hearty execration after him, and hoped they were to have no more of his company. Thus had the insurrection reached the confines of the territory of Maria Louisa.

The animosity between this lady and her subjects was now at its highest pitch. The public revenues being totally exhausted, the successors of General Neipperg, worthless emmissaries of Austria, had had recourse to the desperate expedient of paper currency. A tremendous riot of the laboring people had forced the government to abandon that measure. Tumults and mutinies sprang up among the students of the University, and several young men of the best families were arrested, and sent to a fortress in the heart of the Apennines. The pride of the highest and the interests of the lowest classes were thus equally wounded, when the national tricolor standard appeared on the bridge of the Enza, on the Modenese boundary, five miles east of Parma. The roads to the bridge were covered with people of all ranks, men, women, and children, walking, riding, driving to salute the rainbow of liberty. The young women cut up green, red, and white ribands, to make tricolored cockades and scarfs. The young men loaded their guns, and whetted the point of their poniards. Maria Louisa armed her twelve hundred grenadiers, levelled her six cannon, and harangued her troops on the square of her palace. Day and night her dragoons, with drawn swords and lighted torches, ran madly in different directions to clear the streets. There was a dead silence; no movement of the people betokened that they had any thing at stake. But horses cannot run, nor soldiers watch, for ever. After three days of such vigorous patrolling, men and beasts were exhausted and sleepy. Maria Louisa asked a reinforcement of the Austrian garrison at Placentia ; the Austrian garrison replied, They had no orders.

The people peeped out at the windows. From the windows they began to shoot the dragoons as they passed; then they sallied out into the streets, and, joining in formidable bands, drove those weary squadrons before them; square after square, and row after row, the ducal troops lost ground, and the scene of the skirmishing was transferred to the doors of the palace. There the two factions stood confronting each other, each in their ranks, each under leaders measuring with their eyes the chances of the day. In that dreadful suspense, the Duchess, terrified, all bathed in tears, apVOL. XLVI. - No. 99.

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peared on her balcony appealing to the generous feelings of the multitude. The sight of her produced a wonderful sensation; the people started in a single mass like a single body, rushed against her guards and artillery, and drove them against the palace walls. Her army was disarmed and dispersed under her eyes; and, without firing a gun, or levelling a bayonet, she found herself at the mercy of her people.

The day being thus won for the liberals, a national guard and a provisional regency were organized. The state prisoners were liberated, and the former rulers proscribed. Maria Louisa was forced to sanction all acts by her name.

After two days of feverish anxiety, betaking herself to her natural defence of tears and swoons, she obtained her release. In vain the shrewd policy of the old Carbonari remonstrated against a measure, by which the people would be deprived of an important hostage, placed by Providence in their hands in case of a rupture with Austria. The chivalrous hearts of the youth who governed the insurgents were not proof against the aspect of feminine sorrow. A squadron of national guards. was drawn up; one of her carriages was brought forward; and, surrounded by armed citizens in a formidable array, with tricolored banners waving around her, and national songs making the air ring, she was escorted for twelve miles, to the banks of the Po. There she bade farewell to subjects who loved her better, the greater the distance from. which they viewed her.

She had no sooner withdrawn, than the people experienced how much better no master is, than the kindest of masters. For a month there was a universal jubilee. The people

could not recover from the intoxication of their blessed independence. No order was broken; no law violated; public faith and honor were pledged for the public tranquillity. They felt that it is despotism alone that creates a rabble; that in a free state there are only citizens.

Meanwhile Austria had leisure to come to an arrangement with Louis Philippe. Louis Philippe said; "Let me alone, and I will leave others to take care of themselves." The Austrian battalions advanced.

The first blood was shed in the territory of Parma. It had Austrian garrisons on all sides. A detachment of national guards had advanced as far as Fiorenzuola, a little town ten miles from Placentia. They were two hundred young stu

dents from the colleges, half soldiers, half demagogues, sent to stir up the spirits of the ignorant peasantry. Attacked in their sleep, in the dark, by a whole Hungarian regiment, with horse and artillery, surprised, drowsy, in disorder, they fought for two hours with severe loss to their enemies. Several of them died the death of the brave. A large number surrendered, and, with a rope round their necks, were led to Placentia, to which place Maria Louisa had received orders to repair with the remains of her court.

The people of Parma were awoke from their happy dream by the news of the breach of the non-intervention. But they were not dismayed. Eight young men set out in disguise with postchaises, went across a portion of disputed territory, and, by a daring camisado, laid hands on the person of the bishop of Guastallo, an Austrian prelate, the confessor of Maria Louisa, and one of her favorites; and from the heart of his diocese, from the quiet of his palace, they drove him in triumph to Parma, where he was surrounded with guards, and kept as a hostage. He was compelled to write a letter to the Duchess, in which he assured her on the part of the rebels, that the touching of a hair of the head of one of her prisoners, would be the signal for him to ascend the gallows. Maria Louisa, out of kindness to her spiritual director, set her captives at liberty, and his Eminence was accordingly dismissed. He took his flight beyond the Alps, not stopping until he saw himself among his friends at home, whence he could never be induced to return.

