folvent to many of the earths and even metallic bodies, had thwarted all the attempts of former chemifts to detect the composition of thefe liquids. Since the discovery of this acid, the analytis of mineral waters has advanced with great rapidity, in co.fequence, chiefly, of the admirable differtation on the fubje& publifhed by BERGMAN in 1778. Since that period much has been done by Gioanciti, Black, Klaproth, Weftrum, Fourcroy, Breze, Kirwan, and many other eminent chemifts: fo that no withstanding the difficulty of the fubject, fcarcely any branch of chemistry has made greater progrefs, or is farther advanced, than the knowledge of mineral waters.” (9.) MINERAL WATERS, CAUSES OF THE HEAT 07. See SPRING. (10.) MINERAL WATERS, DIVISIONS OF. "In the greateft part of mineral waters (fays Dr Thomfon,) there is ufually some substance prefent, (See $ 14, 15.) which, from its greater proportion or activity, ftamps the character of the water, and gives it those properties, by which it is most readily ditinguifhed. This fubftance claims the greatelt attention, while the other bodies, which enter in a finaller proportion, may vary or even be abfent, without producing any fenfible change. This circumftance enables us to divide mineral waters into clables, diftinguished by the peculiar fubftance which predominates in each. Accordingly they have been divided into 4 claffes; namely, 1. Acidulous; 2. Chalybeate; 3. Hepatic; 4. Saline." I. MINERAL WATERS, ACIDULOUS,"contain a confiderable proportion of Carbonic Acid. They are cafily diftinguished by their acid tafte, and by their fparkling like champaign wine, when poured into a glafs. They contain almost conftantly fome common falt, and in general also a greater or ímaller proportion of earthy carbonats." II. MINERAL WATERS, CHALYBEATE, contain a portion of iron, and are easily diftinguished by their property of ftriking a black with the tincture of us-gails. The iron is ufually held in folution by carbonic acid. It very often happens, that this acid is in excefs; in which cafe the waters are not only chalybeate but acidulous. This is the cafe with the waters of Spa and Pyrmont. In fome raftances the iron is in the ftate of a fulphat. The waters holding the fulphat of iron cannot well be applied to medicinal uses; they may be readiny diftinguifhed by their property of continuing to strike a black with tincture of nut-galls even after being boiled or filtered; whereas boil ing decompofes the carbonat of iron, and caufes is baie to precipitate." III. MINERAL WATERS, HEPATIC. "The Hepatic or Sulphureous waters are those which contain fulphurated hydrogen gas. These are easily diftinguished by the odour of that gas, which they exhaic, and by their property of blackening filver and lead. The nature of these waters long puzzieć chemists. Though they often depofite fulphur fpontaneously, yet no fulphur could be artificially feparated from them. The fecret was at laft difcovered by Bergman. These waters are of two kinds: in the firft the fulphurated hydrogen is uncombined; in the 2d it is united to lime or an alkali. They are frequently alfo impregnated with carbonic acid, and usually contain fome muriate or fulphats." IV. MINERAL WATERS, SALINE, "contain only falts in folution, without iron or carbonic acid in excefs. They may be diftinguished into 4 different orders: Thofe of the Ift order contain falts whose base is lime, and generally either the carbonat or fulphat. They are named hard waters, and have but a flight difagreeable tafte. The 2d are thofe in which common falt predominates. They are readily recognized by their falt tafte, and usually contain fome magnefian and calcareous faits. Waters of the 3d order contain fulphat of magnesia. They have a bitter taste and are purgative. Those of the 4th order are alkaline, containing carbonat of soda. They are easily distinguished by their property of tinging vegetable blues green." (11.) MINERAL WATERS, GENERAL RULES FOR EXAMINING. When a mineral water is to be examined, the following rules fhould be obferved: 1. Experiments ought to be made near the fpring, if poffible. 2. The fituation of the spring, the nature of the foil, and the neighbouring rifing grounds, ought to be examined. 3. Its fenfible qualities, as its fmell, taste, colour, are to be ob ferved. 