menace to the developing civilization of the northern islands.

General Wood reduced Mindanao to something like military order. Many of the fiercest leaders were killed or captured, and a definite beginning was made toward the abolition of slavery and reasonable recognition by the Moros of the right of other people to live on the

earth. Despite his great work, however, the task was too great to be done in three years, or yet in ten.

MR. CARPENTER'S QUALIFICATIONS

No one knew the problems of the Philippines better than Frank W. Carpenter. He had come over in the first days of American occupation, with General Lawton. After that distinguished General's death he was assigned as chief clerk to General Bates, and in that capacity had shared all the knowledge on which the Bates treaty, our first attempt to handle the Mindanao problem, was based. Through a series of well-earned promotions he came at last to the position of assistant Executive Secretary, and, on the death of Arthur Ferguson, to whom one would like to stop and pay a word of tribute, he became Executive Secretary in 1906.

This position was one of the most important in the islands, second only, in

deed, to that of Governor General. The Executive Secretary came into personal contact with practically ever official, and much of the Government functioned around him. To Frank W. Carpenter all this influence and power meant but an opportunity for greater service to his country and to the Philippine people. Speaking of this phase of his character and of his work, now completed, The Manila Free Press declared:

We have not said half of what might be said. We have not told, for instance, of those occasions when, toward the close of a legislative session, he fainted, not once but several times, from sheer exhaustion and overwork-fainted, only to resume his work when revived. We have not told of his being warned by his physician of possible fatal collapse, and continuing just the same. We have said nothing of his never taking a vacation during his long term of twenty years' service. We have omitted mention of that iron control which, beneath the sting of a thousand petty irritations, still enabled him to keep himself in hand. Nor have we touched upon the supreme loyalty and devotion of his associates and subordinates, loyalty and devotion begotten by the example of an official life that was a daily sacrifice, an immolation, on the altar of duty.

It was to this man that was assigned the task of bringing the strange, wild people, more or less conquered in a military sense, but wholly unconquered in spirit, to a willingness not only to obey but to give unswerving loyalty to the Filipino Government and to become a part of it under the sovereignty of the United States of America.

PROGRESS IN THREE YEARS

Some idea of the conditions, and of Governor Carpenter's plans for meeting them, may be gained from the following portions of three official reports, which give glimpses of progress from 1915 to 1918:

This uncontrolled mountain district (the converging points of the provinces of Bukidnon, Cotobato and Lanao) has from time immemorial been the refuge of lawless characters from the settlements of Central Mindanao. While it has been traversed by individual Government agents and by army and constabulary organizations, it has never been brought under Government control or made ac

*

cessible by opening roads or improved trails. * Accordingly it was decided to adopt a program of exploration, mapping, and trail and telephone construction, and additional constabulary stations, which would result in opening up this district and bringing it definitely under Government control.-Report of Philippine Commission for 1915.

Trails, schools, telephones and dispensaries must follow the establishment of law and order to make Government control definite and permanent. The 100mile horseback trail and telephone line from Tamaran, Lanao, to Fort Pikit, Cotobato, is now nearing completion. Dispensaries, hospitals and agricultural schools are now being provided throughout Central Mindanao. Medical relief and protection by the Government are now being sought by a formerly lawless people, and thousands of the younger generation are attending schools to become future useful citizens.-Report of Philippine Commission for 1916.

With the withdrawal of the military* in the last months of 1917, breaking up the garrisons at Ludlow Barracks, Parang, Cotobato (two battalions), and Camps Keithley and Overton, Lanao (two battalions), leaving only one battalion at Petit Barracks, Zamboanga, the maintenance of public order has been left entirely in the hands of the constabulary, and, within their respective spheres of action, of the local peace officers. * * There is now observed among Mohammedans and pagans a clear idea of government and respect for law and love of peace and order.-Report of Director of Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, 1918

A DIPLOMATIC ACHIEVEMENT

The abdication of the Sultan of Sulu, with whom the Bates treaty was drawn up, together with his recognition as supreme head of the Mohammedan Church in the Philippines, constitutes one of the most remarkable documents in the pages of American history, and may be said to be almost unprecedented in dealings with Oriental potentates. The Sultan was not a very powerful potentate, but he had been recognized by Great Britain and by Holland, as well as by the United States, and securing his abdication meant the exercise of diplomacy of the highest order. The situation was complicated by the fact that he was at the head of a large religious body, antagonistic to all of the traditions of the people of the United

*These troops of the regular United States Army were sent to Siberia.