The provisional governments ruled with wisdom and moderation, but answered very timidly to the enthusiastic confidence of the young. They saw how hopeless any resistance to Austria must prove. They made all efforts to persuade the most resolute, that the days of chivalry were over; and it was now a proof of patriotism to submit, to yield to an unconquerable fortune, and wait for better days.

On the 20th of March, at break of day, a thick, close column of eight hundred Austrian infantry appeared at the eastern, and six thousand at the western gate. The most obstinate champions had been dragged by main force, by their parents and friends, from the gates where they had sworn to fight to the last, and the Austrians entered undisturbed.

It is not our purpose to follow the defeat of the revolution of 1831 in the other states of Central Italy. The fate of Parma

was with little variety that of Modena, and of the different provinces of the Papal state. The events were so rapid, and succeeded each other so quietly, that the world took no notice of them; and Austria made a mystery of the subject, as if she had been ashamed of her triumph.

Maria Louisa returned to her metropolis, to her silent and sullen metropolis. Shops and windows were shut up; at the theatre some of her courtiers raised the cry,

Long live Maria Louisa;" but the theatre was still as death. She confined herself to her palace, surrounded by Austrians, and proceeded against the rebels. None could be arrested but those who refused to fly. They were dragged before a regular tribunal, and judged according to the laws of the country. They underwent a long inquisition, but no crime could be proved against them. No witness could be found to testify, no judge to pronounce a conviction; the witnesses and judges were Italians. Maria Louisa proclaimed an amnesty, in which she excepted only twenty-one individuals, against whom she entertained a personal antipathy. Rome and Modena proscribed their subjects by thousands.

Meanwhile, schooled by misfortune, the Duchess limited the number of her servants, gave up travelling and building, and sold part of her jewels. Private and public chagrins preyed upon her mind. One of her favorite ministers was stabbed in broad daylight in one of the most populous squares. Her Austrians had daily quarrels with her Italians. Earthquake, famine, and cholera, successively ravaged her states. The people murmured, as if she had been guilty of all public calamities.

She was called to Vienna, after a short lapse of time, to see her first-born pine slowly, and die in her arms. A few years afterwards, she received the last breath of the Emperor, her father. Her health, undermined by the long indulgence of a disorderly life, was now shaken by the repeated strokes of adversity. She had lived too fast; she had soon reached her end. We know but little of the particulars of her death. According to the staternent of the newspaper in which we read it, she appeared to have died at peace with Heaven, and pardoned by her subjects. The Italian motto is,

"Oltre il rogo non vive ira nemica."

ART. V. 1. British America. By JOHN MCGREGOR, Esq. In two volumes. William Blackwood, Edinburgh, and T. Cadell, Strand, London. 1833.

2. Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, the actual Source of this River, embracing an Exploratory Trip through the St. Croix and Burntwood Rivers, in 1832. Under the Direction of Henry R. Schoolcraft. New York. Harper and Brothers. 1834.

WE do not propose to institute an examination of the works whose titles we have prefixed to this paper. Mr. Schoolcraft's book is confined mainly to topographical observations, and sketches of Indian character and languages. The work of Mr. McGregor, which is all that good paper and the English press could have made it, embraces a full account of the history and resources of the British possessions in North America. We shall avail ourselves of its aid, in throwing together some facts, relating to the history of Canada.

When, as long ago as the sixteenth century, the principal monarchs of Europe turned their attention to the new-found world in the West, the precious metals, which were supposed to abound in the northern parts of this continent, as well as in Mexico, Peru, and Brazil, were the objects which first stimulated their enterprise. When, however, no gold, silver, or gems were discovered in the soil, the dominion of the country became an aim of national ambition, and adventurers of great perseverance and hardihood were found willing to prosecute their schemes for that end. Ever since its discovery, this particular region of the country has been the theatre of striking vicissitudes, which have been set forth in a prominent light, in the works of Hakluyt, Hennepin, La Hontan, Charlevoix, and succeeding writers, who have advanced into the northwestern wilderness, for their own purposes, or those of their King.

Our first account of this region dates from the second voyage of Jacques Cartier, eighty-five years before the Pilgrims of New England landed on Plymouth Rock. At the solicitation of Chabot, who was then Admiral of France, Cartier, then a master mariner of St. Malo, received a commission of discovery from Francis the First, the French King, for the pur