party did not succeed in electing more than about twelve members; all the others, though differing in their political views, are unanimous in rejecting firm ly the interference of the Church in secular affairs, and in demanding the total abolition of the temporal power of the Pope, notwithstanding the threats of excommunication held out to every one favoring such a scheme. The number of voters in Italy is at present about 800,000; comprising all the intelligent and wealthy classes of the population, and as far as these are concerned the influence of the Church as the recent election has again demonstrated, is of very little account. A Chamber of Deputies like the one elected in October will protect the principle of religions toleration, and all the rights which since the establishment of the kingdom of Italy have been granted to Protestants. The address with which the king, in November, opened parliament, gives us reason to hope that great progress will be made in the way of ecclesiastical legislation. The king invites the co-operation of parliament for proper measures to es tablish the absolute separation between Church and State. If the government itself leads the way with regard to this important reform, there is no doubt that the vast majority of the chamber will approve it. Thus Italy will be first of the great countries of Europe to introduce into the old world one of the chief features of the civilization of our Union. The carrying through of this principle cannot fail to be of far-reaching influence upon the fate of the Papacy. CATHOLIC CONGRESS.-As the Catholic Congress of Belgium did not meet in 1865, and that of Switzerland is too small a body to attract general attention, the Catholic Congress of Germany, which met in September, 1865, at Treves, was the only noteworthy demonstration of this kind by the Roman Catholics of Europe during the year. The organs of the Roman Catholic Church represent this vast congress, as well as its predecessors, as a signal manifestation. of the vigor and vitality of their Church. They are led to this opinion by comparing the interest in the cause of the Church exhibited at these gatherings with the universal apathy formerly prevailing among the laity. Protestant observers who carefully study the history of these meetings in their relation to the bulk of the Catholic population, will arrive at a very different conclusion. In the first place the small number of these meetings in. Roman Catholic Europe is in itself a proof of the little vitality which is at present to be found in the Roman Catholic communion. Tho large majority of the countries of Europe are Roman Catholic, yet Germany, where Roman Catholicism has been for three centuries influenced and benefited by the contact with Protestantism, is the only country where these meetings take place regularly. Most of the countries have not even made yet an attempt. Only few energetic men from France, Italy, Spain and Portugal, appear at these foreign congresses to lament the apathy of their countrymen. Only Belgium, where the zeal of the Roman Catholics has been quickened by its struggle against liberalism, has attempted to follow the example of Germany. The first Belgian Congress, in 1863, attracted attention on account of its novelty; the second, in 1864. was, in the opinion of the Roman Catholics themselves, so vastly inferior to the first, that its managers thought best to abandon the plan of annual congresses, and concluded to hold one every other year. With every new meeting of these con gresses, it becomes more apparent that there is nowhere a nation which still believes in the principles of the Church of Rome, and that the influence of Rome on modern society is steadily decreasing. In Germany the Catholic Congresses have been at work for eighteen years, yet the popular mind is now as little influenced by them as before. The split in the Catholic districts between the "Catholic" and "liberal" parties has widened: yet an overwhelming and still increasing number of Roman Catholic districts prefer at all the municipal and state elections the liberal to the Catholic candidates. With one exception all the leaders in these congresses are men without influence upon their fellow-citizens, and noted for nothing but servile submission to the demands of Rome. Rarely a man arises among them whose talents command the attention of the world at large; and if at length such a man arises, he is almost sure to be disavowed by Rome. The speech of Montalembert on religious toleration at the Congress of Malines, which, after having been reproduced and eulogized by the Roman Catholic press of every country, was formally disapproved by Rome, is a remarkable example. Another proof of the weakness of the principles represented by these congresses is the fear of their leaders to indorse fully and frankly all the demands of