30. Idaho

31. Arizona

32. New Mexico

33. Oklahoma

34. West Virginia 35. Washington

36. Tennessee

R Jan. 6 .R Jan. 6 S Jan. 12 S Jan. 16 S Jan. 27 .S Feb. 7 ..R Feb. 9

.S Feb. 11 .S Feb. 12 .S Feb. 19 .S Feb. 28 .S Mch. 10 .S Mch. 22 .S Aug. 18 It will be seen that of the thirty-six ratifying States, only ten ratified in regular session. The last great obstacle which the leaders of the suffrage movement had to overcome was the fact that in many of the States no regular sessions of the State Legislature were to be convoked in 1920, making it necessary to call special sessions in order to pass the amendment entitling women to vote in

the coming Presidential elections. A number of Governors declined to call such special sessions, either on the ground of their unconstitutionality or for other reasons. In some cases this decision was reversed; in others it was confirmed. The problem of those Governors who hesitated to call special session on the ground of its expense was solved by Governor Allen of Kansas, who announced that the members of the Kansas Legislature would attend such a session at their own expense. In Oregon the special session called for Jan. 12 was defrayed by a special fund raised by the

women.

In West Virginia the anti-suffrage opposition was so intense that the suffrage majority predicted did not materialize, and a tie vote was avoided only by a record trip made across the continent from California by Senator Bloch. Governor Hart of Washington at first refused to call a special session, and finally issued the call for March 22 only after the "Victory Convention" in Chicago sent an open letter to the women of Washington declaring that the situation was critical. The result of the session was ratification, leaving only one other

necessary.

It was then that the final tug of war began in the effort to bring one or another of the States whose ratification was still lacking to come into line. Vainly in Delaware did the suffrage leaders strive to pass their resolution, which was defeated by a preponderant vote in the Assembly on April 1. The Governors of Vermont and Connecticut both refused, despite all urging, to call special sessions. Only Tennessee was left to the suffragists in order to carry the amendment, and it was in Tennessee that the crucial battle was fought.

The great obstacle in Tennessee was a provision of the State Constitution which declared that no Assembly of the State should act on any amendment of the United States Constitution unless such Assembly should have been elected after such an amendment had been submitted. This article had been adopted by the Tennessee Legislature in 1870, as a result of the ratification of the Four

teenth Amendment in the Reconstruction Period, at a time when white citizens of Tennessee were not represented in the Legislature. A way appeared out of the difficulty, however, in a recent decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, which held as void a clause in the Constitution of the State of Ohio relating to referendum on amendments.

In view of this decision, which he accepted as applicable also to the situation in Tennessee, President Wilson on June 23 sent a message to Governor Roberts of Tennessee urging that he call a special session. On the following day he obtained from William L. Frierson, Acting Attorney General of the United States, an opinion declaring that the Tennessee Legislature, if called in special session, would have the clear power to ratify the Federal amendment. Acting on the Frierson opinion, as well as on the official advice of State Attorney Thompson, Governor Roberts then called the Legislature in extraordinary session to act on the suffrage amendment, declaring that the Supreme Court decision invalidated the obstructing clause in the Constitution of Tennessee. Rival campaigns by the suffrage and anti-suffrage forces at once began. Both Governor Cox and Senator Harding sent messages and personal representatives urging ratification. The anti-suffrage forces based much of their opposition on the ground of unconstitutionality.

The Legislature met on Aug. 9, but the amendment was not brought up in the Senate until Aug. 13. The suffragists, despite the unceasing activities of their organized lobby, were doubtful of success, and the result of the vote, which showed 25 for and only 4 against, came as a surprise. Heartened and excited by this success, they at once set to work to get a majority in the House of Representatives, on whose decision the whole success or failure of the amendment in 1920 depended. President Wilson again took a hand by telegraphing to the Speaker of the Tennessee House, urging that the amendment be passed.

The session of the House, on Aug. 18, was sensational to a high degree. Ninety-six of the ninety-nine members were

charged that special interests were at work to defeat ratification. He intimated his belief that the measure was defeated, and, in view of the accusations made, called for the tabling of the measure. Instantly the Chamber was in an uproar. The Chairman, however, refused to recognize any one, and called for a vote. The result was a tie, 48 against 48. Many demanded another rollcall. This showed the same result. The Speaker then declared the motion lost for want of a majority.

