present. Brief additional tributes were also paid by Professor B. K. Emerson, of Amherst, Dr. Williams' first geological teacher and life-long friend; by J. F. Kemp, an old college-mate; by W. S. Bayley, his first student in petrography, and by his friends and colleagues, J. P. Iddings, I. C. White, C. D. Walcott and N. S. Shaler.

A memorial of Amos Bowman, of the Canadian Survey, was then presented by H. M. Ami, after which the Society listened to the reading of papers, as follows:

1. On Certain Peculiar Features in the Jointing and Veining of the Lower Silurian Limestones near Cumberland Gap, Tenn. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass.

The paper described peculiar forms of dolomitic limestone near Smiles, Tenn., in practically undisturbed strata which are ribbed and seamed by minute veins of calcite, in the form of small gash veins. They were regarded as due to some powerful, though local strains in the rock, but the subject was frankly admitted to be an obscure one.

2. The Appalachian Type of Folding in the White Mountain Range, of Inyo Co., Cal. CHAS. D. WALCOTT, Washington, D. C. The White Mountain range, which lies east of the Sierra Nevada, was shown to consist of conformable quartzite and cambrian shales and limestone. The series had been thrown into synclinal folds with intervening eroded anticlines and with a structure which, on the whole, closely reproduces the Appalachian sections of the East.

The paper was discussed by Messrs. Becker, Ami, Willis and Russell, after which recess was taken until the afternoon session.

new structures, such as fan structure, cross folds, cross zones of shear, a secondary system of folding, the distribution of metamorphism, and advanced a theory to account for their production. According to the theory, the compressive strain which deformed the strata began in the crystalline gneisses and granites, thrust the crystallines against the sediments and by the differential motion along the shear zones produced buttresses around which the chief changes of structure were grouped.

In the discussion which followed, Mr. C. Willard Hayes considered two of the shear zones with the conclusion that the changes in structure were due to differences of rigidity in the sediments when they were thrust against the crystallines.

Mr. Keith replied that the changes of structure extended through the crystallines as well as the sediments, a fact incompatible with a merely passive resistance on the part of the crystallines.

Mr. Bailey Willis argued that the chief structural changes were due to original differences in sediment and in bases of sedimentation. His conclusion was that the sediments moved against a rigid crystalline mass, being actuated by a force acting from the westward, which was due to the isostatic flow of material from beneath the load of sediment.

4. The Faults of Chazy Township, Clinton County, N. Y. H. P. CUSHING, Cleveland, O.

That the Lake Champlain region is, structurally, one of faulting without folding, is well known. The structure is well exhibited in Chazy township, which has not heretofore been mapped in detail, except for a small area around Chazy village. Its

The paper reviewed the old generalizations of Appalachian structure, analyzed the recently published knowledge, described

its bearing on the structure of the Adirondack region, in which, on account of the lithological similarity of the rocks, the determination of the precise structural rela

tions is a matter of great difficulty, if not impossibility. The great number of the faults, and the consequent small size of the various faulted blocks, are striking facts.

In discussion C. D. Walcott showed how these faults had led Professor J. Marcou to believe that he had discovered colonies of Trenton fossils in rocks of the Potsdam.

5. The Formation of Lake-basins by Wind. G. K. GILBERT, Washington, D. C. The paper described the formation of basins in the arid regions of the West, by the erosive action of wind-blown sand upon a shale devoid of vegetation. In time they became filled with water and formed small lakes.

6. The Tepee Buttes. G. K. GILBERT and F. P. GULLIver.

The paper was read by Mr. Gulliver and described a series of conical buttes west of Pueblo, Col. They consist of Pierre shales, surrounding cores of limestone formed of shells of Lucina. It is supposed that as the shales were deposited, a colony of lucinas established themselves and grew upward pari passu, forming a conical or columnar deposit of limestone, whose greater resistance to erosion has left the buttes in relief. 7. Remarks on the Geology of Arizona and Sonora. W J MCGEE, of Washington. The arid region was described as consisting of north and south mountain ranges with wide valleys between. In Arizona the surface is largely of volcanic rock, in Sonora of Mesozoic limestone. The rivers have definite courses and water in the mountains, but in the valleys they are lost by evaporation and absorption before the ocean is reached. Their valleys were transverse to the mountains and larger valleys because of the general southwesterly dip of the rocks. Buttes near the Gulf of California show slight talus, which fact gives good ground for thinking that the gulf has stood at an altitude, as regards the land, several

hundred feet above its present level in recent geological time, or, in other words, that the land has been depressed by that amount. 8. Geology of the Highwood Mountains, Montana. WALTER H. WEED, Washington, D. C., and LOUIS V. PIRSSON, New Haven, Conn.