States, but having many millions of followers ready to resent anything that savored of governmental attack upon one of their order. Under his own spiritual domain he could count about 450,000 souls, of whom he was the absolute temporal ruler as well.

The continued threat of a "holy war," and the running amuck of the devotees of Mohammed, many of them living in established American territory, but denying American jurisdiction, made them anything but pleasant neighbors. A little story is told of the early days of American occupation. When the followers of the prophet in a certain port had been more than usually destructive, their datu, in response to the protest of the officer in command of the American troops, stated that his men were juramentado (under a holy vow to kill Christians, and consecrated by a priest to the task) and that he did not dare to interfere. The American studied the matter for a moment, shrugged his shoulders and went back to his quarters without comment, and the datu smiled triumphantly.

Early the next morning a small group of American soldiers sauntered down the principal street. Suddenly one of them let out a warwhoop, at the same time springing wildly into the air and firing off a revolver three or four times in rapid succession. The others watched him as if fascinated for a moment, and then, one after another, they joined in what quickly became a wild Apache dance, and while a close observer might have noted that most of the shots went into the air, there were some which flew dangerously near the homes of the datu and of the moulvie (Mohammedan priest) across the street. The datu watched the proceedings for a few moments, then sent word to the American commanding officer, who, however, hardly glanced up from his mail to listen to the story told by the frightened messenger. At last the datu went himself to the officer's quarters with an urgent request that something be done at once or all the people of the village would be killed. The commander turned in his chair and replied with a Yankee drawl:

California Japanese birth rate was soaring.

Essentially a pioneer, the Japanese farmer took land that had been regarded as useless, and by thrif. and patience made of it rich producing land. White

JAMES D. PHELAN

Senior United States Senator from California

farmers declared competition impossible. In various sections of the Sacramento Valley Japanese commenced to acquire large holdings-notable among these being George Shima, "Potato King," who had reared what was practically a monopoly in Sacramento River potatoes.

ANTI-JAPANESE LAND LAW

In 1913, under renewed agitation, the Japanese alien land law was enacted by the State Legislature. This forbade the purchase and ownership of land by an alien "ineligible to citizenship "-for, under the citizenship laws of the United States,

white men and "Africans" are eligible to citizenship, but " Mongolians" are not mentioned. The courts in 1907 had decided that Mongolians were not eligible to become citizens, although native-born children of Japanese or Chinese parents were. At this time State statistics showed that Japanese owned 331 farms in California, a total of 12,726 acres, and held 282 more farms, a total of 17,598 acres, under lease. Following the alien land law-which was passed over the most vigorous protest of Japanese interests in the State, and in spite of the Tokio Government's protests to Washington-Japanese landholders began to acquire their new lands by lease, or by purchase in the name of native-born children. Organization of strong "Japanese associations" also commenced, these maintaining publicity agents and watching over Japanese-American relations on the coast.

In 1916, under lease and trust holdings of land deeded to Japanese children, the acreage held by Japanese in California had grown to a large extent, whole districts being populated by Japanese farmers, particularly in the Sacramento River region. The Japanese controlled the berry-producing industry, with a large part of the potato industry, and shared the new rice-growing industry with Hindu farmers in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys.

66

In 1914 Congressman John E. Raker, spurred by California agitation, presented to Congress the Raker bill, providing for abrogation of the gentlemen's agreement" and Japanese exclusion. William Jennings Bryan, the Secretary of State, opposed it on the ground that it might mean disturbance of relations with Japan; in the meantime the California Legislature again had before it a bill for segregation of Japanese school children, based on San Francisco agitation, and on a report of the growth of Japanese school enrollment from various parts of the State. This law planned the establishment of Japanese schools for Japanese.

The Tokio Government's protest over this plan called Bryan to the Coast to protest to the Legislature and to the State Administration, headed by Gov

cessible by opening roads or improved trails. * * Accordingly it was decided to adopt a program of exploration, mapping, and trail and telephone construction, and additional constabulary stations, which would result in opening up this district and bringing it definitely under Government control.-Report of Philippine Commission for 1915.