Instantly the anti-suffrage forces demanded a vote on the original motion to concur in the Senate action. If another tie resulted, it meant rejection of the amendment. When the Speaker put the motion, hundreds of suffragists already

considered the battle lost. But the new vote developed the unexpected result of gaining the suffrage cause two new ayes, one, that of Representative Harry T. Burn, who had previously voted for tabling, and the other, that of Repre

SUSAN B. ANTHONY Suffrage pioneer, who wrote the Nineteenth Amendment

sentative B. P. Turner, who at first failed to vote, but finally voted in the affirmative. The triumph of the suffragists was thus assured by a final vote of 50 against 48.

When this became clear there began a scene unprecedented in the annals of any legislative body. An uproarious demonstration started long before the official announcement, for the victory was obvious. Women screamed frantically. Many threw their arms around the necks of those nearest them, and danced frantically up and down, so far as this was possible in the dense throng of onlookers. Hundreds of suffragist banners were waved wildly. Many tore

off the yellow flowers which they wore as the symbol of their cause and threw them upward to meet a similar shower from the galleries. Some cried for joy. The official pronouncement of the result and a motion for adjournment till the following day passed unheard in the tumult. The campaign of over threeand-a-half-score years was won. The women had gained the ballot, the political equality of their sex was recognized. Technicalities still remained blocking the way to send the certification to Secretary of State Colby. A temporary injunction was served on the Speaker by the anti-ratificationists at the session of Aug. 21, and thirty-seven legislators belonging to the antis left the State in order to avoid voting for confirmation. The suffragists, however, forced a vote without the legal quorum, despite the opposition of the anti-suffragist Speaker, giving the result of 50 against 0. The Speaker declared this vote to be illegal. Further steps were taken by the antisuffrage forces to prevent ratification on Aug. 22, when the injunction already served was extended to the Chief Clerks of the Senate and House respectively.

From Decatur, Ala., where the thirtyseven bolters had taken refuge, an appeal was sent to the people of Tennessee to hold mass meetings of protest, on the ground that the vote had been obtained by improper lobby activities and was contrary to the will of the people of the State, and urging them so to arouse public sentiment that the legislators who voted for the measure would be compelled to rescind their vote. Both the Governor and the Attorney General of the State, on the other hand, declared that the amendment had been ratified, and that only the injunction prevented certification to Washington.

Governor Roberts, after receiving from the State Attorney General an opinion that a writ of certiorari and supersedeas issued on Aug. 23 by Chief Justice Lansden of the Tennessee Supreme Court dissolved in effect the injunction served, on the following day sent the certification of Tennessee's ratification to Secretary Colby, thus making the process complete. This action took the antis by

surprise, and they denounced it as arbitrary and high-handed. Their last stand was made in Washington on Aug. 25, when they asked the District of Columbia Supreme Court to issue an injunction restraining Secretary Colby from issuing a proclamation declaring the amendment to be law. The Justice dismissed the application on the ground that the court had not the power to act.

The long struggle ended at 8 o'clock on the morning of Aug. 26, when Bainbridge Colby, as Secretary of State, issued the proclamation announcing that the Nineteenth Amendment had become a part of the Constitution of the United States. The signing of the proclamation took place at that hour at Secretary Colby's residence without ceremony of any kind; none of the leaders of the woman suffrage movement was present. The plans of the

"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

this article by appropriate legislation." Congress shall have power to enforce And, further, that it appears from official documents on file in the Department of State that the amendment to the Constitution of the United States proposed as aforesaid has been ratified by the Legislatures of the States of Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illnois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New

Mexico, North Dakota, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming.

And, further, that the States whose Legislatures have so ratified the said proposed amendment constitute three-fourths of the whole number of States in the United States.

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Bainbridge Colby, Secretary of State of the United States, by virtue and in pursuance of Section 205 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, do hereby certify that the amendment aforesaid has become valid to all intents and purposes as a part of the Constitution of the United States.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Department of State to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington this 26th day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twenty. BAINBRIDGE COLBY

[AMERICAN CARTOON]

If They Only Knew!

-New York World