On account of the illness of Mr. Weed this paper was not read.

9. Genesis and Structure of the Ozark Uplift. CHARLES R. KEYES, Des Moines, Iowa.

On account of the author's absence the paper was not read.

10. The Geographical Evolution of Cuba. J. W. SPENCER, Washington, D. C.

The description of the physical geography of Cuba and of the adjacent submerged banks was given. Exclusive of a few areas locally older, the apparent basement is composed of volcanic rocks of Cretaceous or slightly earlier date. These are succeeded by fossiliferous Cretaceous sands, etc., and limestone greatly disturbed. The Eocene and Miocene deposits form a physical unit, and are composed mostly of limestone having a thickness of from 1,900 to 2,100 feet. The Pliocene period was mostly one of high elevation, accompanied by a very great erosion. At the close of the Pliocene period the Matanzas subsidence depressed the island so as to leave only a few small islets, and permit of the accumulation of about 150 feet of limestones. Then followed the great Pleistocene elevation with the excavation of great valleys, the lower portions of which are now fjords reaching in one case at least to 7,000 feet in depth before joining the sea beyond. The elevation was followed by the Zapata subsidence, reducing the island to smaller proportions than to-day, and permitting the accumulation of the loams and gravels like the Columbia of the continent. The subsequent minor undulations are also noted, as shown

in terraces and recent small cañons now submerged. Also the modern coralline formations and harbors are notable.

On the completion of the paper the Society adjourned its business session until the following morning.

In the evening many members attended Professor Wm. Libbey's lecture on Greenland, and afterwards the reception which was hospitably tendered the visiting societies by the Johns Hopkins University in McCoy Hall. On reassembling Friday morning the council presented some minor points of business, and Mr. J. S. Diller, the chairman of the committee on photographs, read his annual report. It showed that some 1,200-1,500 photographs of geological phenomena and scenery had been presented to the Society, the same being on exhibition in the hall. The negatives of the U. S. Geol. Survey in many instances and also those of not a few geologists have been made accessible to the fellows for prints at cost. Mr. Diller finally tendered his resignation, which was accepted with regret. Mr. G. P. Merrill, of the U. S. National Museum, was appointed to the vacancy. The committee now consists of G. P. Merrill, W. M. Davis and J. F. Kemp.

The first paper on the programme was— 11. Observations on the Glacial Phenomena of Newfoundland, Labrador and Southern Greenland. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT. Oberlin, Ohio.

Note was made of the direction of the

glacial scratches in Newfoundland and of the evidences of a preglacial elevation of the island; also of the contrast between the flowing outlines of the coast range of mountains in Labrador and the jagged character of the coast range of Southern Greenland. A description was also given of the projection of the inland ice which comes down to the coast near Sukkertoppen, in Lat. 65° 50', and of the phenomena which indicate the former extension of the Greenland ice

far beyond its present boundaries. Still, the bordering mountains were never covered with ice.

12. Highland Level Gravels in Northern New England. C. H. HITCHCOCK, Hanover, N. H.

Recent observations prove the existence of a glacial lake in the basin of Lake Memphremagog, whose beaches exceed a thousand feet above sea level, and others 1,500 feet above sea level in northern New Hampshire. The author wished to present a preliminary notice of what may prove to be of great service in a more exact definition of glacial work in New England and Canada.

The paper was discussed by Professor J. W. Spencer, who spoke of his own studies in the same region.

During the reading of the following six papers the petrographers and mineralogists adjourned to the room above and listened to the reading of papers of a petrographic character, as subsequently outlined. The principal session then listened to the following:

13. Variations of Glaciers. HARRY FIELDING REID.