4. Its specific gravity and heat are to be afcertained by the hydroftatical balance and the thermometer. For greater certainty, let the neck of a wet bladder be tied to the neck of a bottle containing fome of this water. By fhaking the water, any gas that it contains will be difengaged, and will fwell the bladder. If the neck of the bladder be then tied with a string above the bottle and be cut below this string, fo as to feparate the bladder from the bottle, the quantity and nature of the contained gas may be further examined. Obferve the changes fpontaneously produced upon the water in close and in open veffels, and with different degrees of heat. If by thefe means matter by cryftallized or depofited, it must be set apart for further examination. These experiments will almoft certainly indicate the nature of the water. We must then proceed to the decompofition of it, either merely by evaporation and dif tillation, or with the addition of other fubftances, by which the matters contained in the water may be precipitated. 5. (12.) MINERAL WATERS, METHODS OF DISCOVERING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES IN. The fol lowing are the principal means by which the various fubftances contained in mineral waters may be discovered and proved, without decompofing the water by evaporation or by diftillation. If any portion of difengaged acid or alkali be cortained in water, it may be known by the tafte, by changing the colour of violets or of turniol, and by adding the precife quantity of acid or of alkali that is neceffary for the faturation of the contained disengaged saline matter. Sulphur, and liver of fulphur, may be discovered in waters by their fingular smell, and by the black colour which thefe fubftances give to white metals or to their precipitates, but especially to filver. Vitriolic falts with earthy bafes may be difcovered, 1. By adding fome fixed alkali, which decompofes all thefe falts, and precipitates their earthy bafis; and, 2. By adding a folution of mercury in nitrous acid, of perfection. The Bergmannian method has which alfo decompofes thefe faits, and forms a been followed by fucceeding chemifts. Mr Kiyturbith mineral with their acid. But for this pur- wan, in 1799, publifhed an Effay on the general pofe the folution ought to have a fuperabundant Analysis of waters, no leis valuable than that of quantity of acid: for when perfectly faturated, it Bergman, and enriched by numerous experiments. forms a precipitate with any water; and indeed, He has given a new method of analyfis, not on y all metallic folutions in acids are capable of de- fhorter and caffer than the Bergmannian, but compofition by water alone, and fo much more fufceptible of greater accuracy." Dr Thomfon eafily as the acid is more perfectly faturated with gives an account of this method, of which our the metal. Martial vitriol, or iron combined with room permits us only to quote the outlines." any acid, or even with gas, thews itfelf in waters "The different bodies diffolved and combined in by blackening an intution of gelis, or by form- water are difcovered by the addition of certain ing a Pruffian blue with the phlogifticated aika- fubftances to the water, named tefts, which occaline lixivium. The vitriol of copper, or copper fion fome change in the appearance of the water. diffolved by any acid, may be difcovered by ad- I. The gafeous bodies contained in water are obding fome of the volatile fpirit of fal ammoniac, (tained by boiling it in a retort, luted to a pneuwhich produces a fine blue colour; or by the ad- matic apparatus. II. Carbonic acid, not comdition of clean iron, upon the furface of which bined with a bafe, or combined in excess, may the copper is precipitated in its natural or metal- be detected by the following tefts: 1. Lime water lic ftate. Glauber's falt is discovered by adding a occafions a precipitate foluble with effervefcence folution of mercury in nitrous acid, and forming in muriatic acid. 2. The infufion of litmus is redwith it a turbith mineral; or by cryftallization. dened, but the red gradually disappears. 