alike, whatever may have been their offences; no allowance is made for the differences in their organization, education, or degree of intellect. Whatever may be the moral disease with which they are affected, the same remedy (severity) is applied indiscriminately to all: the consequence is, that they leave the prison in as bad, and even a worse state of mind than they entered: they are let loose again upon society-again they commit crimes-and are again incarcerated, and punished still more severely, with the same effect. In this way both the great objects of criminal jurisprudence are defeated: for neither is society protected, nor is the individual in any way improved.

Every one is aware that there is a great difference among men in regard to the ability to resist temptation: some, like Samuel Adams, and Washington, have so much Firmness and Conscientiousness as to be able to resist with

ease, and to treat with contempt, all inducements to swerve from the path of duty: while others, like Lord Bacon, Benedict Arnold, and Americus Vespucius, although possessing superior talents, fall easy victims to temptation. The portrait of Americus shows him to have been deficient in both Firmness and Conscientiousness; which accounts for the deception by which he succeeded in giving his name to the New World. Adams, on the other hand, was proof against the most tempting offers of the British crown; and, after listening to the threats and promises which the messenger was authorized to make, "assuming a determined manner, he replied: 'I trust I have long since made my peace with the King of kings; and no personal consideration shall induce me to abandon the righteous cause of my country. Tell Governor Gage, it is the advice of Samuel Adams to him, no longer to insult the feelings of an exasperated people.""

The great respect which beavers manifest for each other's rights, and the fact that they never pilfer from one another, cannot easily be accounted for, without supposing that they have some Conscientiousness.

CONFORMING GROUP.

9TH. SUBMISSIVENESS, OR REVERENCE.

You shall be as a father to my youth;

My voice shall sound as you do prompt mine ear,

And I will stoop and humble my intents

To your well practis'd, wise directions.-Shakespeare.

This is the propensity to submit to the authority of those who are acknowledged to be superior; and was evidently

designed to produce obedience to government. When first discovered by Dr. Gall, it was denominated theosophy, or the disposition to worship God; because he found it large in extraordinary catholic devotees, and in others who were remarkably religious. Dr. Spurzheim, finding it large on many who made no pretensions to religion, but who were yet much disposed to reverence the great, changed the name to that of Reverence. Spurzheim says, "though devout persons have elevated heads, yet not every one who possesses the cerebral part in question is devout and religious. In all the busts and portraits of Voltaire, it is represented as much developed, and certainly he was not religious. I have also found the organ very considerable in an individual who assured me that he did not believe in the existence of God. Man, in my opinion, arrived at the belief in a Supreme Being, by means of his reflective faculties; since that is an effect without a cause. Gall first observed this organ in individuals in the act of adoring God, and saints in the exercise of devotion. My observations induce me to consider its special faculty as the sentiment of reverence in general, without determining the object to be reverenced, or the manner of reverence. By its agency man adores God, venerates saints, and respects persons and things." Mr. George Combe, although he named it the organ of Veneration, does not essentially differ from the views of Dr. Spurzheim.

I consider it the propensity to submit; and veneration, reverence, and respect, are feelings which are produced by Submissiveness: whereas worship, condescension, obedience and submission, are the actions which follow those feelings. In children, the parent is the proper object to excite this propensity; next the schoolmaster; and then the magistrate, the governor, the president, or the king demand obedience to their authority; and if they are endowed with wisdom.

and power, and integrity, they will so affect this propensity, in all well constituted minds, as to produce the feeling of respect, reverence, veneration, modified by circumstances and by combination with other powers. Superiority of any kind, but particularly in government, is calculated to call it into action; this being the case, as soon as an individual believes in the existence of a God, of infinite attributes, this propensity will naturally be excited towards him: but it is plain, that a man will not be disposed to submit to a power, the very existence of which he denies. This explains the various observations which have been made by Gall and Spurzheim in regard to the connection between religion and this organ. A man who has large Conscientiousness and Submissiveness, will submit with great pleasure whenever he believes it to be his duty to do so; but he will readily rebel against a false religion or an unjust government, and endeavor to establish one in its place, which is congenial to all his feelings. If Submissiveness is small and Conscientiousness and Cautiousness very large, he then may submit, but he will not do so with pleasure-it will be with him a mere form, which, as soon as possible, will be dispensed with he cannot be a devotee. He may act according to the law, because he deems it just; but he will feel little reverence for the law-giver: he will obey commands, because he approves them, and not because they emanate from one whom he reveres. In religion, morals, and government, he will insist upon the essentials, the spirit, the meaning of the rules, but will be indifferent with regard to the mere ceremonies and forms. It may at first seem contradictory, that man should possess one propensity to command, and another to obey; and it has been objected, that when both are large they will counteract each other; but let us appeal to facts: we see the same individual commanding his subordinates and inferiors with great dignity and propriety, and

maintaining his authority with firmness and decision; and yet when he comes into the presence of his superiors, his deportment is in the highest degree respectful; he obeys their just commands with alacrity and pleasure; and thus affords an example for the imitation of those below him. It is a common proverb, that those who would command, should first learn to obey.

During minority, every one is obliged to obey those who are more advanced and experienced; and this is not only necessary for the good order of society, but also for the education of the individual. If we examine the heads of those children that are disrespectful, rebellious, impudent, and ungovernable, we shall find that this organ is small, and the Governing Group, particularly Imperativeness and Firmness, large. At Auburn prison, I saw a parricide who was convicted of an attempt to murder his mother, because she would not obey him; and I found the Establishing and Conforming Groups very small, and the Governing, except Conscientiousness, very large: below is an engraving of his head.