the Pope. Zealous as they claim to be in the service of Rome, and unreserved as they appear to be in their adhesion to the late Encyclical and all other manifestoes of the Pope, they dare not embody in their resolutions the principles laid down in the Encyclical. They do not denounce liberty of the press, religious toleration, and other modern heresies, but confine themselves to complaining that they don't have the full share of the liberties which the antiCatholic, legislation of their country grants to all. It is evident that the most zealous elements in the Roman Catholic population have not the cour age to profess all the sentiments of Rome. The work performed or reported at these congresses is insignificant if compared with the operations of the Protestant Societies. The progress of the Young Men's Catholic Societies is by no means more rapid than that of the Young Men's Christian Societies in Protestant countries. The reported success of the Society for Circulating Catholic Pamphlets, will dwindle down to little, if compared with the operations of the Protestant Tract Societies. The slow advance of the twenty-three millions of Roman Catholics in Germany in the establishment of an independent Catholic University, cannot challenge a comparison with the rapid increase of Protestant colleges in this country. In some respects this congress itself bore testimony to the failure of the efforts of the Catholic Societies. It is an incontrovertible fact that although the majority of the Germans are set down as being nominally Roman Catholics, the overwhelming majority of the periodical press are very decided opponents of Roman Catholicism. The proportion of Protestant religious papers to Roman Catholic papers is at least three to one; and among the secular papers the Catholic Church can hardly be said to control one in twenty. How to remedy thus evil has been the subject of animated discussion at every meeting of the Church Congress. But the progress made since 1848, when the first congress was held, is entirely unsatisfactory in the eyes of the leaders. At this year's congress it was again proposed to establish a central office for the Catholic press. But the committee of the Congress reported that the project must be abandoned, and it was clearly intimated that interest, money, writers, and everything else required was wanting. The school question was reported to be in an equally unsatisfactory condition. No state government satisfies the Church of Rome, and the whole influence of the public school system is found to be adverse to the interests of Rome. It is thought, there fore, among the leaders of the Church party, that it will become necessary to organize everywhere private Catholic schools. All these facts taken together, there is but little doubt that the emancipation of the Roman Catholic population of Germany from the influence of Rome is making progress. ART. XI.-FOREIGN LITERARY INTELLIGENCE. GERMANY. The periodical theological literature of Germany has received, in 1865, a very valuable addition, by the publication of a new monthly at Gutersloh, Westphalia, under the title "Apology of Faith." Its editors are the Rev. O. Andreæ, pastor at Neheim, Westphalia; Prof. O. Zöckler, of the University of Giessen; and Dr. Grau, of the theological faculty, of the University of Marburg. The two latter scholars are favorably known as authors of apologetic works, all of which have been referred to in former numbers of the Quarterly Review. As the name of the new periodical indicates, it has the special object to defend Christianity against the attacks of all the different schools of its modern opponents, and to demonstrate that Christi anity alone is a safe basis of society and of civilization. It will aid those whose faith has been shaken by modern science in reconfirming it, and those who have lost their faith in recovering it. To that end it will review the whole of modern literature and modern life, and show that there is no discord, but harmony, between true science, true progress, and religion. A large number of the prominent scholars of the evangelical school of Germany have promised their contributions. Among those whose names are well known in the United States, we mention Professor Dorner, of Berlin, Professor Ebrard, of Erlangen, Dr. Fabri, author of the work on Materialism, Dr. Harless, President of the Supreme Ecclesiastical Consistory of Munich, Professor Gess, of Göttingen, Prelate Dr. von Kapff, in Stuttgardt, Dr. Kliefoth, of Schwerin, Professor Luthardt, of Leipzic, Professor Van Oosterzee, of Utrecht, Dr. Wichern, in Berlin. One of the most important recent publications of Protestant France is a new work by Count A. de Gasparin on "The Family, its Duties, Joys, and Sorrows." (La Famille, ses Devoirs, ses Joies, et ses Douleurs. 