1830, in New York, '37; Winer's Gram.; Wahl's Clavis, '25; Buttmann's Gram., '33; N. Test. Lex., '36 and '50; Hebr. Lex.; Bibl. Res. in Palest. 3, '43, new ed., '55; Harmony of Gospels, '45; Eng. Harm., '46.-Isaac Nordheimer, Hebr. Gram., '42.-George Bush, d. 1859: Script. Illustrat.; Millennium, '32; Hebrew Gr., '35; Anastasis, '44; Pent. Josh., '40 to '58; ed. New Jerusl. Mag.--Saml. H. Turner (Prot. Episc.), Jahn and Planck's Introd.; Jewish Rabbies, '47; Prophecy, '52; Rom., Hebr., new ed., '59.Elias Riggs (Constple.), Manual of Chaldee, '24, new ed., '56.-H. B. Hackett, ed. Winer's Chaldee Gram.; Acts, 2d ed., '52.—Albert Barnes, Comm. on New Test.; Job; Isaiah, etc.- Charles Hodge, Ep. to Romans, '35, abridged, '36; 15th ed. Phil., '56; Ephes., '56; 1 Cor., '57; Hist. Presb. Church, 2, '40; Way of Life, 30th ed., '56, etc.-Jos. Addison Alexander, Princeton, b. 1809, d. 1860 (Princeton): Isaiah, 2, '46-7; Psalms, 3, '50; Essays on Prim. Church.-H. J. Ripley (Bapt.), Gospels; Rom.; Acts.-J. J. Owen (N. Y.), Gospels, 1858-60.-D. D. Whedon, Gospels Matth., Mk., 1860.-F. G. Hibbard, Psalms.-Justin Edwards, d. 1853, New Test.-Jas. Strong, Harm. and Expos. of Gospels.-G. R. Noyes (Cambr.), Job, Psalms, Prophets.-Andrews Norton (Cambr.), New transl. Gospels, Genuineness of Gospels, '52-'55.-M. Jacobus, Gospels.-F. S. Sampson, Hebr., '56.-T. V. Moore, Haggai, etc., 56.---On Apocalypse, D. N. Lord, '47; Macdonald; Weeks, '51.-Abp. Kenrick, New Test. transl. from Vulgate, '47-251.-T. J. Conant, Rochester, Rödiger's Gesenius; transl. of Job and New Test. (in progress). A. C. Kendrick, Olshausen's Comm. revised, 6 vols., 1858.]

16 [Neander, transl. by Prof. Torrey, 5 vols., 1840-54. Hase by Blumenthal and Wing, '55.—Mosheim's Institutes, 3, 1832, frequent editions, and Commentaries on First Three Cent., '51, by Jas. Murdock (d. 1856); also transl. Münscher's Dogmat. Hist., '30, and the Syriac N. Test., '61.— Guericke, i. by G. W. T. Shedd.-Kurtz, Sacred Hist. by Schaeffer, '57.— Gieseler, Hist. to Ref. by F. Cunningham, 3, '42; revision of Davidson's Edinb. Version, by H. B. Smith, continued to 1648, 4 vols., New York, 1857-'61.-P. Schaff, Apostol. Church, '53, Hist. of Church, i., '58.— Coleman's Ancient Christ., '52.-M. Mahan, Church Hist. of First Three Cent., 1860.]

17

[The Church of England was established in the southern colonies; in Maryland after the decline of the Roman Catholic influence (1692); and in New York after its cession by the Dutch, (1693). Frequent projects of appointing bishops in the other colonies failed. The first controversy in New England was (1720) between John Checkley (d. 1753), and Ed. Wigglesworth (Prof. Cambr., d. 1765). In 1722 Tim. Cutler (d. 1756), S. Johnson and others in Ct. became Episcopalians. The latter wrote in defence of the Epis. Church (1733); A Syst. of Morality, '46; Hebr. Gram., '67; d. Pres. King's Coll., '72. Noah Hobart (Fairfield, Ct., d. 1773), wrote: Serious Address to the Episcopal Separation, '48; Second Address, '51. J. Wetmore, (d. '60): Vindication of Professors of Church of England, '47; and Rejoinder to Hobart. J. Beach (d. 1782): Answer to Hobart '49; Vindication, '56. Prest. Dickinson, Reasonableness of Nonconformity, '38; Second Vindication, etc. (see Allen's Biog. Dict.) In 1763, East Apthorp, controversy with Dr.

