by those readers who will give the Institutes a deliberate perusal. We can judge from states of society nearer home and connected with our own daily experience, how fatal is the distinction between principles and practice. Where principles are avowedly lowered, will the practice of men rise high, when we see it descend even where principles are lofty? from the experience of eighteen hundred years the Christian historian knows but too well how vast is the distinction between the society in which he moves, and that which its Divine Founder would have established on earth. He knows, even whilst rejoicing in the social benefits of Christianity, how far we are yet from that mysterious union between Church and State, when "the kingdoms of the earth shall become the kingdoms of the Lord." We must now take our leave of the Code, with the simple assurance to our readers that we have made no one single deduction which is not based on the plain unaltered text. The allusions moreover have been mostly taken from those passages where the meaning was incapable of bearing two constructions. Here and there we allow it, a prohibition in strong language has been taken as evidence that the thing prohibited was in existence. Our deductions may be wrong, but the premises have been carefully surveyed. We have striven to do justice, as far as lay in our power, to this, in some parts, the most worthless, in others, the most precious, monument of all Hindu antiquity. But the above considerations lead us by no unnatural transition to the contemplation of the native of Bengal as he is to-day. With a Code like the above combining much that is passively good, with much more that is actively vile: with a system of duties carefully guarded against all innovations: with a society in which stagnation is lauded and advancement condemned with all the worst elements of Toryism deep fixed in his temperament, the Hiudu has come down to us, slowly deteriorating, and as a race worn out and spent: incapable of revivification from any principles within and as yet comparatively insensible to the few impressions tendered from without. What quickening power, unless sound Education may avail us, shall ever present the Bengali with something of that purity and manliness which he vainly imagines himself to have lost? ART. V.-1. Corrected Report of the Debate in the House of Commons, in June 1845, on the State of New Zealand. London, 1845. 2. Papers relative to the affairs of New Zealand: correspondence with Lieutenant Governor Grey in 1845-46. Present ed to both Houses of Parliament by Her Majesty's command, 1846. 3. New Zealand Journal; Extra Number. London, May 1846. 4. Recent Correspondence between Her Majesty's Government and the Directors of the New Zealand Company. London, June, 1846. 5. Observations on the climate of New Zealand, by William Swainson, Esq. London, 1840. 6. New Zealand and the New Zealanders. By Ernest Dieffenbach, M. D., Naturalist to the New Zealand Company. London, 1841. 7. Scheme of the Colony of the Free Church of Scotland at Otago in New Zealand. Glasgow, 1845. 8. Documents relating to New Zealand, 1845. the site of the Scotch Settlement in 9. Arrangements for the Establishment of the Settlement at Otago, 1846. 10. A letter from Captain Cargill to Dr. Aldcorn, on the Free Church Colony at Otago, 1847. 11. First Report of the Directors of the New Zealand Company. London, May, 1840. 12. Letters from Settlers and Labouring Emigrants in New Zealand. London, 1843. 13. Information relative to New Zealand, compiled for the use of Colonists. By John Ward, Esq. Fourth edition. London, 1845. 14. Twenty-second Report of the Directors of the New Zealand Company. May, 1847. IT is impossible to contemplate the subject of Colonization, which affects so many vital interests of the empire, or feel astonishment that its thorough examination should so long have been postponed in an age when our constitutional principles and policy have been scrutinized in almost all other depart ments of Government. To open up, or gradually create, new markets for our home manufactures-developing new sources of supply for the raw materials; to provide that large and increasing class of our population which finds suitable support in the mother-country difficult or impossible, with a home where honest industry may ensure its fair reward under the protection of British Law; to augment the authority and to guard the interests of Britain and the British name, and as it were, to diffuse over the whole earth, the benignant influence of her language, her science, her arts, and above all of her free civil and religious institutions-these are the direct objects which the British Statesman has had to contemplate when legislating for her wide-spread colonies. Yet, how lamentably has our Legislation ever failed, as by a fatality or fatuity, in attaining any one of those great ends! It must be admitted as a melancholy fact, that with all our boast about an "empire upon which the sun never sets"-we have not even yet one single colony sufficiently attractive to emigrants. Though impelled from home by narrow or fastfailing income, and though possessing in his own nature no small love of enterprize and adventure-the would-be British emigrant may look anxiously around the globe, and eyeing every distant colony where flies the banner of his countryfrom the Canadas round to the furthest Pacific,-see but a hard and sorry choice of ills before him, attractive only to one who is already on the eve of still greater trials if he remain where he is. The British emigrant and his family are necessarily a mournful, sad-spirited group of unwilling exiles; or if they are ever otherwise, it is a moral certainty that they are so, because they are the dupes of some false hopes, or the victims of some atrociously fraudulent scheme certain to hurl them ere long into ruin and despair. But before we go