3. When Common felt contained in waters forms with a fo- boiled it lofes this property. III. The mineral lution of filver in nitrous acid a white precipitate, acids, when uncombined, give the infufion of litor luna cornea. It may alfo be known by its cryf. mus a permanent red, though the water be boiltallization. Marine falt with earthy hafes produces ed. IV. Water containing fulphurated hydrogen the fame effect upon folution of filver; forming gas is thus diftinguished: 1. It exhales the pecua precipitate when fixed alkali is added. Its acri- liar odour of that gas. 2. It reddens the infufion mony, bitterness, and deliquefcency diftinguish of litmus fugacioufly. 3. It blackens paper dipt it. Vitriolic acid may be thus difcovered. The matter to be examined must be mixed with any inflammable fubftance, and exposed to a red heat. If it contain but a particle of vitriolic acid, it will be rendered fenfible by the fulphur, or by the voJatile fulphureous acid thence produced. Any metallic fubftance, diffolved in water by an acid, may be detected by adding fome of the liquor faturated by the colouring matter of Pruffian bine. This liquor produces no effects upon neutral filts with earthy or alkaline bafes, but decompofes all metallic falts: fo that if no precipitate be formed upon adding fome of this liquor, we may be certain that the water does not contain any metallic falt; but if a precipitate be formed, we may certainly infer that the water contains fome metallic, falt. It is neceflary to ufe no veffels in thefe experiments, but fuch as are perfectly clean and rinfed with distilled water; to weigh the products very exactly; to make the experiments upon as large quantities of water as is poffible, especially the evaporations, cryftallizations, and diftillations; and to repeat all experiments feveral times. The mixtures, from which any precipitates might be expected, ought to be kept feveral days, as many of the fe precipitates require that time, to appear, or to be entirely depofited. (13.) MINERAL WATERS, MORE ACCURATE METHODS OF ANALYSING. "The analysis of waters, (fays Dr Thomion) or the art of afcertaining the different fubftances they hold in folution and determining their proportion, is one of the most difficult things in chemistry. The difficulty arifes, not only from the diverfity of the bodies in waters, but from the very minute quantities of fome ingredients. Though many attempts had been made (§ 8.) no general mode was known till Bergman publithed his treatife in 1778. This admirable tract carried the fubject to a high degree in folution of lead, and precipitates nitrat of filver black or biown. V. Alkalies, and alkaline and earthy carbonats, are thus diftinguifhed: 1. The infufion of turmeric is rendered brown. 2. Paper, ftained with Brazil wood is rendered blue. 3. Litmus paper reddened by vinegar is reftored to its original blue. 4. When thefe changes are fugacious, the alkali is ammonia. VI. Fixed alkalies exift in water, which occafions a precipitate with muriat of magnetia after being boiled. Volatile alkali may be diftinguifhed by the finell, or obtained by diftilling the water gently. VII. Earthy and metallic carbonats are precipitated by boiling the water; but carbonat of magnefia imperfectly. VIII. Iron is difcovered by, 1. The tincture of nut-galls giving the water a purple or black colour; the gradations of which are diftinguithed by Weftrum. 2. Pruilian alkali occafioning a blue precipitate. IX. Sulphuric acid exifts in waters, which form a precipitate with, 1. Muriat, nitrate, or acetite of barytes; 2. ditto of Strontian, 3. ditto of lime; 4. nitrate, or acetite of lead. Of these the moft powerful is muriat of barytes, which will detect fulphuric acid uncombined, when it is not the millionth part of the water. X. Muriatic acid is detected by nitrat of fiiver, which occations a white cloud in water containing a very minute proportion of it. XI. Boracic acid is detected by acetite of lead, forming a precipitate infoluble in acetous acid. XII. Barytes is detected by the infoluble white precipitate it forms with diluted fulphuric acid. XIII. Lime is detected by oxalic acid, occafioning a white precipitate in water containing a very minute proportion of it. XIV. Magnefia and alumina are detected, 1. by ammopa precipitating them, it the carbonic acid has been previously separated; 2. by lime-water precipitating them, if the carbonic and fulphuric acids be previously removed. XV. Silica may be afcertained ple ufe it instead of vinegar. In fome wafte cont af ertained by evaporating a portion of the water to drynels, and rediffolving the precipitate in munatic acid. The filica remains undiffolved. Sien is the method of detecting the fubftances in waters; but as thefe are almost always combined fo as to form falts, Mr Kirwan pointed out tefts to detect these. I, 1. SULPHAT of Soda may be detected by evaporating the water to one half, and addrag line-water, as long as any precipitate appeais. 