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CHAMBER, JOHN A, or CHAMBER- | trance to the choir of St. George's Chapel. LAYNE (d. 1489), rebel, a knight of great He left Merton College 1,000l. to buy lands influence in the north, excited the people to in Yorkshire for the maintenance of two postjoin the rebellion headed by Sir John Egre- masterships for Eton scholars, to be called mond in Northumberland and Durham against by his name. the heavy subsidy of 1489. Henry, earl of Northumberland, who had orders to enforce the tax, endeavoured to persuade him to cease his agitation. Chamber would not hear him, and on 20 April the earl was slain by the rebels at Cock Lodge, near Thirsk. Then Thomas, earl of Surrey, was sent to put down the insurrection. He took Chamber and utterly routed the rebels. Chamber was executed at York 'in great state,' being hanged on 'a gibbet set on a square pair of gallows' with his chief accomplices hanging upon the lower story round about him.'

[Fabyan's Chronicle, 683 (ed. 1811); Grafton's Chronicle, ii. 176-7 (ed. 1809); Bacon's Henry VII, 355-6 (ed. Bohn); Stow's Annals, 474 (ed. 1614).]

W. H.

CHAMBER, JOHN (1470-1549), physician. [See CHAMBRE.]

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CHAMBER, JOHN (1546-1604), canon of Windsor and writer on astronomy, born at Swillington, Yorkshire, in May 1546, was educated at Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1569 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 272). He was elected a fellow in the same year, being chosen purely for his merits.' He was well versed in Greek, and after taking the M.A. degree turned his attention to medicine, astronomy, and astrology. He lectured in the university on the Ptolemaic system, and applied to the authorities to be permitted to lecture on Hippocrates. Chamber was in holy orders from 1582, became fellow of Eton College, and in 1601 canon of Windsor. He died at Windsor on 1 Aug. 1604, and was buried at the en

VOL. X.

Chamber's works are: 1. Scholia ad Barlaami Monachi Logisticam Astronomiam,' 1600, 4to. 2. Treatise against Judicial Astrology' (Lond. 1601, 4to), to which Sir Christopher Heydon replied in his 'Defence of Judicial Astrology' (Camb. 1603). 3. To Heydon's reply Chamber wrote an answer entitled 'A Confutation of Astrological Dæmonology in the Devil's School,' which was never printed, and is extant among the Savile MSS. at the Bodleian Library. The dedication to James I is dated 2 Feb. 1603-4. 4. Astronomical Encomium,' Chamber's Oxford lectures on Ptolemy in Latin and English, Lond. 1601. Chamber was a friend of George Carleton, bishop of Chichester [q. v.], who defended him from Heydon's attack in his Madnesse of Astrologes,' 1624.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon, ed. Bliss, i. 744; Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 181, 193; Brodrick's Memories of Merton College, p. 269; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

S. L. L.

CHAMBERLAIN. [See also CHAM-
CHAMBERLEN, and CHAMBERLIN.]
BERLAINE, CHAMBERLANE, CHAMBERLAYNE,

CHAMBERLAIN or CHAMBERLAYNE, GEORGE, D.D. (1576-1634), bishop of Ypres, was the second son of George Chamberlain, and grandson of Sir Leonard Chamberlain or Chamberlayne [q. v.] He was born in 1576 at Ghent, where his father, a catholic exile, had settled. In 1599 he was admitted into the English college at Rome, where he was ordained priest. He became canon, archdeacon, and dean of St. Bavon in Ghent, and in 1626 succeeded, on the death of

B

Anthony de Hennin, to the bishopric of Ypres. About that time his family resided at Shirburn in Oxfordshire. The estates having fallen to an heiress, she married John Neville, lord Abergavenny, and Dr. Chamberlain, being the next heir male, came to England, not so much to put in his claim as to resign it, in order to confirm the title of the heiress, and to exclude pretenders. He governed his diocese till his death, on 19 Dec. 1634. He composed some poems and religious pieces in Latin.

[Sweertius's Athenæ Belgicæ, 273; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), i. 585; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 75; Foley's Records, vi. 213.] T. C.