2 vols. Paris.) The name of the author alone is a guarantee that the new work is one which will be welcomed by all the evangelical Churches of the world. Count Gaspariu is one of the most eloquent champions the Christian family has ever found. He declares open war against those enemies of the family who prefer, to its stern and beautiful duties, the cowardly peace of celibacy, which diminishes the existence and frequently extinguishes the tenderness of the heart, while the family inspires deA number of Roman Catholic profess-votion, encourages noble works, sympaors of theology have united to establish a new literary organ, for the review of the entire literature from the standpoint of their Church. Professor Reusch, of Bonn, well known as the author of several works on the New Testament, will be the editor. A new posthumous work of the late Professor F. C. Baur, of Tübingen, is announced, giving his "Lectures on the History of Christian Doctrines. (Vorlosungen über die Christliche Dogmengeschichte. Part I. of Vol. I. Leipzic: 1865.) The entire work will consist of three volumes, the first of which will embrace the Doctrines of the ancient Church, the second those of the Church of the middle ages, and the third those of the Church of modern times. Part I. of the first volume, which has been published, extends over the period from the apostolical age to the Synod of Nice. In point of extent and completeness this work of Baur will take rank among the foremost works in this department of German theology. As regards the theological stand-point, the late author was well known as the leader of the negative school of German theologians. Luther's theological views (which many High Lutherans regard as almost as important as the doctrines of the Bible) continue to be the subject of a number of new theological works. Among the most important of this class of works belongs that by Prof. Dieckhoff, of Rostock, on Luther's teachings thizes with all that is great and good, calls away from laziness and cowardice. In his description of the Christian family he takes his point of departure from God. It is God whose holy presence purifies it, sanctifies it, sustains it during the hours of sorrow, and awards to it pure and legitimate joys. Nowhere, Count Gasparin shows, the word of Jesus that one thing is necessary proves more true than in the family. The moral distance between a religious family, however poor and devoid of external advantages, and a family having all external advantages in abundance but no faith, is as wide as that between heaven and earth. A work by such an author and on such a subject will undoubtedly, by means of translations, soon be made accessible to all Protestant nations. A new History of the United States, from the establishment of the first colonies to the first presidency of Abraham Lincoln, has recently been published by J. F. Astié, one of the regular contributors of the Revue Chretienne, (Histoire de la Republique des Etats Unis. 2 vols. Paris: 1865.) The work is introduced to the public by an introduction from the pen of Professor Laboulaye. Both Laboulaye and Astié are known as enthusiastic admirers of our American institutions. The author, says Professor Laboulaye in the preface, has undertaken to prove that Christianity is the source of all liberty: that it has not only elevated the charao ter of woman in the family and abolished slavery, but it has emancipated the citizen, destroyed the old privileges, and founded modern democracy.... Liberty has a bad reputation in some of the European countries. It is only known by the rains which it has caused, by the violence which it has produced; but ought this violence, these faults, these crimes, be attributed to liberty or to the men who have used its sacred name to dishonor it? The example of America gives us quite a different notion of liberty, and teaches us to respect and to love it. In this liberty which elevates the souls, enlightens and purifies the spirits and draws the hearts nearer to each other, we see the most perfect fruit of the Gospel. This modern liberty which rests on the co-operation of all, which rejects slavery, and protects minorities and the individual, has only made its appearance in countries which recognize Christ as their master. Let us recognize the tree by its fruits; let us understand that religious, political, so cial, individual liberty is the daughter Christianity; instead of cursing and insulting it, let us try to know it, and perhaps, learning more of its divine beauty, we may finally love and embrace it. We shall introduce it to our hearths, and devote to it our entire lives. That America has done, and who will say that she has not fared well with it. May we be able to follow this example. May the same love and the same faith carry the civilization of the world toward the same future of good will, of peace, and of prosperity. Works conceived and carried out in such a spirit can of course not fail to be effectual apostles of our institutions, both political and religious. ART. XII.