2. Suipnat of lime, by evaporating the water to a few ounces, when a pitcipitate apparsfuble in 500 parts of water. 3. Alum may be detected by mixing carbonat of lime with the water, till a precipitate appears. 4. Sulphat of rafia may be detected by hydrofulphuret of frontian, which occafions a precipitate with this filt and no other. 5. Sulphat of iron is precipitrted by alcohol. I, 1. MURIATs of foda and potafs may be detected thus: Separate the fulpauric acid by alcohol and nitrat of barytes. Decompote the earthy nitrats and muriats by fulphunc acid. Expel the excefs of muriatic and nitric' acids by heat. Separate the fulphats thus formed by alcohol and barytic water. If it forms a Precipitate with acetite of filver, it contains murit of foca or potafs. To afcertain which, evaporate the liquid to dryness; diffolve the acctite in alcohol. Evaporate to drynets: the falt will denquefce if it be acctite of potafs, but efflorcice #tit be acetite of foda. 2. Murat of barytes may be detected by fulphuric acid, as it is the only birytic falt found in waters. 3. Muriat of lime may be detected, by freeing the water of ali ful-blue, on adding a folution of filver or of green viDuals; evaporating it to a few ounces, mixing it with ipirit of wine, and adding nitrat of barytes as long as any precipitate appears: filter of the vit, evaporate to drynefs, treat the dry mafs with aciconor: evaporate the alcohol, and diffolve the rehduura in water.-Similar procefits are laid Cown, for detecting the muriats of magnetia and une; and the alk line, calcareous, and magdan nitrats: a table of fits in compatible with stouter is alfo added, and a whole fection is slutted to the method of determining the proporfan of the ingredients:--for all which as well as 1r a paraber of minutiæ, to be obferved in making fine of the above analyfes, which our room permits us not to particularize, we muft refer the Trader to Dr Thomson's work, or that of Mr herwan. 444.) MINERAL WATERS, SUBSTANCES DISCOVERED IN. The fubftances met with in minel waters are the following:-1. VITRIOLIC AID, fometimes pure, though more frequent joned with iron or copper. In its pure ftate, tas of encit found near volcanoes, where, in the paton of Dr Dona! 1 Monro, it is most probably attled from mines of vitriol or of pyrites tone, decomposed by fubterraneous fire." Dr Vandelirts, in his work entitled, De Thermis Agri Puta, 1761, mentions a cave near Latera 30 miles from Viterbo, in Italy, where a clear acid water drops from the crevices of the rocks. It has a mud agreeable tafte, and is a pure vitriolic acid much diluted. A fimilar native vitriolic water is mentioned by Theophilus Griffonius, near Salvena. Varenius mentious a fpring in Val di Noto in SiCuy, the water of which is fo four, that the peoVOL. XV. PART 1. 5. The FOSSIL ALKALI is found in many waters in Hungary, Tripoli, Egypt, &c. It is combined in Seltzer and other acidulous waters, with fixed air, and may be obtained from them pretty pure by fimple evaporation. In foine mineral waters near volcanoes, this alkali has been found capable of producing a true Pruffian triol to the water; of which an example is given by Dr Nicholas Andrea, in the thermal waters of a fpring in the island of Ifchia. 6. VOLATILE ALKALI has been accounted an ingredient in mineral waters; but Dr Hoffman, and others have denied this. But fome waters near great quantities of putrid matter may give tokens of volatile alkali, as was the cafe with Rathbone-plate water, analyfed by the Hon. Henry Cavendish. 7. GLAU BER'S SALT is contained in many mineral waters, but the quantity is very fmall. M. Boulduc, in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Paris for 1724, mentions a fpring 9 miles from Madrid, which yields a true Glauber's falt. It is found in a concreted fiate about the fides of the fpring, refembling icicles. Dr Andrea mentions a water at Sællia, in Calabria, which is very strongly impregnated with this falt. 8. NITRE. In fome provinces of Bengal, not only the waters, but even the earth is to itrongly impregnated with nitre, that the furface is covered with a nitrous crust refembling hoar-froft. Perfect nitre has alfo been found in fprings in Europe. 