further, we would beg in a few words to justify ourselves for touching on this theme at all. Intending, as we do, to limit our consideration of it at present, to its connection with New Zealand,—and that with a special practical reference of it to our countrymen in India-we trust the perfect suitableness of the subject to our pages will appear; and if we can but engage our reader's attention through some introductory paragraphs of necessary explanation, we shall hope to reward his toil by then presenting some views and facts which may be new to him, and may possibly affect deeply and directly even his future plans of life for himself and for his family. If it may be said that no department of British Government has been so grievously mismanaged for some ages back as the Colonial-it may also be said, and with still greater confidence in the truth of the assertion, that of all our ill-governed colonies, New Zealand has been the very worst. But a new era at length dawns on those scenes; and as the art of ruining a colony had been displayed here in its utmost conceivable force, short of a catastrophe-so it happens, that these beautiful islands are now the first fair field in which a reformed system is about to be applied. The New Zealand Company is probably known by name to all our readers. It is an institution bearing a Royal Charter, and combining in its managerial and proprietary bodies a larger amount of influence, (using that term in reference to high personal character, wealth, rank and talent,) than perhaps any other joint-stock Company in the empire. No less than twelve out of its twenty-four Directors, are distinguished Members of Parliament; and the list includes also a number of names of men who hold the very foremost rank in the foremost commercial city in the world. The history of this remarkable Company since its formation, is identical with that of the Colony. The object for which the Company was established, is stated as follows in the first Prospectus which it published, in May 1839. "The purchase and improvement of waste land in • New Zealand has been already carried on to a great extent and with much advantage by missionaries and others who have settled in the country, as well as by persons residing in the adjacent Australian Colonies; and such an operation. upon an enlarged scale is the proposed object of the New Zealand Company. The attention and business of the Company will be confined to the purchase of tracts of land-the promotion of emigration to those tracts, directly from the • United Kingdom-the laying out of settlements and towns in the most favorable situations-and the gradual re-sale of such lands according to the value bestowed on them by emigration and settlement." Such being the general design of the Company on its formation-the full protection of Government, and in many respects its co-operation, were obviously indispensable. Not only would proposing settlers require assurance of present safety for their lives and property under British Government well administered in the colony, but also assurance of an unimpeachable permanent title to the land which they were about to buy and cultivate. The whole argument as to the abstract territorial rights of the Savage versus the Civilized Man-mystified as it has been, to an inconceivable degree, by the selfish doings and contending interests of ages-came on this occasion once more into earnest public discussion. And well was it disposed of by Mr. Charles Buller in his admirable speech in the House of Commons on the New Zealand Debate of 1845. We must quote this striking passage in full, long as it is: "But it is said that it was their country, and that we had no 'business to take possession of any part of it. Of the race which I have thus described, there appear not to exist in the 'whole extent of New Zealand, more, if so many as 100,000 individuals. There is one little island which may be regard⚫ed as uninhabited. The middle island, far the largest of the three, we may call uninhabited also, as its inhabitants are supposed not to amount to 1,500, in an extent as large as England and the Lowlands of Scotland. In the southern half of the Northern Island there are 10,000 inhabitants. Almost the 6 6 ' entire native population is to be found in the northern half of the Northern Island. It is preposterous to expect that the existence of such a population on portions of the soil of a vast country, ought to exclude the rest of mankind from turning the unoccupied soil to account. God gave the earth to man to use-not to particular races, to prevent all other men from using. (Hear.) He planted the principle of increase in us; he limited our existence in no particular soil or climate, but gave us the power of ranging over the wide earth; and 'I know no principle of reason, no precept of revelation, that gives the inhabitants of one valley in New Zealand a right to appropriate a neighbouring unoccupied valley, in preference to the Englishman, who cannot find the means of sub'sistance at home. I apply to the savage no principle which 'I should not apply to the most civilized people in the world. If by any unimaginable calamity the population of France, 'for instance, were reduced from the 35,000,000, which it now 'maintains, to 200,000, which is about the proportion of New "Zealand, and if these 200,000 were almost limited to Brittany and Normandy, and cultivated, as the New Zealanders do, no more than one acre in a thousand, do you think we should allow this handful of men to devote that fine country to per'petual barrenness? (Cheers.) Do you think that every neighbouring nation would not deem itself justified in pouring out its destitute myriads to obtain their food from the soil on which weeds and wolves would otherwise subsist alone? seems to me wicked to dispute the right of man to cultivate ⚫ the wilderness! (Hear.) Justice demands, no doubt, that if |