-SYNOPSIS OF THE QUARTERLIES, AND OTHERS OF THE HIGHER PERIODICALS. American Quarterly Reviews. AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN AND THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, October, 1865. (New York.)-1. Demoniacal Possessions of the New Testament. 2. The Ministering of Christ and Christian Ministering. 3. Analysis and Proof Texts of Julius Muller's System of Theology. 4. The Relation of Christianity to the Present Stage of the World's Progress in Science, Civilization, and the Arts. 5. Slavery and Christianity. 6. Resume of the Geological Argument. BIBLIOTHECA SACRA, October, 1865. (Andover.)—1. What is the True Conception of Christian Worship? 2. New England Theology. 3. Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker. 4. The Son of God. 5. Frederick Denison Maurice. 6. Editorial Correspondence. 7. Egyptology, Oriental Archæology and Travel. EVANGELICAL QUARTERLY REVIEW, October, 1865. (Gettysburg.)— 1. Church Music. 2. Reminiscences of Deceased Lutheran Ministers. 3. Natural Theology. 4. True Greatness. 5. The Cross. 6. MarriageTranslated from Zeller's Biblisches Worterbuch. 7. Inauguration Addresses. 8. Pilate's Question. 9. "The Laborers are Few." FREEWILL BAPTIST QUARTERLY, October, 1865. (Dover, N. H.)-1. A Good Minister of Jesus. 2. Oneness of the Church of Christ. 3. Woman's Position and Influence. 4. One of the Presumptive Arguments for the Divinity of the Bible. 5. Life and Times of Paul. 6. Dr. Lyman Beecher. NEW ENGLANDER, October, 1865. (New Haven.)-1. The Revival of Letters in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. 2. Principles of Art. 3. A Divine Actor on the Stage. 4. The Word made Flesh. 5. The Rights of the Nation, and the Duty of Congress. 6. Ought Treason against the Government of the United States to be Punished? English Reviews. BRITISH AND FOREIGN EVANGELICAL REVIEW, October, 1865. (London.)— 1. The Development of the Ancient Catholic Hierarchy. 2. Augustine. 3. Candlish's Cunningham Lectures. 4. Early History of Heathenism. 5. Scripture Songs of the Scottish Church. 6. The Skepticism of Hume. 7. Rome and the Roman Question in 1865. 8. Miscellaneous Intelligence. 9. German Theological Literature. BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, October, 1865. (London.)-1. Matthew Arnold, Poet and Essayist. 2. Frost and Fire. 3. Palgrave's Central and Eastern Arabia. 4. The Judges of England. 5. Mrs. Browning's Poetry. G. State Policy of Europe in 1865. 7. Lecky's History of Rationalism. 8. Notes on the United States since the War. CHRISTIAN REMEMBRANCER, October, 1865. (London.)—1. Guizot on the Christian Religion. 2. The Early Struggles of the Church of Christ. 3. Theiner's Documents from the Vatican. 4. Palgrave's Arabia and the Arabs. 5. Zeller on the Greek Philosophy. 6. New Translations of Eastern Liturgies. 7. Faith and Life. 8. Gnosticism. 9. Ffoulkes on the Divisions of Christendom. EDINBURGH REVIEW, October, 1865. (New York: Reprint.)-1. Journal and Correspondence of Miss Berry. 2. Life in the Criminal Class. 3. The Rock-cut Temples of India. 4. Life of Carl Maria von Weber. 5. Campbell's Frost and Fire. 6. Posthumous Writings of Alexis de Tocqueville. 7. Palgrave's Arabia. 8. The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. 9. Sir Thomas Wyse's Peloponnesus. 10. American Psycho mancy. LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW, October, 1865. (New York: Reprint.)— 1. Cathedrals of England. 2. The Mariner's Compass. 3. The Resources, Condition, and Prospects of Italy. 4. The Poetry of Praed and Lord Houghton. 5. Blind People. 6. Field Sports of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. 7. The Gallican Church. 8. The Russians in Central Asia. NORTH BRITISH REVIEW, September, 1865. (New York: Reprint.)— 1. Mr. Mill's Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy. 2. Burlesque Poetry. 3. Carlyle's History of Frederic the Great. 4. Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bart. 5. Mr. Russel on the Salmon. 6. Sensation Novelists: Miss Braddon. 7. "Frost and Fire." WESTMINSTER REVIEW, October, 1865. (New York: Reprint.)-1. Personal Representation. 2. Rationalism in Europe. 3. Capacities of Women. 4. Palgrave's Travels in Arabia. 5. The Holy Roman Empire. 6. The Doctrine of Nationalities and Schleswig-Holstein. 7. Mr. Grote's Plato. 8. Letters from Egypt. German Reviews. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORICHE THEOLOGIE. (JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL THEOLOLGY.) First Number, 1866.-1. UHLHORN, The Literature of Church Theology, from 1851 to 1860. The above number of the Journal of Historical Theology is more a work than a periodical, for the whole number is occupied by one |