9. SEA SALT abounds not only in the waters of the ocean, but in great numbers of falt iprings; and there are few waters fo pure as not to contain fome portion of it. 10. AERATED FOSSILE ALKALI is found in Seltzer, and fimilar waters, but combined with fuch a quan tity of fixed air, that the acrid tafte of the alk li is entirely covered. By evaporating the water, however, the alkali appears in its acrid flate. GYPSUM, or SELENITES, is extremely comment in mineral waters. It was long fuppofed to be a fimple earth or ftone, on account of its difficult folubility in water, requiring 700 or 800 times its B 11. weight MANGANESE. Waters impregnated with t falt are mentioned both by Bergman and Schee 23. Arfenic has been fuppofed to be an ingredi in mineral waters, by Varenius, and Dr Baldati 24. FOSSIL OILS. Almoft all waters, even tin which are accounted pureft, contain fome porti of oil, though generally so finall that it cannot perceived without evaporating a large quantity the liquid. A portion of it adheres to very obi nately, that it cannot be fully feparated even filtration. A fine bituminous vapour rifes fro the bottom of fome wells, and pervades t water, taking fire on the application of a flaming fubftance, though no oil is obferved the water itself. Of this kind are the burni wells at Brofely and Wigan in Lancashire, a others in different countries.-The caufe of th inflammation of thefe waters was firft difcove ed, in 1759, by Mr Thomas Shirly, who caufe the waters to be drained, and found that the i flammable vapour role from the ground at the bo tom, where it would take fire, as it did at th furface. On applying his hand to the pla whence the vapour iflued, he found the impul of it like a ftrong breath; and felt the fame fer fation on applying it to the furface of the wate See Philof. Tranf. Ve. 26—25. SULPHUR is common ingredient in mineral waters, and known by the ftrong hepatic fmell they emit, a well as by their blackening filver, &c. Sulphu reous waters are often very clear and transpare when taken up, but, when kept in open vefici depofit fulphur in the form of a dirty white pow der, and lofe their fmell. The bottoms of th wells containing fuch waters, or of the channel in which they run, affume a black colour, and raggy matter is depofited on fuch fubftances a they run over for fome time. When these are t ken up and dried, they appear covered with fui phur. Some waters contain fulphur in very con fiderable quantity. From that of Harrowgate i may be feparated by filtration; and F. De Ter tre, in his Hiftoire Naturelle des Antilles, Vol. 2 tells us, that he found it in Guadaloupe, in a fi phureous water near the volcano. Dr Monr obtained fulphur, by evaporation, from a miners water at Calle-Leol, in Rofe-fhire, in Scotland Dr Brown, in his Travels, informs us, that h ving cauted fome of the pipes which carry off th water from the duke's bath at Baden, in Auftria to be opened, he took thence a quantity of fir fulphur in powder. A fimilar fulphur is obtaine froin the upper part of the pipes which convey th waters of Aix-la-Chapelle. Dr Vandellins, in hi treatife de Thermis agri Patavini, mentions a fub ftance found in the conduits of the waters of the baths at Aponum, which he calls crystallized fil phur, and fays that it diffolves in the waters by boiling, recovering afterwards its folid form. weight of water to diffolve it artificially. It is not, however, confidered as medicinal, nor is the internal ufe of it thought 1afe. 12. EPSOM SALT. Bergman and others have reduced all the calcareous purging falts in which the vitriolic acid is concerned; but Dr Momo obferves that these falts not only crystallize in various modes, but have different degrees of folubility in water.-The Epfom falt diffolves in an equal quantity of water; while the calcareous nitres require from 10 to 80 times their weight to diffolve them. These falts, however, are feldom met with by themfelves, but ufually mixed with fea falt, iron, earth, fulphureous matters, &c. Dr Rutty fays, that a inineral water begins to be laxative when it contains ten grains of this falt to a pint, or 80 to a gallon. 