Mayhew, on the Plans of the Propag. Society; Mayhew, on Conduct of the Society, and two Defences, 1763-5. The Abp. of Canterb. (Secker) replied to Mayhew. T. B. Chandler (d. 1790): Appeal on behalf of Chh. of Eng., '67; Defence, '69, '71. Chauncy of Boston, Remarks on Bp. of Llandaff's Sermon, '67; Answer to Chandler, '68, '70; Complete View of Episcopacy, '71. After the Revolution, episcopal ordination was obtained in Scotland, 1781, by Samuel Seabury (d. 1796), in England by Bp. White (d. 1836). On the proposed alteration in the Liturgy, see § 222, note 6. In 1811, Bp. Hobart of N. Y. (d. 1830), advocated High Church claims in his Companion for the Altar; J. M. Mason, replied in Christ. Mag.; Hobart, Apology for Apostolic Order. John Bowden (d. 1817), advocated Episcopacy against Stiles, 1778; against Miller, 1806-10 (Miller's Order of Ministry, 1807; reply to Bowden, 1810.) Bp. H. U. Onderdonk (Phil., d. 1858), Episcopacy tested by Script., 1830; reply by Albert Barnes, 1844. Wainwright and Potts' discussion on the theme; a Church without a Bishop. (Comp. Woods on Episc. '44; Smyth, Prelacy; Coleman's Prim. Church; Jos. A. Alexander, Prim. Church Officers, '51). The Oxford Controversy had its echoes in America. Between 1815 and 1858, 38 of the Episcopal Clergy went to Rome (Bp. Ives, 1852). Bp. Hopkins of Vt., wrote on Church of Rome, '37, and Novelties, '44; Confessional, '50; End of Controversy, '54. Bp. McIlvaine, on Justif., '40; Oxf. Div., '41; Apostolic Office, '55 (see Princeton Rev., '56). Other Episcopal Divines, S. F. Jarvis (d. '51), Regen., '21; Prophecy, '43; Introd. to Chh. Hist., '45; Reply to Milner, '47; Chh. of Redeemed, '50. Bp. Ravenscroft, d. 1730: Disc. and Controv. with J. H. Rice. Samuel Seabury, Continuity of Chh. of Eng., '55; Am. Slavery Justified, '60. J. O. Ogilby (Prof. N. Y., d. '51), on the Chh. and Lay Baptism, '44. F. L. Hawks, N. Y., Eccl. Hist. of Md. and Va.; Egypt; Chris. Antiq. Murray Hoffman (jurist) Canon Law, '51. John S. Stone, The Mysteries opened (on Baptismal Regeneration and the Real Presence), 1844; The Church Universal, '46. Stephen H. Tyng, Law and Gospel, '48; Israel of God; Christ is all, 1849.]

"[The Baptist Controversy is perpetually renewed. Among the leading divines of this denomination are: Isaac Backus, b. 1724, d. 1806, Hist. of Baptists, 3 vols., to 1801; Mem. by A. Hovey, 1858. David Benedict, Hist. Bapt., new ed., '48; Compend. Eccles. Hist.; Fifty Years among Baptists, '60. Jas. Maxcy (Prest. Brown Univ., d. '20), Disc. and Remains (Elton). Francis Wayland (Prest. of Brown), b. 1796; Sermons; Moral and Intel. Phil.; Pol. Econ.; on Slavery (Fuller); Principles of Baptists, '56, etc. Wm. R. Williams (N. Y.), Miscel.; Rel. Progress; Lord's Prayer, etc. Barnas Sears (Prest. Brown), on Education; Addresses and Reviews. R. Fuller on Baptism, Slavery (Wayland), Close Communion,. '49. T. F. Curtis, Progress of Baptist Principles, '57. S. S. Cutting, Hist. Vindication, '59.-The Campbellites are named from Alex. Campbell, editor of Christ. Bapt., '23-'29, of Millennial Harbinger, since '30; Christ.. System; Baptism; Infidelity refuted by Infidels; Public Debates with Walker, McAlla, Purcell and Rice; Debate with Owen on Socialism. See J. B. Jeter, Campbellism Examined, 1858.]

19

[In 1784 the First Methodist Conference was organized under Wesley's

rules. In 1860, the total of Methodists in America, was 1,880,269.

Francis Asbury, d. 1816, preached 17,000 Sermons; Journals, 3 vols.; Life by Strickland, '59. Bp. Emory, Defence of Fathers; Episc. Controversy; Hist. Discipline. N. Bangs, on Meth. Ep. Church; Original Church of Christ; Sanctif. Chs. Elliott, Delineation of Rom. Catholicism, 2, N. Y. (3d ed., Lond., '51); Bible and Slavery; Baptism, '34; Hist. of Secession of Southern Chh. G. Peck, Christ. Perfection; Rule of Faith. W. Fisk, d. 1830; Predest. and Elect. (against Fitch). Stephen Olin, d. '51, Sermons and Addresses. J. McClintock, Temporal Power of Pope, '55; ed. Classical Works. Abel Stevens, Chh. Polity; Memorials of Method.; Rel. Movement in 18th cent., i., ii., 1858-60.]