CHAMBERLAIN, JOHN (1553-1627), letter-writer, was a younger son of Alderman Richard Chamberlain (sheriff of London in 1561), by his first wife, Anne, daughter of Robert and Margery Downe. He was baptised at St. Olave's, in the Old Jewry, on 15 Jan. 1553-4. The father, in his will (dated 1558), remarks as to his son John: Because that he hath been tender, sickly, and weak, I would have him brought up to learning, hereafter when that he comes to some years, either in the university, or else in some place beyond sea ...; and I will commend him to my loving and friendly cousin, Thomas Goore, that he have the bringing of him up.' Accordingly he was sent to Cambridge and matriculated as a pensioner of Trinity College in May 1570, but he left the university without having taken a degree. It is obvious from his father's will that he inherited means which were sufficient for his support, and he appears to have led a quiet private life in the society of his friends. He was an accomplished scholar and an admirable letter-writer-the Horace Walpole of his day. He enjoyed great intimacy with some of the most eminent men in England, including Sir Dudley Carleton, Sir Henry Savile, Bishop Andrewes, Sir Thomas Bodley, Sir Thomas Edmondes, and Sir Ralph Winwood. His letters show that he was sometimes staying with Sir Rowland Lytton at Knebworth, sometimes with Sir Henry Wallop at Farley, sometimes with Mr. Gent at Ascott (a small parish in Oxfordshire), and at various other places. He seldom went far away from London, with the exception of a voyage to Ireland in 1597, and of a journey in 1610, in company with Sir Dudley Carleton on his embassy to Venice, whence he returned in November 1611. His name occurs in the commission for the repair of St. Paul's Cathedral, issued 17 Nov. 1620. He was buried at St. Olave's, in the Old Jewry, on 20 March 1626-7.

One John Chamberlain was member for Clitheroe in Lancashire in the parliament which met on 19 Nov. 1592, and for St. Germans in Cornwall in that which assembled on 24 Oct. 1597; but his identity with the subject of this notice has not been established.

The Birch MSS. in the British Museum (Nos. 4173, 4174, 4175) contain copies of letters, the originals of which are in the Public Record Office, written by Chamberlain to his friends from 4 May 1598 to 19 Jan. 1625. These letters give many details concerning public occurrences not mentioned by graver historians. A volume of the 'Letters written by John Chamberlain during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Edited from the originals by Sarah Williams,' was printed for the Camden Society, Lond. 1861, 4to. A large number of his letters are printed in 'The Court and Times of James I,' 2 vols., Lond. 1848, and in Nichols's 'Progresses of James I;' and some others will be found in The Court and Times of Charles I,' 2 vols. Lond. 1848.

4106 f. 179, 4173 f. 1; Cooper's MS. collections[Ayscough's Cat. of Birch MSS.; Birch MSS. 4106 f. 179, 4173 f. 1; Cooper's MS. collections 139; Gent. Mag. 1826, i. 484; Hist. MSS. Comm. for Athenæ Cantab.; Dugdale's St. Paul's (1716), 3rd Rep. 277; Maty's New Review, v. 130; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 266, 296, xii. 19, 20,42; Ruggle's Ignoramus, ed. Hawkins, xxxvi.; Sainsbury's Original Papers relating to Sir P. P. Rubens; Willis's Not. Parl. iii. 130, 138.]

T. C.

CHAMBERLAIN, JOHN HENRY (1831-1883), architect, son of Rev. Joseph Chamberlain, minister at Leicester of a congregation of Calvinistic baptists, was born at Leicester on 26 June 1831 and educated at schools in that town and in London. At an early age he was articled to Mr. Henry Goddard, an architect of some note in Leicester, with whom he remained for several years. On the completion of his articles there was a brief interval of further study spent in a London office, and then he received the impulse which, for the rest of his life, governed his own course in his art. He became an ardent student of the works of Ruskin, and was led to visit Venice and other Italian cities, where he made careful drawings of the monuments of early Gothic architecture, Returning to England in 1856 he settled at Birmingham, and in the erection of warehouses and residences endeavoured to effect an improvement in the style of the buildings.

Not long after this he entered into a partnership with his lifelong friend, William

morial Library; for some years he sat on the committee of the old library in Union Street; he was an original member of the Shakespeare Club; he was chosen by Mr. Ruskin one of the trustees of the St. George's Guild; and finally, in 1880, he was nominated one of the justices of the borough. On 22 Oct. 1883 he delivered a lecture on exotic art at the Birmingham and Midland Institute, and died very suddenly of heart disease later in the day. He was buried in the Birmingham cemetery on 27 Oct. He married in 1859 a daughter of Rev. George Abrahams.