13. ALUM was formerly fuppofed to be a very common ingredient in mineral waters; but more accurate obfervations have fhown it to be very rare. Dr Hoffman thinks it is not to be met with in any, but Dr Layard, in the Philof. Tranf. Vol. 56, mentions a chalybeate water at Somerfham, from which he got 5 gr. of alum out of 2 lb. of the water. 14. CALCAREOUS NITRE is rarely found in mineral waters, though common in hard waters. Dr Monro fays, that the only one containing this ingredient, which he ever heard of, is one mentioned by Dr Home, in his treatife on bleaching. 15. MURIATIC CALCAREOUS EARTH is likewise a rare ingredient in mineral waters. Bergman fays, he obtained a fmall quantity from a fpring in E. Gothland; and Dr Monro got some from a falt fpring at Pitkeathly, near Perth. It is found, as well as, 16. MURIATED MAGNESIA, in fea water, though the latter is more abuudant, but not fo cafily obtained in a cryftalline form. Muriated magnefia is the chief ingredient in the bitter ley remaining after the falt is extracted from fea water, and is much more capable of being cryftallized than the former. 17, 18. AERATED CALCAREOUS EARTH, and AERATED MAGNESIA, may be diffolved by fixed air, and often are fo in mineral waters, as well as iron. They are alfo often found in hard waters. When fuch waters are boiled, the air evaporates, and the earth falls to the bottom. Hence originates the cruft upon tea-ketties, the petrefactions upon different fubftances immerled in fome kinds of water, &c. Hence alfo hard waters become foft, by running in channels. 19. Vitriolated copper is feldom found, except in waters which flow from copper mines. The water impregnated with it is emetic and purgative, and often poifonous. On dipping clean iron into fuch water. the copper is infiantly precipitated in its metallic ftate, and the iron diffolved in its ftead. 20. Vitriolated iron is found in confiderable quantity in feveral waters of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as well as in many couniries on the continent. Some inagine, that there is a kind of volatile vitriol with which waters are fometimes impregnated. See a work entitled, Delle Terme Porretane, published at Rome in 1768. 21. VITRIOLATED ZINC has been found native in the earth; and thence has been supposed to be an ingredient in mineral waters. Dr Rutty and Dr Gielia fay, in it they have obtained a white vitriol from mineral waters which were alfo impregnated with iron and other ingredients. 22. MURIATED b.) But we would not do juftice to the prefent Sweden by Julin. 12. Muriat of foda is exceed. improved state of chemistry and mineralogy, were ingly common in mineral waters. 13. Muriat of we not to add a concife view of thefe fubitances, ammonia is uncommon, but has been found in as difcovered and arranged by the lateft writers fprings in Italy and Siberia. 14. Muriat of baon these subjects. Dr Thomfon, in his Spilem of rytes is ftill more uncommon, but has been anChemtry, (Vol. II, B. ii. Ch. n. P. 378,) enu- nounced by Bergman. 15, 16. Muriats of lime merates them as follow:-"The fubftances hither- and magnetia are common ingredients. 17. Muto found in mineral waters amount to about 38, riat of alumina has been observed by Dr Witherand may be reduced under the 4 following heads: ing, but is very uncommon. 18. Muriat of man1. Air and its component parts, oxygen and a- ganefe was mentioned by Bergman; and has been zotic gas. 2. Acids. 3. Alkalies and earths. 4. lately detected by Lambe in the waters of LemSalts. L. 1. AIR is contained in by far the great- ington Priors, but in a very limited proportion. er number of mineral waters: its proportion does 19. Carbonat of potafs is mentioned by several rot exceed one 78th of the bulk of the water. 2. chemists: if it does occur, it must be in a very Oxygen gas was firft detected in waters by Scheele, fmall proportion. 20. But carbonat of foda is Its quantity is ufually inconfiderable, and it is in- the most common ingredient, except common compatible with fulphurated hydrogenous gas or falt and carbonat of lime. 21. Carbonat of amiron. 