the airs of their flutes, being too grave and foftne fles of love, for thofe were only fung at ferious to be intermixed with the pleasures and rated their victories and triumphs. When I their principal feflivals, when they commemo

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fick from downright cramming, and as her mother required me to attend her in the capacity of a nurse, her three fifters enjoyed themselves, having no body to find fault with them. Charlotte, indeed, now and

any

though Mrs. Grantham appeared, at laft, to be fenfible that her youngest daughter was in fault, fhe faid nothing to her, and therefore certainly encou raged her malevolent fpirit. She, accordingly, took every opportunity to difplay it upon the most trivial occafions.

on.

Mrs. Matters could not help smiling at my account of the behaviour of Mrs. Grantham and her family, but laughed out at my fcruples, telling me he was afraid I was too confcientious to be a confiderable gainer by any

As foon as Mifs Grantham recovered, I called upon Mrs. Masters.~ then, came to fit with me, and afkedShe immediately afked me how I went me to hear her repeat her leffon, and I told her that I was very much look at her work; but the fpiteful afraid I fhould not be able to continue Bab, on hearing me praife her fifter long in the family, as I plainly faw I for being fo good, picked a quarrel could not be of any fervice, and that with her directly, made her cry, and fetting afide the uncomfortable life I then went to tell her mother that I led, I had fome fcruples with regard had beaten her. Mrs. Grantham imto the taking of money for nothing. mediately flying into the room, in a violent paffion, afked me how I dared to take fuch liberties with her daughters; adding, that if I offered to lay but a finger on them again, fhe would, that inftant, turn me out of the house. I confefs, much as I thought it necef-employment I might undertake. Mr. fary to appear humble in the ftation I Matters, who fat by, faid-" I really was in, my pride was fo far rouzed by think, Mifs Hayward is in the right; this injurious treatment, that I was al-I am of opinion that fhe will neither most ready to quit a family, whofe fen- gain comfort, nor money, nor reputatiments and manners were fo oppofite tion in fuch a family; fo, my dear, to my own: but I checked myfelf in a moment, by confidering, that as Mrs. Masters had recommended me, I ought not to be fo precipitate, as to go away without first informing her of my motives for fuch a conduct: and indeed my little friend Charlotte soon endeavoured to fet matters in a true light, by accufing Barbara of having been the cause of all this buftle; however,

came from Peru, which was in the year 1560, there were then five Indians refiding at Cuzco who were great masters on the flute, and could play readily by book any tune that was laid before them; they belonged to one Juan Ro driguez, who lived at a vi lage called Labos, not far from the city And now at this time being the year 1602, it is r. ported that the Ind ans are fo well im roved in music that it was a common thing for, a man to found divers kind of inftruments; but vocal music was not fo ufual in my time, perhaps because they did not much practife their voices, though the

with and Indian blood, had the faculty to fing

grils, or fuch as cime of a mixture of Spa

with a tunable and a sweet voice."

you

had better look out for a fituation which may be more defirable." She affured him that he would, adding, that if I quitted the Granthams before fuch a place offered, I fhould be welcome to stay with her till I could fuit myself.

I thanked her, and returned to the houfe I came from.

On my return, I found Mr. and Mrs. Grantham and all the young ladies at high words. As I little imagined 1 was myself the cause of their altercation, I entered the parlour to know if the had any commands for me.

"No, Mils," replied the haughtily, as you had not the good manners to afk me leave before you went out, you may go back to the place from whence you came: I have nothing to fay to you."

Though this was the fort of language I had reason to expect, I did deed did not wish for it at that time, not expect it quite fo foon, and in

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