Trails, schools, telephones and dispensaries must follow the establishment of law and order to make Government control definite and permanent. The 100mile horseback trail and telephone line from Tamaran, Lanao, to Fort Pikit, Cotobato, is now nearing completion. Dispensaries, hospitals and agricultural schools are now being provided throughout Central Mindanao. Medical relief and protection by the Government are now being sought by a formerly people, and thousands of the generation are attending schools to become future useful citizens.-Report of Philippine Commission for 1916.

lawless

younger

With the withdrawal of the military* in the last months of 1917, breaking up the garrisons at Ludlow Barracks, Parang, Cotobato (two battalions), and Camps Keithley and Overton, Lanao (two battalions), leaving only one battalion at Petit Barracks, Zamboanga, the maintenance of public order has been left entirely in the hands of the constabulary, and, within their respective spheres of action, of the local peace officers. There is now observed among Mohammedans and pagans a clear idea of government and respect for law and love of peace and order.-Report of Director of Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, 1918

A DIPLOMATIC ACHIEVEMENT The abdication of the Sultan of Sulu, with whom the Bates treaty was drawn up, together with his recognition as supreme head of the Mohammedan Church in the Philippines, constitutes one of the most remarkable documents in the pages of American history, and may be said to be almost unprecedented in dealings with Oriental potentates. The Sultan was not a very powerful potentate, but he had been recognized by Great Britain and by Holland, as well as by the United States, and securing his abdication meant the exercise of diplomacy of the highest order. The situation was complicated by the fact that he was at the head of a large religious body, antagonistic to all of the traditions of the people of the United

*These troops of the regular United States Army were sent to Siberia.

States, but having many millions of followers ready to resent anything that savored of governmental attack upon one of their order. Under his own spiritual domain he could count about 450,000 souls, of whom he was the absolute temporal ruler as well.

The continued threat of a "holy war," and the running amuck of the devotees of Mohammed, many of them living in established American territory, but denying American jurisdiction, made them anything but pleasant neighbors. A little story is told of the early days of American occupation. When the followers of the prophet in a certain port had been more than usually destructive, their datu, in response to the protest of the officer in command of the American troops, stated that his men were juramentado" (under a holy vow to kill Christians, and consecrated by a priest to the task) and that he did not dare to interfere. The American studied the matter for a moment, shrugged his shoulders and went back to his quarters without comment, and the datu smiled triumphantly.

Early the next morning a small group of American soldiers sauntered down the principal street. Suddenly one of them let out a warwhoop, at the same time springing wildly into the air and firing off a revolver three or four times in rapid succession. The others watched him as if fascinated for a moment, and then, one after another, they joined in what quickly became a wild Apache dance, and while a close observer might have noted that most of the shots went into the air, there were some which flew dangerously near the homes of the datu and of the moulvie (Mohammedan priest) across the street. The datu watched the proceedings for a few moments, then sent word to the American commanding officer, who, however, hardly glanced up from his mail to listen to the story told by the frightened messenger. At last the datu went himself to the officer's quarters with an urgent request that something be done at once or all the people of the village would be killed. The commander turned in his chair and replied with a Yankee drawl:

66

white men and Africans are eligible to citizenship, but " Mongolians" are not mentioned. The courts in 1907 had decided that Mongolians were not eligible to become citizens, although native-born children of Japanese or Chinese parents were. At this time State statistics showed that Japanese owned 331 farms in California, a total of 12,726 acres, and held 282 more farms, a total of 17,598 acres, under lease. Following the alien land law-which was passed over the most vigorous protest of Japanese interests in the State, and in spite of the Tokio Government's protests to Washington-Japanese landholders began to acquire their new lands by lease, or by purchase in the name of native-born children. Organization of strong "Japanese associations also commenced, these maintaining publicity agents and watching over Japanese-American relations on the coast.

In 1916, under lease and trust holdings of land deeded to Japanese children, the acreage held by Japanese in California had grown to a large extent, whole districts being populated by Japanese farmers, particularly in the Sacramento River region. The Japanese controlled the berry-producing industry, with a large part of the potato industry, and shared the new rice-growing industry with Hindu farmers in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys.

In 1914 Congressman John E. Raker, spurred by California agitation, presented to Congress the Raker bill, providing for abrogation of the "gentlemen's agreement" and Japanese exclusion. William Jennings Bryan, the Secretary of State, opposed it on the ground that it might mean disturbance of relations with Japan; in the meantime the California Legislature again had before it a bill for segregation of Japanese school children, based on San Francisco agitation, and on a report of the growth of Japanese school enrollment from various parts of the State. This law planned the establishment of Japanese schools for Japanese.

The Tokio Government's protest over this plan called Bryan to the Coast to protest to the Legislature and to the State Administration, headed by Gov