20 [On the early German emigration to United States, see W. M. Reynolds, in Evang. Review, July, 1861. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, d. 1787; Reports in Hallische Nachrichten, 1741-85; Life by Stoever. The Lutherans are divided into (1), the strict Old Lutheran-controversy 1850, between Missouri and Buffalo Synods (Löber, Walther); (2.) Moderate Lutheranism of the Penn. synod; (3.) Evangelical Lutherans (Gettysburg). The American Lutherans generally reject the strict doctrine of consubstantiation; the discipline is stricter than in the European churches; the government more Presbyterian. For a full literature of the denomination, see Evang. Review, April, 1861.-J. C. Kunze, d. 1802, orientalist.-J. G. Lochmann, d. 1826, Hist. Lutheran Doctrine, 1818.-J, Bachmann (S. C.), Defence of Luther; Unity of Race, etc.-E. L. Hazelius, Hist. of Church, i. '42; of Am. Luth., '46; Life of Stilling. C. W. Shaffer, Early Hist. Luth., '57.-B. Kurtz, Why a Luth., '43; Inf. Bapt., '48. W. J. Mann, Luth. in Am., '57; Plea for Augsb. Conf., '56. J. G. Morris, Life of Arndt, '53; on Martin Behaim, '55. J. A. Seiss, on Hebrews, '46; Baptist System, 2d ed., '58; Gospel in Lev., '60; Digest of Doctrine, '57. A. and S. Henkel, Transl. of Luther on Sacraments, '53; of Book of Concord, '54. S. S. Schmucker (Prof. Gettysburg), Storr and Flatt transl., 2, '26; Appeal on Union, '38; Psychology, '42; Am. Luth. Church, '51; Lutheran Manual, '55; Am. Lutheranism Vindicated (reply to Mann), '56; Formula of Gov. and Discipline. See J. A. Brown, The New Theology, '57, and Schmucker in reply.]

21

[The German Reformed were at first united with the Dutch.-Dr. Mayer, d. 1849, Hist. of Ref. Church.-H. Harbaugh, Fathers of Germ. Ref. Church; The Future Life, etc. J. W. Nevin, Bibl. Antiq.; Mystical Presence, 46; Heidelb. Catechism, '47, and a series of articles in the Mercersb. Review on Puritanism, the Cyprianic Church, etc. See in reply, Hodge in Princeton Rev., '48, Schmucker and Berg; also Brownson's Quart. and Ebrard (approving Nevin's views) in Studien und Kritiken, '51. On P. Schaff (comp. note 16); he has also written on the Sünde wider den heiligen Geist; Principles of Protestantism, '45; What is Church History? '46; America, '55; Germany and its Universities, '57; edited Deutsche Kirchenfreund, '48-'53, and Mercersb. Rev., and contributed numerous articles to Bib. Sacra and other reviews.]

22

[The Dutch Ref. Church was first established in New Amsterdam (New York), under the classis of Amsterdam; Domine Everardus Bogardus,

1633-47; S. Megapolensis, 1642-68. 1737-71, a strong movement against the dependence on Holland-Catus and Conferentie parties; the Cœtus party at last succeeded. First preaching exclusively in English by A. Laidlée, d. '78. The Decrees of Dort and the Heidelberg Catechism are the standards. J. H. Livingston, Prof. Theol. (b. 1746, d. 1855); Sermons and Addresses; Life by Gunn, '56. Theod. J. Frelinghuysen, d. 1754, Sermons, ed. De Witt, '56.-W. C. Brownlee, on Quakers, '24; on Popery; West. Apost. Church; Rom. Cath. Controv.; Deity of Christ. Thos. De Witt, Hist. Disc., '58, etc. D. D. Demarest, Hist., Ref. D. Church, '59. J. S. Cannon, d. 1850, Lect. on Pastoral Theology, '53. W. R. Gordon, Godhead of Christ, 1855. Jos. F. Berg (Germ. Ref. till '52), Lect. on Romanism, '40; Theology of Dens, '40; Papal Rome; Voice from Rome; Pope and Presbyterians, '44; Robe of Trèves; Myst. of Inquis., '46; Reply to Abp. Hughes, '50; Farewell Words to Germ. Ref. Church and Nevin, '52; Prophecy, '56, etc.]