[The Architect, 27 Oct., 3 and 10 Nov. 1883; Times, 23, 24, and 29 Oct. 1883.] G. C. B.

CHAMBERLAIN or CHAMBERLAYNE, SIR LEONARD (d. 1561), governor of Guernsey, was son of Sir Edward Chamberlayne [q. v.] of Shirburn Castle, Oxfordshire, by Cicely, daughter of Sir John Verney, knt. Care must be taken in distin

Harris, but this being dissolved, he resumed practice on his own account. For a considerable time his prospects were not favourable. His chief works at this period were the Hollings Memorial Column at Leicester, and the Wesleyan Chapel in Essington Street. About 1859 he attracted the notice and the friendship of George William, fourth baron Lyttelton, for whom he executed various works. In 1864, while the hopes of any real success in his profession were still very remote, a partnership was, through the intervention of friends, arranged between him and Mr. William Martin, who had much work in hand for the corporation and for other public bodies. It was a happy arrangement, for whilst Martin was gifted with skill in planning and constructing, Chamberlain possessed the higher artistic faculty of design. Among the most important buildings with which, in conjunction with his partner, he adorned Birmingham, were the Institute Buildings in Paradise Street and the Free Libraries in Ed-guishing this Leonard Chamberlain or Chammund Street. In the buildings erected for the berlayne from a contemporary of the same waterwork department, both in Birmingham name, the son of another Sir Edward Chamand at the reservoirs at Whitacre, he proved berlayne of Gedding in Suffolk [see under how beauty and utility may be combined. In CHAMBERLAYNE, SIR EDWARD, 1484 ?-1543]. the line of business edifices which distinguish Leonard succeeded his father about 1543 as Corporation Street, Birmingham, he set an keeper of Woodstock Park. In Easter term example of an improvement in street archi- (1542), 33 Henry VIII, there were proceedings tecture which has since been extensively imi- in the exchequer with respect to his title to the tated. The further mention of various private manor of Barton St. John in Oxfordshire; and residences, several churches, and thirty board in the same year he obtained from the crown schools will not exhaust the list of his under- a grant of Hampton Poyle in that county takings. He likewise possessed great skill in and other lands. In 34 Henry VIII the king designing stained glass, metal-work in iron granted to him and Richard Andrews land in and brass, and domestic furniture. One great divers counties, including abbey lands and event of his life was his appointment on the other ecclesiastical property. He was escouncil of the Midland Institute in January cheator of the counties of Oxfordshire and 1867. In the following year he consented to Berkshire in 36 Henry VIII, and sheriff of become honorary secretary to the council, and those counties in 38 Henry VIII. At the this office he held, without interruption, to funeral of Henry VIII he bore the banner the day of his death. When he undertook of the king and Queen Catherine. His name the management of the institute there were occurs in a special commission of oyer and only a few hundred students, but through terminer for the county of Oxford that bears his incessant labour in developing the classes date 2 Dec. 1548. On Sunday, 6 Oct. 1549, the number was advanced to four thousand. the members of the privy council who had In regard to the school of art his work was combined against the protector Somerset sent not less eminent; being appointed chairman for Sir John Markham, the lieutenant of the in February 1874, the school, under his fos- Tower, and required him to suffer certain tering care, rapidly advanced in magnitude others to enter for the good keeping thereof to and influence. The Society of Artists was his majestie's use; whereunto the said lieuanother organisation which engaged his spe- tenant according, Sir Edmund Peckham, cial attention; he was elected a member in knight, and Leonard Chamberlain, esquire, March 1861 and was appointed professor of with their servants, were commanded to enter architecture, and in 1879 became vice-presi- into the Tower, as associates to the said lieudent. For some years, while the arts de- tenant, for the better presidy and guard of the partment of the Queen's College was in ex- same' (Literary Remains of Edward VI, ed. istence, he was professor of architecture there; Nichols, ii. 233). Such is the language of the he was one of the founders and one of the Privy Council Book. It scarcely warrants the honorary secretaries of the Shakespeare Me- statement made by Holinshed (Chronicles, iii.

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