3. Azotic gas was first detected in Buxton monia has been difcovered, but is uncommon. water by Dr Pearson: Afterwards in Harrowgate 22. Carbonat of lime is found in almost all waters, waters by Dr Garnet, and in thofe of Lemington and is ufually held in folution by an excess of Priors by Mr Lambe. II. The only ACIDS hither- acid. 23. Carbonat of Magnefia is also very comto found in waters, except in combination with a mon, and is aimoft always accompanied by carbate, are the 4 following; carbonic, fulphureous, bonat of lime. 24. Carbonat of alumina is faid boracic, and fulphurated hydrogenous gas. 1. to have been found in waters; but has not been Carbonic acid was firft. difcovered in Pyrmont wa- afcertained. 25. But carbonat of iron is not unby Dr Brownrigg. It is the most common in- common; it forms' the moft remarkable_ingregredient in mineral waters, 100 cubic inches ge- dient in waters called chalybeat. 26, 27. The bynerally containing from 6 to 40 cubic inches of drofulphurets of lime and of foda have been detecthis acid gas. According to Weftrum, 100 cubic ted in waters called fulphureous or hepatic. 28. inches of Pyrmont water contain 187 cubic inches Borax exifts in fome lakes in Perfia and Thibet.” of it, or almost double its own bulk. 2. Sulphu (See BORAX, II.) Befides the fubftances above res and has been observed in several hot mineral described, there is fometimes found in water a waters in Italy, near volcanoes. 3. The Boracic quantity of BITUMEN Combined with alkali, and ecid has also been observed in some lakes in Italy. in the state of soap. In such waters acids occa4. Sulphurated hydrogen gas conftitutes the most fion a coagulation; and the coagulum collected confpicuous ingredient in waters named, hepatic on a filter difcovers its bituminous nature by its julptureous. III. The only ALKALI, which has combuftibility. Water alfo fometimes contains exbeen obferved in mineral waters uncombined, is tractive matter, which may be detected by nitrat foda; and the only earthy bodies are filica and of filver." (P. 401.) line. 1. Dr Black detected foda in the hot miral waters of Geyzer and Rykum in Iceland; but in most other cafes it is combined with carbomc acid. 2. Silica was first obferved in waters by Bergman: afterwards in those of Geyzer and Ryken by Dr Black; and in thofe of Carlsbad by Kaproth. Haffenfratz observed it in those of Puugues; and Brezé in those of Pu.-3. Lime is Lad to have been found uncombined in fome miLeral waters; but this is not proved.—IV. The only SALTS found are the following; Sulphats, titrats, muriats, carbonats, and hydrofulphurets: 2. SULPHAT of foda is not uncommon in faline mineral waters. 2. Sulphat of ammonia is found near volcanoes. 3. Sulphat of lime is exceedingly common in water. It was first detected by Dr Later in 1682. 4. Sulphat of Magnefia is almost conftantly an ingredient in thofe waters which are purgative. 5. Alum is exceedingly rare. 6. Sulphat of iron occurs fometimes in volcanic mineral waters; 7. But fulphat of copper is only found in waters which iffue from copper mines. 8. Nitre kas been found in fome fprings in Hungary; but is very uncommon. 9. NITRAT of lime was firit detected in water by Dr Home of Edinburgh ia 1756. 10. Nitrat of magnefia is found in fome ipargs. 11. MURIAT of potafs has lately been covered in the mineral springs of Uhleaborg in (16.) MINERAL WATERS, TABLE OF THE MOST CELEBRATED, IN EUROPE, EXHIBITING AT ONE VIEW THE NAMES OF THE SPRINGS, THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH THEY ARE FOUND, THE CONTENTS AND QUALITY OF THE WATERS, AND THEIR MEDICINAL VIRTUES. Abcourt, near St Germains in France. A cold chalybeate water, containing befides the iron a fmall quantity of foffil alkali faturated with fixed air. Diuretic and purgative. Internally ufed in dropfies, jaundice, and obstructions of the vifcera; externally in fcorbutic eruptions, ulcers, &c. Aberbrothick, in Forfarshire, Scotland. A cold chalybeate, containing iron diffoived in fixed air. Diuretic and corroborative. Ufed in indigeftions, nervous diforders, &c. Acton, in Middlesex. Contains Epfom and fea falt. Cold. Strongly purgative, and caufes a forenefs in the fundament. Aghaloo, in Tyrone, Ireland. Sulphur, foffile alkali, and purging falt. Cold. Alterative and corroborant. Useful in fcrofulous disorders, worms, and cutaneous diseases. Aix-la-Chapelle, in Germany; now in the French republic. Sulphureous and hot. Contain aerated calcarous earth, fea falt, foffile alkali, and fulphur. Diaphoretic, purgative, and diuretic. Ufed B 2 |