23

[John Murray, from England, b. 1741, d. 1815, formed the first Universalist Society in Am., 1779; Letters and Sermons, 3, 1816. Chs. Chauncy, in Boston (see § 285, d., note 7), taught the doctrine in his Salvation of All Men, 1784 (reply by Jonathan Edwards, Jr., '85), and Jos. Huntington, of Coventry, Ct. (d. 1795), in his Calvinism Improved, publ. 1796; replies by Strong, of Hartford, and others.-Elhanan Winchester (b. 1751, d. '97) Univ. Restoration, 1786; on Prophecies, 2, 1800.-Hosea Ballou, d. 1851, Orthodoxy Unmasked; Divine Benevolence, 1815; Atonement, 1805–1828.—Hosea Ballou, 2d, d. 1861: Univ. Expositor, 1831; Ancient Hist. Universalism.-W. Balfour, d. 1812: Inquiry; Essays; Letters to Stuart, etc.-E. H. Chapin, Characters in Gospels; Lord's Prayer; Humanity in City, '54.—The Annihilationists: Geo. Storrs, Are the Wicked Immortal, 21st ed., '59. C. F. Hudson, Debt and Grace, '57; Human Destiny, a Critique of Universalism, '61. See Alvah Hovey, State of Impenitent Dead, 59: J. R. Thompson, Law and Penalty: R. W. Landis, Immortality, etc., 2d ed., '60. Abp. Whately, Scriptl. Revel. respecting Future State, '55.]

24

[The Quakers (Society of Friends) had trouble, 1692, with George Keith, who organized the Christian Quakers, and at last became an Episcopalian. The Quaker predominance in Penn. came to an end, about 1755, in the discussions on men and supplies for the French war. No Friend was allowed to hold slaves (John Woolman, Epistle to Quakers, 1773. Benezet (d. 1784) aroused the zeal of Clarkson in England).—A division, 1827, by Elias Hicks (d. 1830), who denied the divine authority of the Scriptures, and the deity and atonement of Christ. Separate organizations formed (150,000 regular, and 10,000 Hicksite Quakers.)]

25 [The Shakers began in England (called Millennial Church), with Jas. and Jane Wardley, Bristol, 1747. Mother Ann Lee joined them, 1757, and became the spiritual mother; emigrated to America, 1774, Watervleit, N. Y., d. 1784. Strict celibacy; Christ's Second Coming (4th dispensation. began in 1847). See Evans' Hist., 1859; A Summary View of the Millennial Church, Albany, 1823.-Adventists: Wm. Miller preached in 1833, that the end of the world would be in 1843: J. V. Hines, Advent Herald,

26

1840. Spiritualism (Rappings, Necromancy) began 1850, with the Fox family; Andrew Jackson Davis, Harmonia, 6, 1850; Nature's Div. Revel.; Philos. of Spiritual Intercourse; Harmonial Man, etc. J. W. Edmonds, Spiritualism, 2, 1853-5. Owen, Footfalls on the Boundaries, etc., 1860. See Asa Mahan, Mod. Myst. Explained, Bost., 1856. Modern Necromancy, in North Am. Rev., 1855; Christ. Exam., Nov., 1756 (Hill); Church Rev., July, 1855; Westminster, Jan., 1858. W. R. Gordon, Threefold Test of Modern Spiritualism, N. Y., 1856; Agenor de Gasparin, Science vs. Spiritualism, 2, 1856 (transl. by E. W. Roberts). The Literature of Spiritualism, New Englander, 1858. North Brit., Feb., 1861, on Edmonds and Owen.] 28 [Mormons, Latter Day Saints. Joe Smith, b. 1805, published Sol. Spalding's (d. 1816) Romance on the American Aborigines (Nephi and Lehi), as the Book of Mormons, 1830. The church founded with three high priests, twelve apostles, twenty elders: temple in Nauvoo, 1842 Smith killed. Brigham Young succeeded; in 1856 emigration to Utah. They may now number 60,000 in Utah. Gifts of tongues and prophecy; polygamy practised. See J. B. Turner, Mormonism in all Ages. Accounts by Bennet, 1843; Gunnison, 1852; Ferris, 1854; Green, 1858; Hyde, 1859; Edb. Rev., April, 1854; New Englander, Nov., 1854; Jules Remy, Voyage au Pays des Mormons, 2, Paris, 1860; T. W. P. Taylder, The Mormons' Own Book, Lond., 1855.-The Book of Doctrines and Covenants; Kirtland, O., 1835; Nauvoo, 1846; and a 3d ed. in England.]

§ 286.

CONFLICTS OF THE CONFESSIONS.

2

It was characteristic of the theology of the eighteenth century that it attached less importance to the denominational differences of the confessions of faith, upon which so much stress had been laid in the preceding period. These differences had receded in view of the new and fresh antagonisms. The cause of this was not only rationalistic indifferentism, but also the efforts of the Pietists, and other sects of a similar character, for the promotion of practical piety.' Although the union of Catholicism with Protestantism was restricted to pious and impracticable wishes, yet on the other hand, in several parts of Germany a union was brought about between the Lutherans and the Calvinists. But even this union led to a revival of the former denominational differences, which were not only made the subject of scientific discussion, but also gave rise to separations and commotions in the church. Thus Scriptural Supernaturalism, as well as old Lutheran orthodoxy, and the rigid Calvinism' of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were strongly defended in the nineteenth. The work of union has been very much shattered by this dogmatic partisan hatred.

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