adding to its bulk; and this seems a plausible conjecture. In the extreme cases of disease, to which I have alluded in speaking of the ventricles, the convolutions are spread out into a single sheet, just as the convolutions, or folds of an umbrella are spread out into a single sheet when it is opened; and this explains why persons whose heads are thus enlarged frequently manifest their mental powers with ordinary vigour; as the brain is merely unfolded, without its fibrous structure being destroyed.

Every convolution is not an independent and distinct phrenological organ, but in some instances several convolutions combine to constitute one organ, and in others a single convolution embraces an organ.

It is not therefore true, as some suppose, that each organ of mind may be separated from the rest of the brain by anatomical dissection. Anatomy shows the perfect agreement between the structure of the brain, so far as it is understood, and the organs of mind as they appear upon the surface of the skull. A skilful phrenological anatomist can readily point out the particular convolutions that go to constitute each organ; but no anatomist can trace the organs beneath the surface of the brain and show the boundary between them there. In the internal parts of the brain, the fibres of all the organs are blended and confounded together, so as to render it perfectly impossible to distinguish one organ from another. Anatomy affords no direct proof of the truth of phrenology. We study the structure of the brain to find an explanation of well established phrenological facts, and not to find evidence of their truth.

Phrenology was first dicovered, not by an examination or dissection of the brain, but by observing the agreement between the disposition of men and animals and the forms of their heads. The brain was afterwards examined, and its structure analyzed with great care, in the hope that it would

shed some new light upon the subject; but anatomy has hitherto been of little use to phrenology; on the contrary, we are indebted to phrenology for nearly all our useful knowledge concerning the anatomy of the brain.

So far as the anatomy of the brain is understood, it is in beautiful harmony with phrenology, but it is a great mistake to suppose that phrenology is dependent upon anatomy for evidence by which to establish its truth. Those opponents, therefore, who object to phrenology because it cannot be proved by dissection, evince an unpardonable ignorance of the subject. Most people cannot understand why so many physicians, who are supposed to know the nature of the brain disbelieve in phrenology; but the truth is, physicians are little wiser concerning the brain than other men; and even if they were ever so well acquainted with anatomy, they could not on that account, be able to judge concerning the truth of phrenology better than those who are entirely ignorant upon that subject. Any man who is capable of perceiving the forms and sizes which the head assumes in different individuals, and comparing their developements with their Conduct, can judge concerning the truth of phrenology as well as the most eminent medical professor.

ARTERIES OF THE BRAIN.

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All anatomists agree, that the amount of blood which the brain receives, is at least four times greater than that of any other part of the constitution of equal bulk. This astonishing fact, proclaims the great importance of the arterial system and organs of respiration to the operations of mind. The blood enters the brain by four different passages; two in front, called the right and left carotid arteries, and two in the back of the head, called the right and left vertebral arteries. It is curious to observe the contrivance which

adding to its bulk; and this seems a plausible conjecture. In the extreme cases of disease, to which I have alluded in speaking of the ventricles, the convolutions are spread out into a single sheet, just as the convolutions, or folds of an umbrella are spread out into a single sheet when it is opened; and this explains why persons whose heads are thus enlarged frequently manifest their mental powers with ordinary vigour; as the brain is merely unfolded, without its fibrous structure being destroyed.

Every convolution is not an independent and distinct phrenological organ, but in some instances several convolutions combine to constitute one organ, and in others a single convolution embraces an organ.

It is not therefore true, as some suppose, that each organ of mind may be separated from the rest of the brain by anatomical dissection. Anatomy shows the perfect agreement between the structure of the brain, so far as it is understood, and the organs of mind as they appear upon the surface of the skull. A skilful phrenological anatomist can readily point out the particular convolutions that go to constitute each organ; but no anatomist can trace the organs beneath the surface of the brain and show the boundary between them there. In the internal parts of the brain, the fibres of all the organs are blended and confounded together, so as to render it perfectly impossible to distinguish one organ from another. Anatomy affords no direct proof of the truth of phrenology. We study the structure of the brain to find an explanation of well established phrenological facts, and not to find evidence of their truth.

Phrenology was first dicovered, not by an examination or dissection of the brain, but by observing the agreement between the disposition of men and animals and the forms of their heads. The brain was afterwards examined, and its structure analyzed with great care, in the hope that it wou'

prevents the blood from entering the delicate mass of the brain too suddenly and forcibly. Before the arteries are permitted to enter the skull, they are made to traverse several winding and almost retrograde passages, and encounter several obstructions, that serve to check the force of the current; the blood then enters the skull through four different arteries, that all unite at the base of the brain to form one great depot; which, although not exactly in the form of a circle, is denominated the circle of Willis; and it is from this circle that the blood finally takes its departure to enter the substance of the brain. Besides the arteries of the cerebellum, there are three principal arteries which go from the circle to the cerebrum; they are

The ANTERIOR,

The MIDDLE, and

The POSTERIOR,

so named from the three lobes of the brain which they supply; each of these arteries subdivide into an upper and under branch before they lose themselves in the brain.

VEINS, OR SINUSES OF THE BRAIN.

Although the blood enters the brain by four different channels, it is all returned through one great vein-the longitudinal sinus-which is situated in the median line between the hemispheres. It commences near the organ of Individuality, and follows the skull over to the lower part of Parentiveness; it then divides into two branches, one passing to the right, leaves the skull near Combativeness; the other passing to the left, leaves the skull in a similar manner. The course of this great sinus may be traced on the inner surface of the skull by the deep impression it makes in the bone, particularly at the back part, where is