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ceives the opposition between them, and the voice as readily marks the proper distinction. But when only one of these terms is expressed, the other is to be made out by reflection; and in proportion to the ease or difficulty with which this antithetic relation is perceived by the On this mind, the emphatic sense is more or less vivid. principle, when a word expresses one part of a contrast, while it only suggests the other, that word must be spoken with a force adapted to its peculiar office; and this is the very case where the power of emphasis rises to its highest point. This part of the subject too may be rendered more intelligible by a few examples.

Shakspeare's Julius Cæsar furnishes several which are sufficiently appropriate. In the scene betwixt Brutus and Cassius, the latter says,

I that deny'd thee gold, will give my heart.

Here the antithetic terms gold and heart, being both expressed, a common emphatic stress on these makes the sense obvious. But in the following case, only one part of the antithesis is expressed. Brutus says,

You wronged yourself, to write in such a case.

The strong emphasis on yourself, implies that Cassius thought himself injured by some other person. Accordingly we see in the preceding sentence his charge against Brutus," you have wronged me."

Again, Brutus says to Cassius,

You have done that you should be sorry for.

With a slight stress upon sorry, this implies that he had done wrong; but suggests nothing of the antithetic meaning denoted by the true emphasis, thus,

You have done that you should be sorry for.

are you

This emphasis on the former word implies, "Not only liable to do wrong, but you have done so already;" on the latter it implies, "though you are not sorry, you ought to be sorry." This was precisely the meaning of Brutus, for he replied to a threat of Cassius," "I may do that I shall be sorry for."

One more example from the same source. Marullus, alluding to the reverence in which Pompey had been held, says,

And when you saw his chariot but appear,
Have you not made an universal shout?

Lay a stress now on his in the first line, and you make a contrast betwixt the emotion felt in seeing other chariots, and in seeing Pompey's. Lay the stress on chariot, and it is not implied that there was any other besides his in Rome; for then the antithesis suggested is, the sight, not of his person merely, but of the vehicle in which he rode, produced a shout.

22] SECT. 2.-Emphatic Inflection.

Thus far our view of emphasis has been limited to the degree of stress with which emphatic words are spoken. But this is only a part of the subject. The kind of stress is not less important to the sense than the degree. Let any one glance his eye over the examples of the foregoing pages, and he will see that strong emphasis demands, in all cases, an appropriate inflection ;" and that to change this inflection perverts the sense. This will be perceived at once in the following case, "We must take heed not only to what we say, but to what we do." By changing

this slide, and laying the falling on say and the rising on do, every ear must feel that violence is done to the meaning. So in this case,

The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stárs ;

But in ourselves, that we are underlings;

the rising inflection or circumflex on stars and the falling inflection on ourselves is so indispensable, that no reader of the least taste would mistake the one for the other. The fact in these instances however is, that wrong inflection confounds the true sense, rather than expresses a false one. Let us then take an example or too in which the whole meaning of a sentence depends on the inflection given to a single word. Buchanan, while at the University, said, in a letter to a Christian friend,

In the retirement of a college, I am unable to suppress evil thoughts.

Here the emphatic downward slide being given to college, expresses the true sense, namely, "How difficult must it be to keep my heart from evil thoughts amid the temptations of the world; when I cannot do this even in the retirement of a college." But lay the circumflex on college, thus; "In the retirement of a college, I cannot suppress evil thoughts ;" and you transform the meaning to this, “I cannot suppress evil thoughts here, in retirement, though I might perhaps do it amid the temptations of the world."

In the Fair Penitent Horatio says,

I would not turn aside from my least pleasure,
Though all thy force were armed to bar my way.

The circumflex on thy implies sneer and scorn. "I might

turn aside for respectable opposition, but not for such as thine." But the falling slide on thy turns contempt into compliment. "I would not turn aside even for thy' force, great as it is."

One more question remains to be answered; how shall we know when an emphatic word demands the rising, and when the falling inflection? A brief reply to this inquiry seems indispensable, before we drop this part of the subject.

On this point, the "grand distinction" of Walker, as he calls it, is;—" The falling inflection affirms something in the emphasis, and denies what is opposed to it in the antithesis; while the emphasis with the rising inflection, affirms something in the emphasis, without denying what is opposed to it in the antithesis."

I have always considered it a great infelicity that the many excellent remarks of this writer on emphatic inflection, are so destitute of intelligible classification. On his theory which makes antithesis essential to emphasis, universally, and antithesis too by affirmation and negation,— the amount of more than twenty pages, designed to illustrate the above position is simply this ;--When affirmation is opposed to negation,-the emphatic word or clause which affirms, has the falling inflection, and that which denies, the rising. This is so plainly an elementary principle of vocal inflection, as I have shown [7] p. 49, that it requires no farther remark, except this one, that the case here supposed implies strong, positive affirmation.

But the ingenious writer above named perceived that there was still something to be explained about a part of this subject; and therefore extended his canon concern

ing the emphasis with the rising inflection by saying, "that it affirms something in the emphasis without denying what is opposed to it in the antithesis." That the illustration of this point should be dark to his readers is not strange, since it evidently was so to himself. The first step he takes is to give an example, which unfortunately contradicts the theory it was designed to establish.

'Twas base and poor, unworthy of a mán,

To forge a scroll so villanous and loose.

His commentary on this emphasis is—“ Unworthy of a man, though not unworthy of a brute." In repeating this, most certainly I both affirm and deny. I affirm that a certain act is unworthy of a man, and deny that it is unworthy of a brute. What then becomes of the rule just stated?

Besides, if the rising emphatic inflection affirms on one side, without denying on the other, what becomes of the antithesis?—and what becomes of the broad position, that without antithesis there can be no emphasis? The truth is that this position being erroneous, the "intricacies of distinction" resulting from it are needless. One who is familiar with the simple rules of inflection, can seldom mistake as to the proper slide on an emphatic word. The voice instinctively accompanies emphatic, positive affirmation with the falling slide, and the antithetic negation with the rising.

But there is a large class of sentences, in which qualified affirmation demands the rising turn of voice, often where an antithetic object is suggested or expressed hypothetically. Having seen no satisfactory explanation of the

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