199. Emphasis is sometimes obtained by putting forward a subject and not completing the sentence, or changing the form of construction :

Rather proclaim it, Westmoreland, through my host,

That he, which hath no stomach to this fight,

Let him depart; his passport shall be made. . .—Shakespeare.

A peasant and a soldier, his nerves yielded not easily to the impressions of sympathy, and he could sustain without emotion the sight of tortures and death.—Gibbon.

200. Each, every, and either are joined to singular Nouns and Verbs:

Like a school broke up,

Each hurries to his home and sporting-place.-Shakespeare. Giving a gentle kiss to every sedge

He overtaketh in his pilgrimage.-Shakespeare.

I'll be as patient as a gentle stream,

And make a pastime of each weary step.—Shakespeare.
The children thus dispos'd, my wife and I,

Fixing our eyes on whom our care was fix'd,
Fasten'd ourselves at either end the mast.-Shakespeare.

NOTE 1.-Either in old English meant each of two.

NOTE 2.-Every one may have a plural meaning:

Every one of these remedies have been successively attempted.-Junius.

Let every one please themselves.-Kingsley.

201. All, such, and many, when they qualify a singular Noun, qualified also by an Article, require the Article to be placed between them and the Noun:

All the world's a stage.

In such a night . . .
Full many a flower . . .

202. We, you, a man, men, and one are used as Indefinite Subjects:

In the cool shade of retirement, we may easily devise imaginary forms of government, in which the sceptre shall be constantly bestowed on the most worthy, by the free and incorrupt suffrage of the whole community.—Gibbon.

You may break, you may ruin the vase, if you will, But the scent of the roses will cling round it still.—Moore. Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.—Shakespeare.

Men said he saw strange visions

Which none beside might see;

And that strange sounds were in his ears

Which none might hear but he.-Macaulay.

I would have, as one should say, one that takes upon him to be a dog indeed, to be, as it were, a dog in all things.Shakespeare.

PART IX.

ON THE COMPOSITION AND DERIVATION

OF WORDS.

I.—Composition.

203. A compound word is one made up of two or more words, each of which has an independent meaning.

Some of our compounds are written as one word: such as moonlight, vineyard; others have the members separated by the mark -, called a hyphen: such as nut-brown, well-being, forget-me-not.

The first word usually qualifies the second: workhouse is a house where work is provided for the inmates; corn-mill is a mill in which corn is ground.

I. COMPOUND NOUNS.

204. Compound Nouns are chiefly formed by joining two Nouns, or an Adjective and a Noun, or a Verb and a Noun. Noun-Noun: shopkeeper, wine-merchant, birthday, landlord. Adjective-Noun: good-humour, ill-will, highway, gentleman. Verb-Noun: turnkey, pick-pocket, spendthrift, tread-mill.

II.—COMPOUND ADJECTIVES.

205. Compound Adjectives are formed by joining a Noun and an Adjective, a Noun and a Participle, or an Adjective and an Adjective.

Noun-Adjective: snow-white, coal-black, fool-hardy.

Noun-Participle: life-giving, heart-breaking, home-brewed. Adjective-Adjective: red-hot, hard-working, all-wise.

III. COMPOUND VERBS.

206. Compound Verbs are formed by joining a Noun and a Verb, or an Adjective and a Verb.

Noun-Verb: backbite, waylay, hoodwink.
Adjective-Verb: fulfil, whitewash.

II.-Derivation.

207. The Noun Kingdom and the Adjective Kingly are called Derivatives from the Noun King. Each is formed by adding to the word King an ending that conveys no meaning when it stands alone. These endings are called Suffixes. Many suffixes can be traced to words which once had an independent existence: thus -dom is from the Anglo-Saxon dôm, authority, dominion; and -ly is from the Anglo-Saxon lic, like. 208.

I.-ENGLISH SUFFIXES.

209.

II. LATIN DERIVATIVES.

Some of these are taken directly from Latin words, and others come from Latin through French words. The whole word, and not the termination only, is of Latin origin; the termination having in nearly every instance been adapted to English speech. Examples are:

(1) Many ending in y:

-y, as comedy, family.
-cy, as infancy, innocency.
-ey, as valley, journey.

-ty, as vanity, dignity.

-ony, as matrimony, parsimony.

-ary, as secretary, necessary, hereditary.

-ory, as history, oratory, laudatory.

(2) Many ending with an n sound :

-an, as publican, human.

-ean, as European, hyperborean.

-ian, as historian, musician.

-ain, as certain, domain.

-ine, as divine, sanguine.

-ion, as action, occasion.

(3) Many with an / sound:
-al, as equal, cardinal.
-el, as chapel, cruel.
-il, as civil, vigil.